RHAPSODISTS-RHENISH ARCHITECTURE.

RHENISH PRUSSIA-RHESUS MONKEY.

Fig. 2.-Elevation of Church at Laach.

RHETORIC RHEUMATISM.

hilly districts, and visit the cultivated grounds to carry away grain and other produce, which they store up for themselves among rocks. The native farmers leave a share for the monkeys, believing this to be necessary for the averting of their anger, as otherwise, next year, they would destroy the whole crop whilst green. The R. M. has a stout form, stout limbs, short ears, a short tail, large callosities, the skin hanging loose about the throat and belly, the hair rather long, the back brownish, the lower part of the back and the haunches bright chestnut, or almost orange, the shoulders and arms lighter. It is one of the most intelligent and mischievous of monkeys.

joint becomes affected, and an excess of fluid is
poured into the joint, distending the membrane,
and making it bulge out between the spaces inter-
vening between the various tendons, ligaments, &c.,
round the joint. It is the knee-joint which is most
commonly affected in this way, and fluctuation may
readily be perceived on applying the hands to the
two sides of the knee. In this form, which is called
synovial rheumatism, the swelling and redness come
on sooner, and are more marked than in the former
variety. The fibrous is by far the most severe
form, and it is to it that the previous sketch of the
most marked symptoms chiefly applies. In the
synovial form, the fever is less intense, the tongue
membranes of the heart are much less liable to be
less foul, the perspiration far less profuse, and the
attacked. It is to this form that the term rheu-
matic gout is often applied, and it is by no means
inappropriate, because synovial rheumatism forms
(as Dr Watson has observed) a connecting link
between gout and rheumatism, and partakes of the

characters of both.

RHETORIC (Gr. rhetorike, from rhetor, an orator) in its broadest sense may be regarded as the theory of eloquence, whether spoken or written. It aims at expounding the rules which should govern all prose composition or speech designed to influence the judgments or the feelings of men, and therefore treats of everything that relates to beauty or force of style-e. g., accuracy of expression, the structure of periods, and figures of speech. But in a narrower matism is exposure to cold, and especially to cold The only known exciting cause of acute rheusense rhetoric concerns itself with a consideration combined with moisture, and hence the greater of the fundamental principles according to which particular discourses of an oratorical kind are com- ill-clad. Sleeping in damp sheets or upon the damp prevalence of this disease amongst the poor and posed. The three chief elements of an oration are usually held to be-inventio, or the discovery of ground, the wearing of wet clothes, and sitting in a proper ideas; dispositio, or their arrangement; and cold damp room, especially if the sitter was preelocutio, or the style in which they are expressed. kind of exposure which is apt to be followed by this viously warm from exercise, are examples of the The ancients, however, who cultivated oral elo- disease. The excreting power of the skin being quence more than the moderns do, reckoned other checked by the action of cold, certain effete matters two-viz., memoria, or memory, and actio, or gesti- which should be eliminated in the form of perspiraculation. The most distinguished writers rhetoric in ancient times were Aristotle, Cicero, which thus becomes poisoned. This blood-poisoning tion, are retained, and accumulate in the blood, and Quinctilian; in modern times, Blair, Campbell, is not, however, a universal sequence to exposure to Whately, and Spalding among the English; Erneste the cold. It only occurs when there is a special Maass, Schott, Richter, and Falkmann among the Germans; and among the French, Rollin, Gibert, predisposition to this disease, or, as it is termed, a rheumatic diathesis or constitution, and the diaLe Batteux, La Harpe, Marmontel, and Andrieux. thesis may be so strongly developed as to occasion RHEUMATISM (from the Gr. rheuma, a flux) an attack of acute rheumatism, independently of is a blood-disease in which inflammation of the exposure to any apparent exciting cause. Men are fibrous tissues is the most marked characteristic. more subject to the disease than women, but this It occurs either as an acute or as a chronic affection; probably arises from their greater exposure to there is, however, no distinct line of demarcation atmospheric changes from the nature of their occubetween the two, and the latter is often a conse-pations. The predisposition is certainly affected by quence of the former.

on

Acute rheumatism is indicated by general febrile symptoms, redness, heat, swelling, and usually very intense pain, in and around one or more (generally several, either simultaneously or in succession) of the larger joints, and the disease shews a tendency to shift from joint to joint or to certain internal fibrous membranes, and especially the pericardium; rheumatism being the most common origin of pericarditis, as has been already shewn in the article on that disease. The pulse is strong and full, there is headache, but seldom delirium, unless the heart is affected; the tongue is covered with a creamy thick fur, the tip and edges being red; the urine is turbid, and abnormally acid; and the skin is bathed in a copious perspiration, with so characteristic a smell (resembling that of sour-milk), that the physician can often recognise the disease almost before he sees the patient. The joints are extremely painful, and the pain is much increased by pressure, and consequently by movement which gives rise to internal pressure. Hence the patient lies fixed in one position, from which he dares not stir. There are two varieties of acute rheumatism. In one, the inflammation commences not in the joint, but near it, and attacks the tendons, fascia, ligaments, and possibly the muscles themselves. This form is termed fibrous or diffused rheumatism. In the other variety, the synovial membrane in the

age; children under ten years, and adults over sixty, being seldom attacked, while the disease is most prevalent between the age of fifteen and forty. Persons once affected become more liable to the complaint than they previously were. Dr Fuller believes, from his observations made in St George's Hospital, that the disease is sometimes hereditary; whether this be the case or not, there can be no possible doubt that the predisposition is very apt to exist in members of the same family. The exact nature of the poison is unknown. The late Dr Prout regarded lactic acid as the actual materies morbi, and certain experiments recently made by Dr Richardson tend to confirm this view.

The danger in cases of acute rheumatism arises almost entirely from the disease going from the joints to the heart, and setting up Pericarditis (q. v.). Hence that mode of treatment will be best which tends most surely to prevent, or, at all events, to lessen the risk of this complication. If the patient is a young person of robust constitution, and there are well-marked inflammatory symptoms (such as a flushed face and a bounding pulse), he should be at once bled from the arm. A large quantity of blood can usually be taken before any signs of faintness occur, and the bleeding is serviceable in at least three points of view. In the first place, it almost always mitigates the pain, and diminishes the febrile symptoms;

RHEUMATISM.

It mainly consists in the application of a series of blisters to the parts surrounding and adjacent to the affected joints. One of our highest authorities on this disease, Dr Fuller of St George's Hospital, after trying various hot external applications, finds that a mixed alkaline and opiate solution is far more powerful than any other in allaying acute rheu matic pain. The solution which he now usually employs is made by dissolving half an ounce (or rather more) of carbonate of potash or soda in nine ounces of hot water, and adding six fluid drachms of Battley's Liquor opii sedativus. Thin flannel, soaked in this hot lotion, is applied to the affected joints, and the whole is wrapped in a covering of thin gutta-percha.

Cases which are intermediate between acute and chronic rheumatism are of very common occurrence. In those cases of what may be termed subacute rheumatism, there is slight fever, and several joints are usually affected, without intense inflammation in any one joint. These cases soon shew signs of amendment under a mild alkaline treatment, as, for example, a drachm of liquor potassa daily, well diluted and divided into three or four doses, and the moderate use of purgatives.

In all cases of acute and subacute rheumatism, the heart-sounds should be examined daily, or even oftener, with the view of detecting the earliest trace of cardiac affection, and, if possible, of checking its further development. For the treatment to be adopted when there is evidence that the membranes of the heart are affected, the reader is referred to PERICARDITIS (q. v.).

secondly, it enables other remedies, as calomel, opium, colchicum, &c., to act more efficiently; and thirdly, it may occasionally cut short the attack of the disease, which, if not arrested by treatment, may run on for six weeks, two months, or even longer. Unfortunately, however, the cases of rheumatism which are fit to bear free venesection are comparatively few, especially in large towns; and further, it often happens that the physician is not called in till the proper time for free depletion is past. Purging is probably almost as efficacious as blood-letting, at the beginning of the disease. From five grains to a scruple of calomel given every night, and followed in the morning, for three or four days in succession, by an ordinary black draught, will sometimes dislodge an enormous amount of dark and foul secretions from the liver and bowels, and give marked relief. The main drawback to this mode of treatment is the pain occasioned by changing the position when the bowels act; but this may be to a great extent obviated by the use of the bedpan. Opium (or morphia) is one of the most valuable remedies in this disease, from its power of allaying pain and procuring sleep. Dr Corrigan of Dublin trusts to opium alone for the cure. He begins with one grain, and repeats that quantity (or a larger dose if necessary) at intervals of two hours, until the pain disappears. He found twelve grains in the twenty-four hours to be the average amount required; but half that quantity (or even less) will generally suffice, if the opium be combined with other remedies, as, for example, if it be given with ipecacuanha (as in Dover's Powder), or with small doses of calomel. Colchicum sometimes has a marvellous effect in subduing the disease, but it must be given with extreme care, in consequence of the prostration to which an over-dose gives rise. See POISONS. Dr Watson believes that this remedy is of most value when synovial symptoms are present, or when, in other words, the rheumatism approaches in its characters to gout. Large doses,' he observes, are not requisite. Twenty minims of the wine or of the tincture may be given every six hours until some result is obtained. The abnormal acidity of the various fluids (the sweat, urine, and even the saliva) in acute rheumatism has led to the belief, that alkaline remedies would both neutralise the poison, and, from their diuretic properties, tend to eliminate it. The bicarbonate of potash in solution has been largely tried by Dr Garrod, who administered it in average doses of two scruples every two hours, by night and day, for several days together. Of 51 cases so treated, the average period of treatment was between six and seven days, and the average duration of the disease was slightly under a fortnight. The medicine soon rendered the urine alkaline, but did not irritate either the bladder or the intestines. It seemed rapidly to calm the pulse and to allay the febrile heat; and in no case did any heart-complication arise after the patient had been forty-eight hours under its influence. Other physicians, including the late Dr Golding Bird, prefer the acetate of potash. The mode of treatment by lemon-juice in doses of one or two ounces five or six times a day, originally advocated by Dr G. O. Rees, at first sight seems in direct antagonism to the alkaline mode of treatment. As, however, the most active principle in the lemon-juice is citrate of potash, which, before it reaches the kidneys, becomes converted into RHEUMATIC DISEASES are less common in the lower carbonate of potash, there is less essential difference animals than in men. Horses are not very liable to between the acid and the alkaline mode of treat-acute rheumatism, but suffer from a chronic variety, ment than at first sight seems to be the case. Dur- which occurs especially in conjunction with influing the last few weeks (January 1865), a new mode enza. When affecting the limbs, it often exhibits of treating acute rheumatism has been warmly its characteristic tendency to shift from one part to advocated by Dr Davies of the London Hospital. another. In cattle and sheep, rheumatic disorders

There are two kinds of chronic rheumatism, which are sufficiently distinct to require notice. In one there is considerable local heat and swelling, although unaccompanied with any corresponding constitutional disturbance; while in the other the patient complains of coldness (rather than heat) and stiffness of the affected joints. The former approxi mates most closely to the previously described forms of rheumatism, of which it is frequently the sequel, and must be treated in a similar manner; while the latter, which is termed by some the passive form, usually occurs as an independent affection. In passive rheumatism, the pain is relieved by friction, and the patients are most comfortable when warm in bed-conditions which increase the pain in the former variety. Patients of this kind derive benefit from living in a warm climate, from warm clothing, warm bathing, especially in salt water at a temperature of not less than 100°, the hot-air bath, &c. Friction with some stimulating liniment, and the peculiar manipulation known as shampooing, are here of service; and amongst the internal remedies, turpentine, cod-liver oil, sulphur, guaiacum, sarsaparilla, and Dover's Powder possess a high reputation. Dr Fuller recommends the muriate of ammonia as a remedy of singular efficacy;' but of all remedies for this affection there can be little doubt that the most efficacious is the iodide of potassium, given in five-grain doses, combined with a few grains of carbonate of ammonia three times daily. A patient who is liable to attacks of chronic rheumatism should always wear flannel next the skin during the day, and at night he should sleep between the blankets, abjuring altogether the use of sheets.

RHIME.

are more common and acute than in horses. The rich rhime, as in modèle, fidèle; beauté, santé. But specific inflammation sometimes involves most of although such rhimes are not only allowed but the fibrous and fibro-serous textures throughout the sought after in French, they are considered faulty body, inducing general stiffness, constipated bowels, in English, or rather as not true rhimes at all. No and high fever. This is rheumatic fever-the chine- one thinks of making deplore rhime with explore. felon or body-garget of the old farriers. Some- Rhyming syllables in English must agree in so far, times the disease mainly affects the larger joints, and differ in so far; the vowel and what follows itcausing intense pain, lameness, and hard swellings; if anything follow it-must be the same in both; the occasionally it is confined to the feet and fetlocks, articulation before the vowel must be different. Thus, when it is recognised as bustian-foul. Cattle and mark rhimes with lark, bark, ark, but not with sheep on bleak exposed pastures, and cows turned remark. In the case of mark and ark, the absence of out of the dairy to feed on strong alluvial grazings, any initial articulation in the last of the two makes are especially subject to rheumatism in its several the necessary difference. As an example of rhime forms. Amongst dogs, rheumatism is known under where nothing follows the vowel, we may take the name of kennel lameness, and is very trouble-be-low, which rhimes with fore-go, or with O! but some and intractable in low, damp, cold situations. Blood-letting is rarely admissible except in the most acute cases amongst cattle. In all animals, a laxative should at once be given, with some saline matters and colchicum, and when the pain and fever are great, a little tincture of aconite may be added. For cattle, a good combination consists of one ounce of nitre, two drachms of powdered colchicum, and two fluid drachms of the Pharmacopoeia tincture of aconite, repeated in water or gruel every three hours half this dose will suffice for horses. With a simple laxative diet, dogs should have a pill night and morning containing five grains of nitre and two of colchicum. Comfortable lodgings, a warm bed, horse-rugs on the body, and bandages on the legs, will greatly expedite a cure. In chronic cases, or after the more acute symptoms are subdued, an ounce of oil of turpentine, and two drachms each of nitre and powdered colchicum, should be given for a cow, half that quantity for a horse, and one-fourth for a sheep. Hartshorn and oil, or other stimulating embrocations, diligently and frequently rubbed in, will often abate the pain and swelling of the affected joints.

RHIME, or RHYME, is more properly, perhaps, written rime, as it does not seem to be derived from the Greek rhythm, but to be a native Teutonic word, from the same root, probably, as Ger. reihe, a row, verb reihen, to array; also reihen, a song or a chaindance, of which reim may be only a variety. In Ang.-Sax., rim-craeft, meant the art of number ing; riman, to number; and thus rime, although a native Teutonic word, may ultimately be from the same Aryan root as the Greek Rhythm (q. v.), which etymologists derive from rheo, to flow. In early English, rhime (and the same is true of Ger. reim and the other forms of the word in other northern tongues as well as in the Romanic) meant simply a poem, a numbered or versified piece (compare Lat. numeri, numbers = verses, versification): but it has now come to signify what is the most prominent mark of versification in all these tongues, namely, the recurrence of similar sounds at certain intervals. As there may be various degrees and kinds of resemblance between two syllables, there are different kinds of rhime. When words begin with the same consonant, we have Alliteration (q. v.), which was the prevalent form of rhime in the earlier Teutonic poetry (e. g., Anglo-Saxon). In Spanish and Portuguese, there is a peculiar kind of rhime called Assonance, consisting in the coincidence of the vowels of the corresponding syllables, without regard to the consonants; this accords well with the character of these languages, which abound in full-toned vowels, but is ineffective in English and other languages in which consonants predominate. In its more usual sense, however, rhime denotes correspondence in the final syllables of words, and is chiefly used to mark the ends of the lines or verses in poetry. Complete identity in all the parts of the syllables constitutes what the French call

In

not with lo. To make a perfect rhime, it is neces-
sary, besides, that the syllables be both accented;
free and merrily can hardly be said to rhime. It is
almost needless to remark, that rhime depends on
the sound, and not on the spelling. Plough and
enough do not make a rhime, nor ease and decease.
Such words as roaring, de-ploring, form double
rhimes; and an-nuity, gra-tuity, triple rhimes.
double or triple rhimes, the first syllable must be
accented, and the others ought to be unaccented,
and to be completely identical. In the sacred Latin
hymns of the middle ages, the rhimes are all double
or triple. This was a necessity of the Latin lan-
guage, in which the inflectional terminations are
without accent, which throws the accent in most
cases on the syllable next the last-do-lorum, vi-
rorum; sup-plicia, con-vicia. Although rhimes occur
chiefly between the end-syllables of different lines,
they are not unfrequently used within the same
line, especially in popular poetry:

And then to see how ye're negleckit,
How huff'd, and cuff'd, and disrespeckit.

And ice mast-high came floating by.

(See LEONINE VERSES.)

Burns.

Coleridge.

When two successive lines rhime, they form a couplet; three form a triplet. Often the lines rhime alternately or at greater intervals, forming groups of four (quatrains) or more. A group of lines embracing all the varieties of metre and combinations of rhime that occur in the piece, forms a section called a stave, sometimes a stanza, often, but improperly, a verse. In the days of Acrostics (q. v.) and other conceits, it was the fashion to interlace rhimes in highly artificial systems; the most complex arrangements still current in English are the Sonnet (q. v.) and the Spenserian (q. v.) stanza. Tennyson has accustomed the English ear to a quatrain, in which, instead of alternate rhimes, the first line rhimes with the fourth, and the second with the third.

It is a mistake to suppose that rhime is a mere ornament to versification. Besides being in itself a pleasing musical accord, it serves to mark the endings of the lines and other sections of the metre, and thus renders the Rhythm (q.v.) more distinct and appreciable than the accents alone can do. So much is this the case, that in French, in which the accents are but feeble, metre without rhime is so undistinguishable from prose, that blank verse has never obtained a footing, notwithstanding the war once waged by French schors against rhimed versification. The advantages of rhime,' says Guest (English Rhythms), 'have been felt so strongly, that no people have ever adopted an accentual rhythm without also adopting rhime.' The Greek and Latin metres of the classic period, depending upon time or quantity, and not upon accent, were able to dispense with the accessory of