Tribus.-The Greek Tpts, the third part of a quλn, is so systematically used with an absolute sense, that to explain tribus in the same way was plausible, although tribus is identical with the quǹ, and was a third of the whole populus. The Gaelic, however, has treubh, a tribe or clan; treubhach, brave; treubhachas and treubhantas, bravery. How a tribe and bravery are connected, is explained by Nestor's advice, . . . Kpīv' avôpas xatà çõλa . . . To be a tribesman (treubhach) was probably as proud a thing to a Gael as to be a gentilis to a Roman; and it is by the accident of more refined manners, that in Gentleman the idea of polish prevails over that of bravery. The Tribus Sappinia in Umbria is regarded by Müller and Mommsen as proving that the word Tribus was also Umbrian. If derived from Tribuo, as vouòc from véuw, its root is Latin; this does not satisfy me, but it is too long a question here to discuss.

Senatus.-This word may be imagined common to all the Latins from early times. Its root Senex has Seann for the representative in Gaelic; yet the irregular formation Senex, gen. Senis, implies some foreign action. It has appeared that when a foreign word ended in ch (guttural), the Latins sometimes elided it, sometimes changed it into c or qu. Thus Each, a horse, they made into Equus; Buch (buach ?) cows, into Vaccae: but Simach, an ape, into Simia. I conjecture that Senech was the foreign word for old man in the first ItalianCeltic which influenced the Latin; and that this gave them Senex or senis, an old man; senectus or sentus, old. Previously (to judge from the remaining word ănus, an old woman,) the Latins had no S to this root, like the Greeks, who said Evos, Germ. Ahn. Thus Senex and Senatus would come in together; but, I apprehend, from an ante-Sabine Celtic.

Lex. This word has no connection with the Latin Lego, to which it at first sight ought to belong. Its root is the Gaelic Leag, Germ. Legen, Eng. Lay; whence Gaelic Lagh, Eng. Law. But Dlighe is here embarrassing.

Fas.-On this word I have already remarked, that it seems to be the Welsh ffas, a band or fastening. With it the Romans couple Jus, which precisely corresponds in sense to Welsh Iaun; but the latter will not account for the origin of Jus. Professor Key has expressed his belief that jus is corrupted from dius, which he compares with ośw, and supposes to be a contraction

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of dicus, and connected with dico, ligo, to bind. 26 I accept his first step, which yields diur as the crude form. Now dior is given in the Gaelic dictionary as an obsolete word for "meet, proper, decent," and may possibly have been the equivalent of decens. But déov itself goes to show that dior (not dicor) is likely to have been the true old Gaelic, and if so, it is away from our mark to discuss, whether or not at some early period the root lost a c. The fact remains, that Jura and Dior are very much alike. Now, is this coincidence mere chance? I do not know how to believe it. Yet dior cannot have come from ius; while the opposite is not only possible, but (considering the entire argument) to me convincing. We thus get the contrasts of Fas, Jus, and Lex:-" Fas et jura sinunt,”—Virg. ; "Qui leges juraque servat."-Horat. Namely, Fas is that which the conscience of itself imposes; Jura are the proprieties inherent in the very structure of the political society; Lex is an ordinance arbitrarily laid down, which, however sacred while it remains, may be annulled by the public act without moving the foundations of the state. That Jus should have taken the secondary sense of "that which belongs to one," will not surprise us, when we observe how "Becoming" in English differs from "Bekommen" in German, and "Proprius" in Latin from "Proper" in English. Compare also πрожоv. προσῆκον.

Fascis. Since this has no root in Latin, while Ffasg comes out of Ffas, we have as usual the mark of a borrowed word in Fascis.

Ritus; a word wholly isolated, excepting the adverb Rite. Rhaith (párpa?) is in Armoric a law, in Welsh a solemn utterance or oath, especially of many persons together. Its derivatives are spelt with e, as Rheithio, to establish by law, to appoint a jury; and the root may be guessed identical with that of pños, pua. In Gaelic, Ràite, a saying, a proverb; but Raith, an appeal, an umpire; which reminds us of Germ. Rath. Again, the Gaelic has Reachd, a law, statute; Germ. Recht: also Réidh, equable, harmonious, and Réite, agreement, concord, atonement, a marriage contract. Among all these the choice is difficult.

26 Two forms so related as Dico and Ligo, the former moral, the latter physical, (unless their likeness is accidental,) seem of themselves to prove the

commixture of different languages in Latin, still more powerfully than do the forms Full and Plenty, Father and Paternal, in English.

Ordo.-In Welsh, Urdd (a state or degree) is derived from the higher root Ur, that which is essential or pure: cf. Germ. Ur in composition. Hence Urdden, pure intellect; Urddas, honour, dignity. Such are marks of Urdd being a native.

Seculum.-No words are needed to show that Sicl (a winding round) is the original.

Toga.-In Welsh, Twc, a cut, a clip; Twcca, a knife; Tucio, Toccio, to clip, trim, dock; Toc, a cap, a hat; Twyg, a gown. The form of the Toga, (Dionysius seems to say) was brought to Tarquin the First from Etruria; but he does not say this of the word.

It has appeared that the characteristic Sabine word Quiris is Gaelic. This leads us to inquire, whether any other known Sabine terms are found in that or in the cognate languages; and we may begin with the religious words. A verse is often quoted as belonging to the Salian priests; although, being an Hexameter, it must be more recent than Ennius :

Præsul ut amtruet inde, et volgus redamtruet olli.

The verb Amtruo, however, is probably a technical term of the old religion; that is, it is Sabine. The dictionaries render it, To Dance; but Prichard has rightly observed that it is the Welsh Am-troi, to turn round.

Carmen-I should likewise conjecture to be Sabine. The Gaelic has Gairm, to call, invite, crow as a cock; cf. p. Also Gairm, a calling, a proclamation; pl. Gairmean. In Welsh there is, Gair, a word, saying; fame, report; Garm, a shout, an outcry; Garmio, to shout; Garmiad, a shouting.

Comparing Augur and Auspex, it is observed that the latter may be said even of private life; as, auspices nuptiarum. So Juvenal: veniet cum signatoribus auspex. Auspicia also took a broader sense as a native word; but Augur, Augurium, seem to be more technical and limited. From this we may infer that Augur is Sabine, and Auspex its Latin translation, formed on the model of Haruspex, which is the Latin rendering of the Graeco-Etruscan ispocxómos. Since Auspex is Avispex, the word Augur suggests that Avis must be Sabine: yet oiwvòc looks so like a mere elongation of some such word as oiòę, a bird, that I am far from asserting that Avis may not have been primitive Latin also. Indeed some may see Avis hidden in aɛtóG, afetos; Sanskr. Vi, a bird (Benfey.) The derivation of Augur

from gero appears to me quite unbearable. 27 I think it is formed from Cur, care, which is Welsh. In composition, the initial C becomes G, as in Amgoed, woody, from Am and Coed. Thus Augur = Avium curator. The r became 8 in Augustus, just as Milwr became Miles. 28 Yet I suspect that the Sabine compound was Auch-gur; perhaps for inadequate reasons, still I will give them. French etymologists regard Avis as the parent of Oie, a goose; thus: Avis, Avica, Auca, Oie. But of these four words, Avica is invented; Auca is low Latin. Now I conjecture that Auc is the old Gaulish for waterfowl, the parent of our English Awk; Icelandic Alka? Auca in fact is any female bird in low Latin (Du Cange): from it comes Aucella, a bird; Italian Uccella. Thus Auch may well have been the Sabine for a bird.

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Picus, the woodpecker, Pica, the magpye, are sacred Sabine birds. The Gaelic has Pioc, to pick or peck; Pic, Piocaid, pickaxe; Piocaire, a pecker; [ Piquier Martier of the Eugubine Tables? picus Martius;] as well as Pighe, Pioghaid, a magpye.

Aquila is an un-Greek word, which from its extreme importance in augury we might suppose to be Sabine. I confess I have nothing here but a conjectural reconstruction of the Italian-Celtic; proceeding, however, on various facts of the known tongues. The Welsh have 29 Asgel, for a wing; (G. Asgal or Achlais, arm-pit; low Latin, ascella, wing, &c.,) let us then sup

27 Freund rejects it: Rubino has again patronized it.

28 Since we are told that the Sabines said Fasena for Arena, Ausum for Aurum, they may have had a peculiarity distinguishing them from other Celts, in the tendency to r for s. It is even possible that Papisius, Fusius, &c., is a Sabine pronunciation, and the r sound is the working up of the vulgar Latin into high life again. For any thing that appears, the Sabine may have said Miles not Milwr, Augus not Augur, Cus not Cur; yet in Augur the old and true utterance would seem likely to be retained as sacred.

[Upon farther consideration, I distrust (in this argument) all minute conclusions drawn from the words reported VI.

to us as Sabine by Roman writers. The Sabine tongue must have had many dialects: some of them may have been mixed with Etruscan or Umbrian ;— for that the Umbrian and Sabine speech was identical, is at any rate improbable. We must not assume that the Romans knew much more about the speech of the primitive Quirites than we do.]

29 From Asgel come our words Shield, Shelter, Germ. Schilden, &c.; as appears by comparing the Gaelic, Sgiath, a wing, shelter, or shield; Sgàil, a shade, curtain, covering. The old poets said Sgé for Sgiath, which seems to exhibit the simplest root; so Heb. Suk, texit, protexit. Cf. onxòs, oxià, Shade, Shaw, Sky (a cloud,) as well as ScuYet see Achsel in Schwenck. 2 B

tum.

pose that the old Celts said AsQUIL; and hence ASQUILAICH, a winged creature, a large fowl. From Asquil might come the Engl. Quill (a word of wholly unknown origin,) and the French Aisle, Aile, a wing. Asquilaich might be shortened into Quilaich; which (only spelt Coileach,3°) is Gaelic, and means a Cock; as Fowl has now come to mean Cock and Hen: cf. öpviç. Again, in Latin, Asquil generated Axilla, and by contraction Ala. Asquilaich made the substantive Aquila, an eagle; and the adjective (Asquiles,) Ales, winged. Yet Ales also, like Volucris, became a substantive.

This suggests to remark on the word Aqua. Bopp has alleged that Aqua and Æquor are connected; and the Celtic with the A. S. seems to prove it. There is W. Aig, the sea; Eigeon, ocean; G. Aigeal, Aigean, abyss, ocean; A. S. Aeg, Eg, Seeg, sea; Eág, Eáh, Eá, water, a river; Ewe, water; Egor, the sea, water. All these Anglo-Saxon words except Seeg appear to me to be picked up in Britain. After this we ought to judge the French Eau to be Gaulish; not a corruption of Latin Aqua, but of Celtic Ege. In Gilly's Romaunt Version of the Gospel of St. John, Ayga as well as Aygua stands for water.

Tripudium is perhaps from Gael. Tir, earth, and Put, to push: so Repudium from Put, of which the Latin form was Pel, Pul.

Ceremonia seems to me to have come from a Sabine word crem, a cry, scream, or prayer. For we have in Gaelic, Cràbhach, devout; Cràbhadh, devotion: in Welsh, Cref, a cry, scream; Crefu, to implore, to crave; Crefydd, devotion, religion; and many other words. Italian m is aspirated by the northerns into the v sound, just as in Afon for Amnis, Rhufain for Rome.

Faustus is another augural word, that probably was Sabine. The termination tus or stus, indeed, is a Latin addition, leaving a root Fau, Faus, or perhaps Faud; as Rastrum, Rostrum, from Rad and Rod. Now in Welsh there is Ffau, brilliant, splendid, (cf. páοs, тçaúσxш); Ffawd, happiness, good luck; Ffawdus, fortunate, prosperous; Ffawg, delight, pleasure.

Sors was in every respect so united to religion, that we natu

30 Dr. Stratton thinks that Gallus comes from Coileach, which would not be impossible if the first syllable were accented; yet I imagine it is pronounced Quilaích: if so, it might have

made Quilēcus, but not Gallus. Are not Gallus, Gallina, the true old Latin, of which ἀλέκτωρ, αλεκτρύαινα, are not more extreme Hellenic transformation than ἠλίκτωρ of sol and (σ)ήλιος