a position wholly irreconcilable with anything in Cohistan or Cashmere. I hold it certain that Alexander marched to the south and south-east from Candahar, and that all the fighting with the mountaineers, all the marching over the rough and difficult passes, were nothing more or less than the various events which occurred in forcing his way through the celebrated Kojuck and Bolan Passes. The incidents of this march, which conducted him through the successive territories of the Aspasii, Guræi, and Assacani, are given by Arrian with an exactness sufficient to enable us to perceive at once their correspondence with the geographical features of Lower Affghanistan. In the outset, after passing along the river Choes, by a hilly road, and after various skirmishes with the natives, and the capture of some towns, of which one is particularized by the name of Andax, Alexander came upon the river Euasples, (Lorah ?) whence, on the second day, he reached a town which had been burnt by the natives, who were retired to the mountains. He then effected a passage of these mountains, which we may reasonably affirm to have been the Kojuck range, and immediately descended upon the city of Arigæum, (Quettah ?) Quettah, situated in the great valley of Shawl, offers in the month of April the most delightful climate in the world. Alexander was so pleased with the opportune situation of this town, that Craterus was ordered to restore it. He then crossed another mountainous ridge, the Bolan Pass, which the natives had abandoned, having retired on his approach into the plain country below, where they were easily defeated in a great battle, although they are reported to have been more warlike than any of the other tribes. Here Alexander, after emerging from the mountainous country, appears to have reached a plain of great fertility, where he was so much struck with the beauty of the cattle, that he ordered some to be sent to Macedonia. I think we may here safely recognize a descent from the Bolan Pass into the plains of Cutch Gundava, still "famous for its abundance of cattle and sheep, large herds and flocks of which are fed by the Méris and Bugtis." (Captain Postan's Paper in the Journal of the Geographical Society, vol. XIV. p. 2.) In these plains Alexander was rejoined by Craterus, and hence, through the country of the Gurai, whose name perhaps still exists in Gooroo, close to Dadur, he advanced towards the Assacani, crossing the remarkable river Guræus (Naree?) de scribed by Arrian as presenting some difficulties, on account of its depth and velocity, and of the round stones which formed its bed. The Naree is said by Captain Postan to be now so completely drained by the Khajjak tribes for the purposes of irrigation, "that its waters do not descend further than Bagh, except in heavy rains ;" "the waters come down violently in May and June." Alexander, who reached the Hydaspes about midsummer, must have been in the Cutch country in April or early in May, and it would be worth while to compare the state of the Naree river at that period of the year with Arrian's description of the Guræus. He then reached the Assacani, in which appellation we may, perhaps, discern the rudiments of the modern name of Affghans. This people brought into the field 20,000 cavalry, 30,000 foot, and 30 elephants, animals which Alexander would not have found in the Kohistan country, and which he was particularly anxious to possess, and to obtain them was, perhaps, one of the reasons which afterwards induced him to attack Aornos. Here Alexander's first exploit was the capture of the largest town in the country, Massaga, (Shikapoor?) Bazira and Ora followed; and the natives flying before him, took refuge in the renowned Aornos, in which I recognize the Khyber Hills. In all these proceedings I think we may clearly perceive Alexander advancing up the right bank of the Indus. He now reached Peucaleotis, to which place Hephæstion had been dispatched, and where he had performed all the duties entrusted to him. But before Alexander crossed the Indus, he was determined, unnecessarily, (but out of rivalry with Hercules, as was said,) to attack Aornos. He accordingly marched to a town situated in front of that mountain called Embolima, which Greek name would imply the point of egress from a defile, and which I believe to have been the modern Peshawar. I have seen it stated by a competent authority on Indian names, in Vol. IX. p. 515, of the Geographical Society, that the Greek word Aornos (of which there are more instances than that of the celebrated one in question,) is derived from the Indian term "Awar," signifying a fortress or stockade, and if so, Peshawar in front of the Khyber, is well connected with the Embolima of Arrian. Arrian gives rather a detailed account of the manner of forcing this pass.-Ptolemy crowned the heights, and eventually Alexander succeeded in effecting the passage, and advancing into the country of the Assacani (Affghans), to the city of Dyrta, (Jellalabad,) and to the banks of the Indus, (Cabul river,) and here he found and captured the much-sought-for elephants. We are told that Alexander attacked Aornos after reaching Peucaleotis,1 in which country was the passage of the Indus at Attok; so that, to have made such an attack on a pass described as the main access to India, he must have turned back and attacked it on the reverse or Indian side. Nor is it any objection that the Indus is said, by both Arrian and Strabo, to flow at the base of Aornos, or that Alexander came upon that river after passing the defile-for both these authors evidently consider the Cabul river, which washes the north side of the Khyber, as the Indus, and indeed the breadth and volume of its waters are but little inferior to what we now hold to be the real stream of the Indus. Alexander here cut wood, and built boats, which he floated down the river to his bridge. Burnes (Cabul, p. 276,) gives a detailed account of his descent of the Cabul river. By the same channel, our troops cooped up in Jellalabad, attempted to communicate with our forces on the Indus. After General Pollock's army had reached Jellalabad, and were masters of the banks of the Cabul river, they sent their sick and baggage down the stream to Peshawar; the Affghans also sent by water to Jellalabad the remains of the unfortunate Elphinstone, which were there interred with due honours. Frequent mention is made by both Arrian and Strabo, of the fabulous expeditions of Dionysus (Bacchus) and Hercules into the East; fables which doubtless had some foundation in fact, for such extraordinary expeditions do from time to time occur in the East. Dionysus succeeded in making his way through Aornos, (Khyber Pass,) but Hercules thrice attempted it in vain; he was repulsed at Aornos by earthquakes, and we cannot fail to call to mind how our own troops, under the gallant Sale at Jellalabad, were distressed by similar catastrophes. It appears to me that this is the only manner of accounting for 1 The words of Arrian describing Hephaestion's march, is rv IIsvæsλατιν χώραν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰνδὸν ποταμὸν, correspond so exactly with the expressions afterwards applied to Alexander, avròs δὲ τὰ μὲν πρῶτα ὡς ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰνδὸν ποταμὸν ἦγε, καὶ πόλιν τε Πευκαλιῶσιν οὐ πόῤῥω τοῦ Ινδοῦ ᾠκισμένην ὁμολογία παρεστήσατο, that no doubt can exist of his having reached Hephaestion's position on the Indus before he attacked Aornos. Alexander's attack on Aornos (a pass into India) after his arrival on the Indus; and that he had arrived on the Indus is sufficiently evident. Arrian gives the description of Aornos, when he states that the Assacani took refuge in it; his account of the fountain in the middle of the pass, agrees well with the beautiful stream at Ali-Musjid, in the middle of the Khyber. Arrian speaks vaguely and contemptuously of the fabulous caves of Prometheus, mentioned by some authors in connection with the proceedings of Alexander. It seems, however, by no means improbable that these caves were what are now called the Caverns of Bameean. Alexander must have twice marched through or near the Bameean defile in his passage across the Parapamisan Caucasus, first, when (B. C. 329) he turned back from his newly founded Alexandria, (Ghuznee,) in order to pursue Bessus in Bactria; and, secondly, when in his return (B. C. 327) he resumed his operations upon India. Arrian also tells us, that while Alexander was in these parts, during his operations between the Cophenes and the Indus, he visited Nysa, the birthplace of Dionysus, or Bacchus, and renowned for its grapes and fruits. Such is now Cabul. The Macedonians, to their infinite joy, discovered ivy at Nysa, the only spot in the East where it was said to be found. It would be curious to ascertain if ivy exists at Cabul. It ought to be remarked, that on the return from India, while Alexander led an army, and Nearchus a fleet, along the coast of Persia, Craterus conducted a division of the army from Sogdi, (Sukkur?) through the Bolan Pass into Caramania. He had been previously selected, as we have seen, to settle the Bolan country, and perhaps he was, on that account, chosen as the leader of the division which retired through it. HENRY L. LONG. II. ON THE INTERPRETATION OF A PASSAGE IN THE ANTIGONE OF SOPHOCLES; TO WHICH ARE ADDED REMARKS ON ARTICLE XIX. IN VOL. V. OF THE CLASSICAL MUSEUM. WHILE reading the Antigone some months ago, after an interval of many years, we found ourselves at variance with Wunder, whose edition we were using, in the interpretation of a particular passage. This led us to compare other editions: when we ascertained, to our surprise, that the meaning which had suggested itself to our mind naturally and at once, was not only unsanctioned, but even unmentioned, by any of the commentators, from the Scholiast downwards. Such a discovery inclined us to question the soundness of our own interpretation. We therefore considered and reconsidered it in every point of view, but always with a strengthened conviction of its correctness. We are hence induced to submit our version of the passage in question to the readers of the Classical Museum, in order that, if false, it may receive a sufficient refutation; if true, that its truth may be generally known and admitted. The lines to which we allude are the 11th and 12th in the following passage, which occurs in the opening scene of the play, vv. 21-36, where Antigone acquaints her sister Ismene with Creon's proclamation, forbidding the sepulture of Polynices. Οὐ γὰρ τάφου νῶν τώ κασιγνήτω Κρέων τάφω καλύψαι μηδὲ κωκῦσαί τινα, ἐὰν δ ̓ ἄκλαυτον, ἄταφον, οἰωνοῖς γλυκὺν τοιαῦτά φασι τὸν ἀγαθὸν Κρέοντα σοὶ οὐχ ὡς παρ ̓ οὐδὲν, ἀλλ ̓ ὃς ἂν τούτων τι δρᾷ, The 11th and 12th lines are by commentators interpreted generally thus: This proclamation, they say, the good Creon has issued to you and to me; yes, I say to me also:" though in explaining the force of the latter parenthesis, there is some difference of opinion. Thus the Scholiast writes :-Τὸ ἑξῆς · τοιαῦτά φασι τὸν ἀγαθὸν Κρέοντα σοὶ καμοὶ κεκηρυχέναι. Τὸ δὲ λέγω γὰρ κἀμὲ διὰ μέσου μετὰ πάθους ἀνεφώνησεν · λέγω γὰρ, φησὶν, ὅτι καμὲ προσ |