concluded, he returned to South-Carolina, having lost in the expedition only five white men and thirty-six Indians, while he is said to have slain or taken captive a thousand of the Tuscaroras.

But, scarcely had Barnwell disappeared, before the Indians, proving faithless to their trust, again renewed hostilities. A second call was made upon South-Carolina for aid, and a second time she nobly responded to the call. Colonel Moore, at the head of about forty whites and a number of Ashley Indians, marched in the middle of December to chastise the enemy. After a fatiguing journey through the wilderness, he came upon the hostile Indians, who were encamped upon the Tar river, about fifty miles from its mouth, in a regularly entrenched and fortified position. Advancing by regular approaches, Moore soon entered their works, and about eight hundred warriors became his captives. This last successful effort of the Carolinians was the death blow to the strength and power of the Tuscaroras; for the feeble and broken remnant of the tribe, soon after this event, emigrated to the fertile valleys of the far west, where, we are told, they incorporated themselves with some more powerful nation, that dwelt near the bright waters of "La belle Riviere."

Scarcely had the Carolinians returned from this expedition, which they undertook for the assistance of their neighbors, when they were called upon to arm in defence of their own firesides, against the most formidable array of enemies which had ever appeared against them, the numerous and powerful nation of Indians, called the Yemassees, living upon a tract of country lying backward from Port Royal, on the north-east side of the Savannah river. This tribe of Indians having been won over to the Spanish interest by large gifts and larger promises, were the chief instigators of this conspiracy, which threatened the total destruction of the entire colony. By the Carolinians, this tribe had always been considered as the one, of all others, the most warmly attached to the British interest; and were thought to possess the most irreconcilable and inveterate hatred to the Spaniards of St. Augustine. The white traders who resided among the Yemassees, had noticed, for some time previous to the outbreak, that the principal warriors of the tribe paid frequent visits to St. Augustine, and always returned loaded with presents; but knowing their decided animosity to the VOL. VI.--NO. 11.

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Spaniards, nothing was thought of these frequent visits, and but little fear entertained that the warmest and most devoted allies which Carolina had ever possessed, would, at the suggestion of the insidious Spaniard, take up arms against their former friends.

But the Spaniards had succeeded, by their promises and bribes, in severing the bonds of amity and good will that existed between these savages and the Carolinians. As the denouement of the bloody plot approached, several of the traders were warned by their Indian friends of the approaching danger, and made a timely retreat to Charlestown,while a number of others, among whom was Capt. Nairn, agent for Indian affairs, residing in Pocotaligo, the largest of the Yemassee towns, remained in fancied security, being perfectly ignorant of the imminent peril which hung over them. However, the suspicions of Nairn and his comrades were at length aroused by the sullen and gloomy air of the Yemassee warriors, and the scowling and angry expression which rested upon the countenances of all the savages belonging to the tribe. Becoming alarmed at their unusual and suspicious behaviour, the chiefs were called upon to state the cause of the grievance, if there was any, which had caused so much uneasiness in the tribe; and, at the same time, were assured, that if any affront had been offered or injury done to them, ample atonement should be made and suitable satisfaction awarded. They replied that they complained of no one, but intended to go on a great hunt early the next morning. The traders, satisfied with the reply, retired to rest, little dreaming that the morrow's dawn would witness their death struggle.

The next morning was the memorable 13th of April, 1715. About daybreak the onslaught began, and in a few hours more than ninety persons in Pocotaligo and on the neighboring plantations, were murdered in cold blood by the ruthless savages. The settlement on Port Royal Island, too, must have fallen a sacrifice to their savage fury, had it not been for the fortunate and "hair-breadth" escape of Captain Burrows, who, after receiving two wounds, swimming one mile, and running ten, arrived in time to warn the inhabitants of their danger.

While the formidable tribes of the Yemassees, the Creeks and the Apalachians, were devastating the southern frontier, the Indians upon the northern border attacked the set

tlement in the most furious manner. So secret and successful had been the machinations of the Spaniards, that every Indian tribe, from Florida to Cape Fear, was linked together for the purpose of destroying the settlements in Carolina. The Yemassees, the Apalachians, the Creeks, the Cherokees, the Congarees, the Catawbas, and numerous other tribes, amounting to nearly ten thousand warriors, were all in arms, and the little colony, consisting of only twelve hundred fighting men, was left to cope single-handed with her powerful foes. Such planters as by their situations had escaped the fury of the savages, fled to the capital with their families, and added to the general consternation by the disastrous news which they brought of the force and fury of the assailants. But Gov. Craven, unappalled by the fearful tidings which hourly reached the city, determined at once to adopt such prompt and energetic measures as the necessity of the case demanded. He proclaimed martial law, and laid an embargo on all vessels then in port, to prevent men and provisions from leaving the province; and an act of assembly was passed, empowering him to impress men for the defence of the colony, seize arms, ammunition and provisions wherever they could be found, for the public use, and to arm a corps of trusty negroes, to assist the militia in the defence of the province. Agents were dispatched to England and Virginia, to solicit assistance; and a deputy governor being appointed, Charles Craven, at the head of his little force, marched to meet the foe. While these preparations were going on in Charlestown, the Indians continued their ravages; one party having advanced within fifty miles of the capital, were attacked by some militia under Capt. Barker, but, having succeeded in drawing him into an ambush, entirely defeated the party under his command. Another party of four hundred savages, came down as far as Goose Creek, where they attacked a fortification which enclosed seventy white men and forty negroes, who, becoming alarmed after the first attack, and being deceived by false promises, rashly surrendered themselves prisoners of war; and, having admitted the enemy within their works, were all barbarously butchered. This party continued advancing nearer the capital, until they were met and driven back by the Goose Creek militia. The main body of the confederated tribes had by this time advanced as far as the Stono settlements, spreading desolation on every side, and sweeping

the whole country with the besom of destruction. Their great camp was pitched upon the Salkie-hatchie, and to this place the straggling bands all rallied upon the approach of Craven.

The governor advanced in a slow but steady manner, using the utmost precautions to prevent a surprise, and carefully avoiding all the ambuscades which the enemy threw in his way. The fate of the colony hung upon the issue of this expedition, and the Carolinians advanced to the encounter with that cool determination which generally characterizes the warrior when he combats for all he holds sacred upon earth, and feels that upon the issue of the fight depends the safety of family, kindred and friends. The Carolina forces, notwithstanding the heavy odds against which they had to contend, succeeded in gaining a signal victory in the first great battle which was fought. The Indians fought with desperation, but the colonists, after a long and bloody contest, entirely routed their forces, drove them from the field, pursued the fugitives across the Savannah river, and having destroyed their settlements in Carolina, expelled the tribe of the Yemassee forever from the limits of the province.

The Yemassee warriors sought refuge in Florida after their expulsion from Carolina, and were received by the Spaniards with every mark of esteem. They were consoled for the loss which they had sustained by their hostility to the Carolinians, by a large grant of land, upon which they formed another settlement. The Carolinians, on the other hand, had gained by this war a vast quantity of fertile land, and, by their gallant conduct, had rescued their province from the attendant horrors of a protracted Indian war; but their joy at their timely deliverance from the imminent danger which threatened them, was lessened by the reflection that they had lost four hundred valuable lives in this terrible insurrection. And, although the colony acquired much honor by the contest, yet the crippled state of her finances, and the ruin of her agricultural interest, plainly exhibited the fatal consequences of the Yemassee war.

Robert Johnson, a son of the former governor of that name, succeeded Charles Craven in the government of the province. Upon his arrival, he found the Carolinians much oppressed by the debts they had incurred during the Indian wars, and extremely dissatisfied with the proprietary government, which, they affirmed, could afford them no protection

in the time of danger, and no assistance in their pecuniary troubles during the time of peace. Among other grounds of complaint, the colonists averred that the commerce of the province was entirely destroyed by the pirates, who cruised unmolested along their coast, while the proprietors, through negligence or impotence, refused to render them any aid in order to punish and disperse these desperadoes. Governor Johnson, upon hearing this complaint, resolved to severely punish these miscreants for their many outrages, and forthwith dispatched William Rhett in a single ship, with orders to chastise the pirates for their insolence, and destroy their vessels, wherever they were to be found. One Vane, who commanded a pirate sloop of some force, together with Steed Bonnet and Richard Worley, the captains of two sloops of ten guns each, had formed a settlement at the mouth of Cape Fear river, from which point of rendezvous they sailed at different times, capturing and destroying nearly every unarmed vessel which sailed in the Southern waters. At the time that Rhett crossed the bar, the sloop of Bonnet was hovering on the coast; and as soon as the strange sail hove in sight, the pirates gave chase, but, soon discovering their mistake, they hastily changed their course and crowded all sail for their place of refuge, the mouth of Cape Fear river. To that place Rhett pursued them, and having captured the sloop, brought Steed Bonnet, with about thirty of his crew, prisoners to Charlestown, where they were tried for their crimes, and being found guilty, suffered death, and were buried upon White Point below high water mark.

Soon after this event, the sloop of Worley appeared off the bar, when Governor Johnson immediately embarked in person, and gave chase to the piratical craft. Worley, finding himself outmatched in sailing, prepared for action, and awaited the approach of his foes. Nor did he wait long; the governor's vessel soon came alongside, and the battle began in earnest. For a long time, the strife was furious and the contest doubtful; but, at length, success crowned the efforts of the Carolinians, and the pirate sloop was taken after one of the most desperate engagements which ever was witnessed. The pirates fought like fiends to the last, and when the sloop was boarded by a party of the Carolinians, but two men-of whom Worley was one-were found alive upon her decks; and these two continued fighting until disabled by wounds, and were then captured only by main