be violated, but by a breach of law; and whoever speaks upon such matters as are looked upon to be public grievances, in order to obtain the redress of them by reason, as a rationalist, cannot possibly be a seditionist, who endeavours this point by force of arms. Though Bishop Hoadley is for measures and degrees of resistance, by speaking of measures of obedience: so that a subject of England by his system (for which he was thanked by the House of Commons,) must always be, in some measure and degree, seditious; because obedience is by measure proportioned to the duty of the civil magistrate, who, not being infallible, must, in some affairs, be liable to err, and justify the like measure of sedition. And the office of a king or government is of a political character. When wrong as such, they are private men; so that he who speaks of them as wrong, does not speak upon king or government, but upon private persons like himself, and never can be guilty of sedition. An elector, or one interested, may speak of the management of his trustee; and a preacher has much more right than the press, by which the greatest men have conveyed their freest sentiments on the most arduous points of public conduct. Moral religion is that of God, being the imitation of his attributes, the height of all religion; and by moral religion every man may be an orator in his own habitation or property. To punish him for it, would be inquisition and popery. He has authority to dissent from and protest against any other, though he be an emperor, who shall tell him what he is, or is not, to preach, or in what manner. If once that restraint be laid, which even the papists do not lay on their priests and monks, there is no protestancy, no religious liberty to a preacher, whose duty and privilege it is to rebuke all vice boldly, in all ranks of men, unmolested."

In the first of this series of sermons, Henley lays down the following judicious canon.

"Words are not actions. Overt words and overt acts differ in themselves and in law. No words whatever ought to be punished, that do not infringe the property, liberty, or reputation, of one who was no aggressor. The reputation of a political officer is what all are concerned (because interested in a trust) to examine and be free with; not that of a private individual: the former is no libel, the latter may be."

In the year 1748, Henley also published the third number of the "Oratory Magazine," in which he endeavoured again to defend himself against the continued attacks of his opponents. This work contains much mysticism, accompanied by pretty indications of deistical principles, intermixed with specimens of that buffoonery which is so generally supposed to have constituted the whole of his character. As a specimen of the last, we shall quote the following extract, from what he styled a scriptural proof of the propriety of his manner of preaching.

"For boldness in preaching and rebuking all ranks of men, Jer. i. 17, 18. Be not afraid of their forces; whatsoever I command thee; i. e. Right Reason commands thee (St. John calls reason God,) that thou shalt speak. Behold I have made thee a fenced city and an iron pillar, a brazen wall (which Pope, and such scribblers, blasphemously call bronze and a brazen face; in preaching it is God's command) against the whole laud, against the kings and princes, against the priest and people. So Ezekiel iii. 8. Behold I have made thy face strong against their faces; thy forehead strong against their foreheads; as an adamant harder than flint have I made thy forehead; fear them not, neither be dismayed, though they be a rebellious house."

In the same discourse, he thus vindicated the jocular strain in which he sometimes addressed his auditors:

"For pleasantry, mirth, and ridicule, Prov. iii. 17. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, 2. Kings ii. Elisha ridiculed Baal's priests at the altar. Ps. 2. 4. The Lord shall have them in derision. 5. Serve the Lord with gladness.'

Ps. c.

This mode of appealing to Scripture, by which any practices whatsoever may be vindicated, was familiarly adopted by the Rentowels and the Macbriars, who beat the "drum ecclesiastic" during the civil wars of Charles I., and to their enthusiasm it may be pardoned. But, in Henley, it was inexcusable. He well knew the futility of his quotations, as to their alleged purpose, and could have only used them to impose upon the ignorant, or to amuse the volatile.

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In his attacks on the ministry, he appeared in the odious character of an apostate, as he had for some time published, in their defence, a weekly pamphlet or journal, under the title of the Hyp Doctor, for the composition of which he received from the treasury a hundred a year; but which did not evince any considerable degree of ability: his stipend was consequently withdrawn; "hinc illa lacrymæ." He also gained an addition to his income, by occasionally working for the booksellers. The following list of his publications, prefixed to the third number of his Oratory Magazine," which appeared in the year 1748, will evince that he was not an idle man: 1. Scholastic and Academical Exercises in Prose and Verse, English, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, from the age of six to fifteen. 2. Sir Isaac Newton's Principles of Philosophy vindicated. 3. Translation of the last parting of Hector and Andromache, and two other Poems. 4. Esther, Queen of Persia, a Poem. 5. A Latin Oration spoken at Melta Mowbray school. 6. The Complete Linguist, or an universal Grammar of the Languages, and the Art of soon learning any Language. 7. A Funeral Oration spoken at the Interment of the late Duke of Marlborough. 8.

A compendious History of Sweden. 9. Translations from the French. 10. Translation of Pliny's Epistles. 11. Montfaucon's Italian Travels, in folio, from the Latin. 12. Version of Mr. Addison's Latin Poems. 13. A new edition of the Duke of Buckingham's Poems. 14. A Supplement to Dean Swift's Miscellanies. 15. Sermons. 16. Errors of Painters, &c. 17. Lectures on various subjects. 18. The Greek, Hebrew, and Ethiopic Inscriptions on the Monuments of the two wives of Sir Samuel Morland, in Westminster Abbey.

The rest of the history of the versatile subject of this memoir will be told in a few words. After carrying on his plan of the Oratory for some years, in Newport Market, he removed his tabernacle to Clare Market. He continued to attract audiences for a longer period than might have been expected. As, however, his physical powers decayed, his popularity decreased, and he died in the year 1756. The satirical verses of Pope, and the notes of the commentator on the Dunciad, have led the public to deny justice to his talents; and the tradition which, on the slight authority of Sir John Hawkins, affixes his name to the jolly clergyman, in Hogarth's Midnight Modern Conversation, has perhaps done equal wrong to his moral character. That he was not circumspect in his conduct, we will readily admit; but that he was a mere buffoon, or an abandoned profligate, we are by no means prepared to believe. His works evince a considerable extent of information and great acuteness of perception; and the industry which he must have exerted during the whole of his life, to procure a livelihood, is incompatible with the extreme dissipation with which he is charged by his adversaries.*

* The author of the brief life of Henley, in Aikin's Biographical Dictionary, asserts, that "he is the principal figure of two of Hogarth's satirical prints. In the first, he is christening a child; and in the other, called "the Oratory," he is represented on a scaffold with a monkey by his side, over whom is written the word Amen, and a box of pills, and the Hyp Doctor lying beside him ;" &c. It may be observed, that no such prints as above described appear in Boydell's collection of the works of Hogarth, which professes to be a complete one. As to the common stories of Henley's buffoonery, such as his instructing the sons of Crispin how to make a pair of shoes in ten minutes, as they rest on no authority, we deem them unworthy to be repeated.

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ART. III. A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes. Illustrated with a Map of the Island, as also the principal Trees and Plants there, set forth in their due Proportions and Shapes, drawn out by their several and respective Scales; together with the Ingenio that makes the Sugar, with the Plots of the several Houses, Rooms, and other places, that are used in the whole process of Sugar-making; viz. the Grind ing-room, the Boiling-room, the Filling-room, the Curing-house, Still-house, and Furnace; all cut in Copper. By Richard Ligon, Gent. London, 1673.

Every thing sweats in the West Indies. Whites, Blacks, sugar-canes, and even Creole beauty, according to a co-voyager of the new Barbadoes Bishop, in the fifty-gun frigate, with which the reverend prelate seemed determined to sail down the methodist parsons, all emulate one another in exsudation. At home, Mr. Obadiah Macauley sweats the lady's maids and milliners of tender conscience at Freemasons' tavern, with reports the society sweats the public for subscriptions, and the planters sweat with fear. No wonder that the West India question is a formidable one, when all parties give such copious signs of sore travail. Poor Quaco! Thou little dreamest, whilst grinning love to Quasheba under the mango leaves, that, two thousand leagues over the sea, a score of talking Whites strive, day and night, to make twenty millions more believe thou hast ever "the iron in thy soul." Thou wottest little of, and carest less for, the preaching admirals, who at least fight such battles valiantly, or the juvenile lawyers, who, with a more carnal self-seeking, spout through thee for clappings of hand! "Goramity, young Massa Cauley, why no talkee for dem poor things drop down dead with hungry belly in Engyland? Why no let Massa planter lone, young Massa Cauley?" However, we must not speak of this subject at present. We must enter upon an examination of the work before us, which is one of the few early histories of the sugar-islands.

On the 16th June, 1647, Master John Ligon embarked on board the good ship Achilles, Thomas Crowder, of London, master, to run a risco, as he styles it, all the way to Barbadoes, although as innocent as a born liege of Cockayne of wotting aught of "smooth, rough, and raging seas, and high-going billows,' which, he gravely informs us, are killing to some constitutions!" But need, which, he says, "makes the old wife trot," and which we shrewdly suspect to have been neither more nor less than a bum-bailiff, drove him to the tropics; then, and for fifty years before, the refuge of all the gallants, in plain words, blackguards of the day, who found it convenient for their

persons to get out of the jurisdiction of Westminster Hall.Our author touched at Madeira, with which he did not appear to have been well contented. He saw strange sights at sea, like Sinbad and other travellers, such as dolphins, which are good eating with spice and wine, flying-fish and birds roosting upon turtles a yard over, that civilly floated to the top to give them standing-room.-Our author is, as we have seen, but a fresh-water sailor. There is a fish, saith he, called a . What do our readers think? A triton ?-No. A Kraken ?—No. A Ornithorineus?--No. Master Ligon only quotes Horace; he knows nothing of piscine science. "There is a fish called a SHARK!" We trust that this information has ever made his readers inexpressibly grateful to the man who could run a risco to the New World to find it out. The vessel proceeds to the Cape Verd Islands; but before casting anchor he furnishes us with a quacking theory, which would have made Newton start, although it is amusing from its amazing impudence, with which, indeed, the sciolism of the time was generally paraded.

"In slack winds, and dark nights, we saw nothing under water, but darkness; but in stiff winds, and strong gales, we saw perfectly the keel of the ships; and fishes playing underneath, as lighted by a torch, and yet the nights of equal darkness. Which put me in mind of a point of philosophy I had heard discoursed of, among the learned; that, in the air, rough hard bodies, meeting with one another by violent strokes, rarify the air, so as to make fire. So here, the ship being of a hard substance, and in a violent motion, meeting with the strong resistance of the waves, (who, though they be not hard, yet they are rough, by reason of their saltness,) do cause a light, though no fire; and I may guess, that that light would be fire, were it not quenched by the sea, in the instant it is made; which, in his own element, hath the greater power and predominancy."

At St. Jago, the captain, and some of the passengers and crew, dine with the governor, and our author is nigh falling in love with his black sultana, who was more beautiful than James the First's Queen Anne " dancing the measures with a baron;" for which comparison, James would certainly have roasted him as cordially as he would have burnt Vorstius. He was in a great taking to find out whether she had white teeth, or yellow ones like vulgar negresses. At last, he cunningly bethought himself to make her speak by insinuating a few presents; a never-failing expedient with the sex.

"She then shewed her rows of pearls, so clean, white, orient, and well shaped, as Neptune's court was never paved with such as these; and to shew whether was whiter, or more orient, those or the whites of her eyes, she turned them up, and gave me such a look, as was a