words, the one belonging to the Gothic, the second to the Hg. stage. We shall then draw the rule from the greatest number of examples bearing the same character. 1. Labials. English, P. F. B. V. W. M. Sanscrit, P. Ph. B. Bh. V. M. The English letters W. and M. (Sanser. V. and M.) the vocal beginning, and the nasal end of this series, will be considered, after the mutes, as Semivowels and Liquids, with the others of the same class. The English sound v, introduced only from the Romanic into the Middle-English, appears, in old English words, as the weakened Inlaut of another Labial, most frequently of f (leaf-leaves.) As such, it will find its place according to its original value. 1. P, a favourite anlaut in English, has, in the Dictionary at least, as many words as F and B together. It is of much less frequent occurrence in A.S., of still less in Gothic. The greater part of the English words are of Latin or Greek origin; so are many of the inconsiderable number of A.S. and Gothic words. As P otherwise seems to be among the Teutonics a favourite sound in Inlaut and Auslaut, it is natural to ask why it is of rare occurrence as Anlaut. nary and Pott, holding Grimm's law, explain it by the small number of B. anlauts in Sanscrit. If, they say, there are only few labial Media in Sanscrit as anlaut, there can be only few labial Tenues in Gothic. Graff (III. 319,) declares this explanation to be an error, necessarily arising from what he calls the false theory of Grimm. He explains it by saying, that the organic p, corresponding with Sanser. Gr., Lat., Goth., O. Sax., A.S., and Norse tenuis had changed into F, already in the oldest German, (1. pr. 8, **) for the oldest Runes have no P. The question will find its solution, I think, at the end of this chapter on the Labials. (a.) English P. anlaut corresponding with Sanser. P. Be "Pound" does not seem to have been borrowed from the Latin, though its consonants are the same in both Latin and Gothic. Cf. Lat. poena, A.S. pin. 5 Cf. Graff, Alth. Sprachsch. I. pref. xvi. "the Old German Sp. answers to Sanscr. Sp. perhaps in' sprechan,' Sanser. sprih (desiderare), if it is not to be derived from Sanser. brù (dicere.") But Sprih is much more likely the Lat. Spero. '(Bopp.) There is not one example by which we can prove from Sanser. B to Goth. P, as that in "brú" to "spræcan, spæcan." Bopp's conjecture seems to be the right one, Gloss. p. 26, práh, (i. e. pra and ah,) dicere. "Fortasse cum eo cohæret nostrum Sprach, spreche, ita ut S euphonicum sit antepositum, cum S Ancient and Modern High-German. hufo; Haufe. sequenti p et facile se adjungat, quam ob rem Pott Gothicum "stautan," nostrum stoszen, ad radicem Sanscritam et Latinam "tud" apte reduxit." 6 Another remarkable example of this kind, where the Sanser. K has been dropped, is Sanser. Kam and Lat. am-o. Graff, Bopp. I beg to remark here, that whenever any word compared seems to require an explanation for any other letter but the labial in question, that explanation will be given when that other letter (a lingual or guttural) comes under consideration. (d.) English P. and some other Sanscr. letter. (spilt) spit (findere) sht hiv (spuere) spivan, speovian spiwan, spiuwan, 7 Graff, 11. 205, prefers Sanscr. labh (adipisci), Gr. λaßsiv. The Lith. lupa (labium) is against it. Lat. labium, labrum, and lambo, Gr. Asíßw, are connected with Sanser. labh (admixi) not with "lap." Cf. Gr. wiλxus and Eng. bill have the same meaning, but belong to different roots. See Bill. It is the same case with Lat. labi and Eng. to leap. See Leap, Note. 8 Bopp,Gl. S. 93," fortasse etiam nostrum werfe, Goth. vairpa pro virpa. Gr. comp. 82. Huc pertinet, transpositis spian; spein. e vripa pro hvripa, cum hv pro Sanser. K. sicut quis, Sanser. Kas, Gr. comp. 388. Graff, 1. 1026, hesitates between "kship" and "vap," (spargere.) 9 Compare Sanser. vrika and Lat. vulpes, Gr. λúxos, or vice versa, Sanser. pach and Lat. Coquere. Consonants of the same degree may interchange and confirm the rule. We have here all three tenues p, k and t, in play-kri, uput of Sanscr. paktas, Gr. irós, Lat. coctus. reap lere) lup (fin- hriopan (vellere) raufan; raufen. s'ana (cannabis) hænep hleapan hanaf; Hanf. hlanfon, lonfan; lanfen. The following table shews the results of our comparisons :English P. anlaut corresponding with Sanser. P. in 11 examples. According to Grimm's law, Gothic P, as we have stated before, should answer to Greek, Latin, and Sanscr. B. We have not one example of the kind,-not one proof for the support of this law in respect to English and Sanscrit,—but there are twenty-five examples that follow (and therefore prove) the rule, that English P. corresponds with Sanser. P. 2. F as anlaut, frequent in all Gothic languages, as Inlaut and Auslaut less so. Between two vowels, it changes in English, with very few exceptions, (life, wife, safe; but lives, wives, to save,) into v. This v-inlaut is therefore equivalent to F, and as such, to be considered in this paragraph. (a.) English, F anlaut, and Sanscr. P. 11 For Prefix A.S. "for" Anc. and Mod. High Germ. "far, fir, ver." For Preposition A.S. "fora, fore, for," Anc. and Mod. High G. "fora, furi; vor, für." Bopp connects the former with Sanser. pará, Prep. insep. (retro), and refers to Grimm, III. 256, 4. c. the latter with Sansc. pari Præp. insep. (circum.) Graff, 111. 664, thinks Goth. fair and four, (Engl. for and fore) rather connected with Scr. para (alius) and param (all. neutr. ultro); he refers Goth. fra and fram to Scr. pra, Prep. insep. (pro), and in some way to Scr. puras (ante, coram.) VI. 12 Graff, III. 476, "Folo, m. fuli, fulin of Sanser. pal neben pá; oder sollte Sanser. bála (puer) zu vergleichen seyn ?" Bála is hardly admissible; it would be, among more than forty examples, the only one of the kind. 18 Graff, 1. Pref. xvii. "feizit (fat), Sanser. mid (pinguem esse)"; further, fliugan (to fly) and Scr. dí (abire, evanescere); fliuhan (to flee) and Scr. dru (currere, fugere ; feder (feather), and Scr. chhad (tegere), chhada, m. folium, ala. 2 c |