force. Worley and his comrade were brought into Charlestown, where they were immediately tried and hung, to prevent the more honorable death which might be caused by their wounds.

By these prompt and energetic measures, the coast was cleared of these daring freebooters, who had so long preyed upon the commerce of the province; and the maritime interest of Carolina was secured from the depredations of a band of outlawed villains, who were permitted for a long time to pursue their bloody designs without molestation.

From the extermination of the pirates, which took place in 1717, to the year 1719, the frontiers of the province were constantly exposed to the attacks of small scalping parties of the Yemassee Indians, who continued to harass and destroy the border settlements; and during this period, the colonists were becoming more and more dissatisfied with the proprietary form of government. The proprietors, they contended, would not extend to them any assistance in their contest with savages and pirates, and, at the same time, continued to oppress the colony with the most unjust and obnoxious laws. The Carolinians, who were trained to arms in the hard school of necessity, having a just idea of their own resources, were becoming exceedingly jealous of their rights. After frequent remonstrances and petitions for redress of grievances, which produced no effect whatever, they resolved with one accord to throw off the galling yoke under which they groaned; and, by a bold and vigorous effort, revolted from the dominion of the proprietors, and threw themselves upon the protection of the crown.

In

The revolt of 1719, may be considered as typical of the great revolution which succeeded it in 1776. In both cases, a gallant and high-minded people, driven to desperation by unjust legislation, arose in their majesty, renounced the allegiance no longer due to their tyrannical rulers, and hazarded their lives and fortunes in the justice of their cause. both cases the result was equally as fortunate as it was glorious. We do not intend to detail the events which caused this revolution; they belong to the political history of the country. We have merely adduced the example to exhibit the bold and fearless character of a people, who, at the most fearful crisis, were ready, at all risks and at every hazard, to stand forth in defence of their just and unalienable rights; and we dismiss the subject by quoting the no less beautiful

than appropriate remarks of Dr. Ramsay, when he contrasts the revolution of 1719 with that of 1776:

"In the course of the eighteenth century, South-Carolina underwent two revolutions; the last of which took place in 1776. Several of the actors in this are yet alive, and must be struck with the resemblance of the measures adopted by their predecessors and themselves for accomplishing these great and similar events. In both cases, a well-intentioned people, alarmed for their rights, were roused to extraordinary exertions for securing them. They petitioned, in a legal channel, for a redress of their grievances, but that being refused, they proceeded to bolder measures. Before they took decisive steps, from which there was no honorable retreat, they both cemented their union by an association generally signed by the inhabitants. The physical force of government, in all countries, rests with the governed; but from want of union and concert, they often quietly submit to be ruled with a rod of iron, or make such feeble, injudicious efforts in the cause of liberty, as incur the penalties of rebellion, instead of gaining the blessings of a change for the better. The case was otherwise in Carolina. In both revolutions, an honest people engaged by a solemn agreement to support each other in defence of their rights, and to yield obedience to leaders of their own appointment. When they had bound themselves by the tie of an association, they seized their arms, took forts and magazines into their possession, and assumed the direction of the militia. A new government, without confusion or violence, virtually superseded the existing authority of the proprietary government in one case, and of the king's representative in the other. The revolutioners, in both, respectfully asked their former governors to join them, but from principles of honor and delicacy they declined. On their refusal, they became private persons, and the people proceeded without them to organize every department of government by their own authority. The popular leaders in one case called themselves a convention of the people, and in the other a provincial congress; but, in both, when the revolution was completed, they voted themselves an assembly, passed laws in the usual manner, and by manifestoes justified their conduct to the world. In these proceedings, neither faction nor party had any hand. The general interest of the great body of the settlers, was the pole star by which public measures were regulated. The people, guided neither by private views nor selfish ends, and acting in unison, eventually found their labors crowned with success, and that each change of government produced for their country a melioration of its circumstances."

In the year 1721, Francis Nicholson arrived in Carolina, having received a commission as governor from the king of England. Under his administration, the colony enjoyed a respite from the attacks of her enemies, and improved with astonishing rapidity. Four years after his appointment, Gov. Nicholson resigned his commission and returned to England; and the charge of the government devolved upon

Arthur Middleton. During Mr. Middleton's term of office, the province was much annoyed by the petty incursions of the Yemassee Indians. These Indians, living near the town of St. Augustine, were constantly encouraged in their depredations by the Spaniards, who always viewed the advancement and prosperity of the Carolinians with feelings of hatred and animosity. After the province had for a long time suffered from the plundering propensities of the Spaniards and Indians, Col. Palmer, a Carolinian officer, resolved to make reprisals upon the public robbers and murderers. Collecting a party of white men and Indians, consisting in all of about three hundred men, he marched into Florida and swept every thing before him. He ravaged the country in every direction, destroyed the provisions, and drove off all the cattle, horses and hogs of the planters, captured a number of Indian prisoners, and burnt the habitations of the Spaniards up to the very gates of St. Augustine; and having accomplished his object-which was to punish the audacity of the Spaniards and Indians, in continuing their depredations upon the British colonists-he returned to Carolina without the loss of a single man.

For several years after this event, the Carolinians enjoyed uninterrupted peace, and the province grew and flourished accordingly; and it was not until the year 1738, that they were again disturbed by the Floridians. During that year, an insurrection amongst the slaves of the province was occasioned by the secret exertions of the emissaries of Spain, and at least twenty lives were lost before the outbreak was successfully quelled. The Carolinians, enraged at the perfidy of their treacherous foes, determined to embrace the opportunity which then offered of punishing their dastardly enemies. General Oglethorpe, the governor of Georgia, having formed a plan for invading Florida, the enterprize met with the hearty co-operation of the Carolinians; a regiment was raised and the command given to Col. Vanderhausen, with orders to march with all dispatch to the mouth. of St. John's river, the place of rendezvous for the forces of Oglethorpe. The governor having collected all his troops, proceeded against the town of St. Augustine, and after taking one or two inferior forts, regularly invested the castle belonging to the town. The Spanish fortress, if we give full credit to the too often exaggerated accounts of the English writers, was warmly besieged; but the Spaniards, secure

in their stronghold, bid defiance to the boldest efforts of the besiegers, and laughed at the abortive attempts of the governor to destroy their fortifications. Being provided with some of the necessary appliances for withstanding a protracted siege, they remained, after one or two gallant sorties, quietly within their walls, until the volunteer troops of Oglethorpe, worn out by the enervating effects of the climate, enfeebled by their fruitless efforts, dispirited by sickness and fatigue, and disgusted with the hopeless enterprise, finally gave up the undertaking and retired to their homes. Oglethorpe himself, with the pr. tion of the troops under his immediate command, was the last to withdraw, but being deserted by his Indian allies, and unprovided with cannon of sufficient weight to effect a breach in the walls of the fort, at the same time the victim of a burning fever, reluctantly abandoned the siege and returned to his province on the 10th of July, 1740.

In 1755, the Cherokee Indians ceded a large tract of country to the Carolinians, and several forts being erected on the land purchased, served as an additional protection to the frontiers of the province.

In the year 1757, some trifling difficulty having occurred between the Virginians and a party of Cherokees, the former unhappily put an end to the dispute by taking the lives of several of the latter; and the fatal consequences of this barbarous act was felt most severely by the Carolinians. Furious at the loss of their friends and relations, the Cherokee warriors, like all savages heedless of consequences and indiscriminate in their measures of vengeance, rushed down upon the settlements of Carolina, and sacrificed a hecatomb of victims to the manes of their butchered countrymen. Governor Lyttleton being then in office, proceeded immediately to raise and organize a force to repel these unprovoked attacks upon the province, and severely chastise those warriors who had been engaged in these hostilities. The Cherokee chiefs, hearing of these warlike preparations, dispatched a number of their most influential men to Charlestown, to explain the cause of the disturbance and pacify the angry feelings of the Carolinians; but the governor imprudently refused to listen to the "peace talk" of the Cherokee warriors, and at the same time intimated to them that he would dictate terms of peace at the head of an armed force, in the heart of the Cherokee nation. The old chieftains VOL. VI. NO. 11.

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were not a little disappointed in not being allowed to explain the object of their mission, and expressed their determination of immediately returning to their tribe; but this the governor would not permit. He informed them that he would escort the members of the deputation some distance on their journey, and accordingly compelled them to accompany his troops to the general point of rendezvous for the militia of the province-the Congaree river. The Indians becoming a little restive under this treatment, were placed under a strong guard, and compelled to accompany the army which was marching against their friends. From the place of rendezvous, the governor took up the line of march at the head of fourteen hundred men; the Indian prisoners were strictly guarded by the way, and upon the arrival of the army at Fort Prince George, these free children of the forest were confined in a miserable hut, scarcely large enough to accommodate half their number. Chafed at this outrage, they spent their time in brooding over their wrongs, and concerting plans of vengeance upon their foes, for the ungenerous treatment which they had received.

The governor having advanced as far into the Cherokee country as he thought he could go with prudence, called a grand council of the nation, and explained to the "head men" that the object of his expedition was, to obtain satisfaction for the injuries received by the colonists, and peremptorily demanded the persons of those warriors who had committed the outrages upon the settlers in Carolina. Attakullakulla, an old chieftain of great influence among his people, was applied to by the governor as the person best calculated to induce the Cherokees quietly to give up those Indians who had been engaged in hostilities against the Carolinians. The old chieftain promised to use all his influence to persuade his tribe to afford the governor the satisfaction which he requir ed, but at the same time expressed his belief that all his efforts for that purpose would be fruitless, as one Indian could use no coercive measures over another. To assist him in his endeavors, he desired the release of the head warriors of the tribe. The efforts of the old chieftain were unsuccessful, and Gov. Lyttleton being desirous of finishing the campaign as soon as possible, drew up a treaty of peace, which was signed by several of the principal warriors in the name of the nation, and twenty-two chiefs surrendered themselves as hostages for the faithful observance of the treaty.