"He tried each art, reproved each dull delay,

Allured to brighter worlds, and led the way." GOLDSMITH.

"A favour'd goat, conductor of my herd, Strayed to a dale whose outlet is the post To Phocian's left,and penetrates to Greece." GLOVER, Leonidas.

"Common sense, or that share and species of understanding which Nature has bestowed on the greater part of men, is, when competently improved by education, and assisted by divine grace, the safest guide to certainty and happiness."-KNOX, Essays.

LEAN. MEAGRE. LANK.

LEAN (A. S. hlæne) signifies devoid of fat, MEAGRE (Fr. maigre, lean), devoid of flesh. MEAGRE lends itself much more readily to metaphorical uses, meaning destitute of fulness and power, deficient in quantity or requisite quality; as, a meagre supply; a meagre statement, argument, exposition, or treatment of a subject.

"Thirst, leanness, excess of animal secretions, are signs and effects of too great thinness of blood."-ARBUTHNOT.

"Thou art so lean and meagre waxen late, That scarce thy legs uphold thy feeble gait." SPENSER.

That is LANK (A. S. hlanc) which is so long and slender as to appear weak and deficient in firmness or ful

ness.

"The clergy's bags Are lank and lean with thy extortions." SHAKESPEARE.

LEAN. BEND. INCLINE. Of these BEND (A. S. bendan) and INCLINE (Lat. inclinare, to bend), do not involve of necessity a relation to the perpendicular, which is implied in LEAN (A. S. hlænan, to make to bend), except when it is used in the metaphorical sense of leaning in opinion or moral inclination. That which inclines, leans, or bends only in a slight degree, and in relation to any kind of line, vertical, horizontal, or otherwise. The tower of Pisa leans, and might be said to incline, in a certain direction. In this case, INCLINE is only a more refined word. A road inclines to the right, if its deviation is but slight; it bends, if it is sufficiently rapid to form a distinct curve. In their moral usage, a man

leans to certain opinions, as having a natural or constitutional tendency to adopt them. He bends when strong external pressure of circumstances bears upon him; as, e. g. to necessity; He inclines when he is prompted by natural preference and bias, or tendency of the will. Both BEND and INCLINE are intrinsic; LEAN has also an extrinsic application when it is followed by the prepositions upon or against.

"Thus to relieve the wretched was his pride,

And ev'n his failings leaned to virtue's side." GOLDSMITH.

"She had also contrived another puppet, which, by the help of several little springs to be wound up within it, could move all its limbs, and that she had sent over to her correspondent in Paris, to be taught the various leanings and bendings of the head, the risings of the bosom."-Spectator.

"Shall I venture to say, my lord, that in our late conversation you were inclined to the party which you adopted rather by the feelings of your good nature than by the conviction of your judgment?"-BURKE.

LEAVE. LIBERTY. LICENCE. PERMISSION.

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LEAVE is the simplest term (A. S. leaf, permission); it imples the placing of a person in a position to act or not, as he pleases; a discretionary permis sion; LIBERTY (Fr. liberté), that all obstructions or hindrances are removed to specific action; as, liberty of speech; liberty of access. These two may taken as well as given. LICENSE and PERMISSION must be specially granted. Liberty is fuller, more discretionary, and generally more courteous; leave is more familiarly permissive. The characteristic difference between the two may be further seen in the phrases to take leave, and to take a liberty. The first is to assume permission without stopping to ask for it; the second is to give one's self a freedom of action, beyond due restraint.

LICENCE (Lat. licentia, permission) is liberty in a particular case, formally, or even legally granted by special permission; as, a licence to print; a marriage licence or a poetic licence.

PERMISSION (Lat. permissiōnem) is the mere absence on the part of an

other of prevention or of opposition, without implying sanction or approval.

"Then let us not think hard

One easy prohibition, that enjoy
Free leave so large to all things else, and

choice

Unlimited of manifold delights."

MILTON.

"So that the idea of liberty is the idea of a power in any agent to do or forbear any particular action, according to the determination or thought of the mind, whereby either of them is preferred to the other.' LOCKE.

AS LICENCE implies the principle of liberty, so it implies also a contrary principle of restraint, except when it is employed of one's self, in which it is simply equivalent to reckless assumption of liberty. He who receives licence from authority receives certain free powers, but modified by the authority which granted it. So, politically speaking, licence may imply not a kittle which is against freedom.

"My lords, from the precedent now before us, we shall be induced-nay, we can find no reason for refusing-to lay the press under a general licence, and then we may bid adieu to the liberties of Great Britain.' -CHESTERFIELD.

"The will And high permission of all-ruling Heaven Left him at large to his own dark designs." MILTON.

LEAVE. QUIT.

WE LEAVE that to which we may return.

We QUIT (Fr. quitter, to leave, to part from) that to which we purpose

not to return.

LENGTHEN. PROLONG.

TO LENGTHEN is to add to one of the ends or to extend the substance.

TO PROLONG (Fr. prolonger, Lat. prolongare) is to throw farther on the termination of a thing, whether by continuity, by postponements, or by the introduction of incidental matter. One is commonly said to lengthen a cord, a rod, a discourse, or letter; to prolong a walk, a conversation, a story, an occupation.

LEVITY. GIDDINESS. LIGHTNESS. VOLATILITY. FLIGHTINESS.

LEVITY (Lat. levitātem, lightness) is that kind of lightness which denotes

an inability or inaptitude to weigh the importance of principles in thought and action, and so borders on immorality, if it is not actually such. It is, in its outward form, a disregard of the proprieties of time and place.

GIDDINESS (A. S. gyddian, to be merry) is wild thoughtlessness, espe cially such as comes of exuberant spirits, combined with scanty powers of reflexion, as in some young persons; an inability, as in the case of vertigo, to collect the thoughts.

LIGHTNESS (A. S. leoht, light) is that quality of mind which disposes it to be influenced by trifling considerations, and shows itself therefore in inconstancy of purpose and want of steadfastness and resolution.

VOLATILITY (Lat. volatilis, flying, transitory) is active lightness of disposition; a tendency to fly from one thing to another from curiosity and petty interest, and to extract pleasure of a passing kind from a variety of objects and pursuits.

FLIGHTINESS (A. S. fliht, flyht, a flying) comes of mental unsteadiness, which shows itself in capricious fancies, irregular conduct, and disordered intentions; it betokens intellectual deficiency.

"That levity which is fatigued and disgusted with everything of which it is in possession."-BURKE.

"Young heads are giddy, and young hearts

are warm,

And make mistakes for manhood to reform." COWPER. "When I therefore was thus minded, did I use lightness?"-English Bible.

"Volatile and fugitive instances of repentance are not the proper and proportioned remedy to the evil of vicious habits." -BISHOP TAYLOR.

"The flighty gambols of chance are objects of no science nor grounds of any dependence whatever."-SEARLE.

LIFT. HEAVE. RAISE. ELEVATE. ERECT. EXALT. HOIST. HEIGHTEN.

The idea common to these terms is that of making high or higher than before.

TO LIFT (Icel. lypta, to raise) is to bring up from a specific spot to 3 higher by a direct exertion of per

sonal or mechanical force, producing separation in the thing lifted from its former points of rest or support. That is lifted which is drawn up into the air, as that may be RAISED (Icel. reisa, to raise) which still preserves mediate or immediate contact with the ground-that is, of course, in the We physical senses of these terms. lift a ladder when we take it up off the ground. We may raise it by one end only, so as to place it against the house.

HEAVE (A. S. hebban, to lift) denotes the raising slowly, as of weight or with difficulty. It has the additional force of impelling as well as raising; as, to heave a stone at an object. See SWELL.

ELEVATE (Lat. elevare; levis, light in weight) is to raise relatively, or to bring from a lower place to a higher.

TO ERECT (Lat. erigere, part. erectus) is to raise perpendicularly, still preserving the relation to, and support of, some base or foundation on which the thing erected rests.

TO EXALT (Lat. exaltare, to elevate) is so to raise as to produce with the raising an impression of dignity and superiority; the physical being emblematical of a moral raising.

HOIST (0. Dut. hyssen), commonly combines the idea of gradual raising of something weighty with that of mechanical means, or at least of some effort; as to hoist a package, a sail, or an ensign.

HEIGHTEN (A.S. heáh, high) is to increase an already existing height, as opposed to lowering; to make higher or taller. A thing already raised or erected may be further heightened, as a flag-staff, by an addition to its substance.

"As for the casting up of the eyes, and lifting up of the hands, it is a kind of appeal to the Deity."-BACON.

"Shed thy faire beames unto my feeble

"Let him take thee And hoist thee up to the shouting plebeians.' SHAKESPEARE. "Fancy enervates while it soothes the heart,

And while it dazzles wounds the mental sight;

To joy each heightening charm it can impart,

But wraps the hour of woe in tenfold night." LIKENESS.

BEATTIE. RESEMBLANCE.

SIMILARITY. SIMILITUDE.

LIKENESS (A.S. lic) is the most familiar and comprehensive. It is applicable both to the internal nature and to the outward semblances of things.

RESEMBLANCE (Fr. ressembler, to be alike) has much the same meaning, but has a more subjective, as likeness a more objective, force; that is, likeness belongs rather to objects themselves; resemblance, to their properties, and the effect produced by them. Hence LIKENESS seems more appropriate in the case of visible and palpable objects; RESEMBLANCE, in the qualities of things, and where the likeness is fainter. A strong like ness in feature; a faint resemblance in manner.

SIMILARITY (Fr. similaire, similar) lends itself more readily to express likeness in properties or accidents of things than things themselves; as, a similarity of appearance, nature, disposition, of proceeding, of result, or of such things as are judged purely by the mind, and not the senses; as a SIMILITUDE is similarity of belief.

to similarity as the concrete to the abstract, similitude being embodied similarity or likeness as it is not only recognized or appreciated, but represented and expressed. Hence a similarity may be shown by a similitude, in the rhetorical sense of the term. When a tyrant is called a tiger, it is a similitude based upon a similarity.

"There is a fabulous narrative that in the northern countries there should be au berb

that groweth in the likeness of a lamb, and feedeth upon the grass."-BACON.

"To do good is to become most like God. It is that which of all other qualities gives us the resemblance of His nature and perfection."-SHARP.

"From the knowledge I had of this tree, and the similarity it bore to the spruce, I judged that, with the addition of inspissated juice of wort and molasses, it would make a very wholesome beer."-Cook's Voyages.

"Thus they turned their glory into the similitude of a calf that eateth hay."-English Psalms.

LIKELY. PROBABLE.

LIKELY (literally, like what has happened, and so like to happen) has the same sense as PROBABLE (Lat. probăbilis), and an additional force beyond it. PROBABLE qualifies only facts or events as regards the evidence which is greater for than against it, hence uffording ground for belief; as, probable evidence distinguished from mathematical or demonstrative. But LIKELY has the further force of possessing an inherent tendency to bring about a result, and so the probable cause of it. In this way LIKELY is applicable to persons and events, not simply in regard to their occurrence, but their effects and actions. "It is probable that I shall go to-morrow," might be expressed thus: "I am likely to go to-morrow," where "I am probable could not have been employed.

LIMB. MEMBER.

MEMBER (Lat. membrum, a limb) is a general term applied to any distinct section or portion of an organized body performing a distinct office, as the eye, the ear.

LIMB (A. S. lim) is the term restricted to the arms and legs. MEMBER lends itself, as LIMB does not, to secondary or metaphorical uses; as, a member of Parliament, a family, or an association.

"And on the grass her dainty limbs did
lay,
In secret shadow, far from all men's sight."
SPENSER.

"But now are they many members, yet but one body."-English Bible.

LISTLESS. CARELESS. SUpine.
The LISTLESS person (originally lust-

less, 1.e. wanting in vigour) is in a state of mental and moral torpor, which excludes the desire of any object which requires exertion. LISTLESS stands to the ends of action as CARELESS to action itself, whether physical or mental. The careless man does his work without pains; the listless man does not think it worth doing at all.

SUPINE is the Lat. supinus, lying on the back, as opposed to pronus, bending forwards. So the supine is without that proneness which comes from the propensity to activity and the faculty of interest. As listlessness is emiployed of minor matters, so supineness implies matters of some principle and obligation. The careless person is not necessarily supine; he may be active, energetic, and lively, but specifically indifferent or uninterested in the object before him. The listless person has no interest. The supine may have some amount of it, but not enough to be an incentive to action, or enough to overcome a constitutional laziness. Listlessness is rather the absence of desire; supineness, the absence of pure interest. Carelessness may come from an excess of animal spirits, and a playful defiance of forA person is supine by nature; circumstances may make listless. "That listlessness and depression of spirits which generally accompany national disasters."-EUSTACE, Italy.

tune.

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"If, indeed, the little improvement they apparently derive from such perfunctory lectures arises from their own supineness, themselves only are justly culpable; but I suspect their very supineness usually arises from the indifference and dulness of the tutors' manner."-KNOX, Essays.

"The Priest whose office is, with zeal sin

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water," but "quantity" or "piece of water. Both have the moral import of insignificant or mean. LITTLE and

SMALL being both relative terms, the former is stronger than the latter; LITTLE meaning remarkably or exceptionally small. Hence SMALL belongs more purely to standards of comparison, without implying disparagement. If my income has diminished, I must eccupy a smaller (not a littler) house. Little is opposed to big; small to large. A little child is contrasted with a grown man. A small child is a proportionately small, that is, puny or ill-developed child. LITTLE is often associated with the feelings, as SMALL is not. So it may be a term of endearment; as, a little darling.

DIMINUTIVE (Lat. diminuere, to diminish, part. diminūtus) is relative to an assumed or expressed standard; as a diminutive person is one who falls far below the average size.

MINUTE (Lat.minuĕre, part. minūtus, to diminish) is that which requires or implies closeness of observation or inspection, and is a term of purely physical proportion, except when it is used analogously or metaphorically.

"I confess I love littleness almost in all things; a little, convenient estate, a little cheerful house, a little company, and a very little feast."-COWLEY.

"Thenceforth I 'gan in my engrieved breast To scorn all difference of great and small Sith that the greatest often are opprest, And unawares do into danger fall.' SPENSER.

"The diminutiveness of his figure was totally eclipsed by the expansion of his instrument."-Student.

"Whose corpuscles, by reason of their minuteness, swim easily for a while in the water."-BOYLE.

is a calling or profession regarded as the condition of subsistence; while living is the subsistence itself. Both LIVELIHOOD and LIVING are restricted to rational creatures, whose maintenance depends upon their own exertions.

SUBSISTENCE (Lat. subsistere, to sustain) is employed of what furnishes support to animal life generally and directly, as food; while to SUPPORT nish with the means of sustenance in (Lat. supportare, to convey to) is to furany shape, as money, food, and the like.

MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenir; Lat. manus, the hand, and tenere, to hold) has a wider meaning, and denotes generally the keeping up of anything which has to be upheld in a course of being, action, or operation; as the maintenance of life, of the body, of a fabric, of respectability, of splendour, of public war or worship.

SUSTENANCE (Lat. sub, under, and těnere, to hold) denotes no more than means of supporting life, but is not restricted to animal life, being applicable to the vegetative life of plants. Sustenance passes into the body of things; not so maintenance, nor (in all cases) support. Livelihood is earned. Living is procured. Subsistence accrues. Support is given. Maintenance is afforded. Sustenance is imparted. Unlike the rest, MAINTENANCE and SUPPORT are applicable to things of the moral nature: as the support of courage and hope; the maintenance of order, cheerfulness, or resolution.

My lord, saith he, was never worthy man So nobly bred, and of so high descent, Of so fair livelihood, and so large rent." DRAYTON.

""Tis the very profession and livelihood of such people, getting their living by those practices for which they deserve to forfeit their lives."-SOUTH.

"By the means of subsistence, I understand not the means of superfluous gratifications, but that present competency which every individual must possess in order to be in a capacity to derive a support from his industry in the proper business of his calling."-BISHOP HORSLEY.

"By giving up the belief of a God, I throw away all these considerations, and leave my