TAGASTE, or TAGESTENSE OPP. (Plin. v. 4. s. 4), a town of Numidia, whose spot is now marked by the ruins at Tajilt on the Oued Hamise or Sugerast, a tributary of the river Mejerda. (Itin. Ant. p. 44.) Tagaste is particularly distinguished by having been the birthplace of St. Augustine. (Aug. Conf. ii. 3.) [T. H. D.] TAGO'NIUS (Tayúvios, Plut. Sert. 17), a tributary of the Tagus in Hispania Tarraconensis, either the Tajuna or Henares. (Cf. Florez, Esp. Sagr. v. p. 40; Ukert, ii. pt. i. p. 389.) [T. H. D.] TAGORI. TAGRI.]

TAGRI (Tάypo, Ptol. iii. 5. § 25), a people of European Sarmatia, on the borders of Dacia, and probably identical with the Tagori of Pliny (vi. 7. 8.7) and Jornandes (Get. 4). [T. H. D.] TAGUS (Táyos, Ptol. ii. 5. § 4), one of the principal rivers of Spain, being considerably larger than the Anas and having its sources between Mounts Orospeda and Idubeda, in the country of the Celtiberi. (Strab. iii. pp. 139, 152, 162.) After a tolerably straight course of upwards of 300 miles in a westerly direction, it falls into the Atlantic ocean below Olisippo, where it is 20 stadia broad, and capable of bearing the largest ships. It was navigable as far up as Moron for smaller vessels. According to Strabo, at flood tides it overflowed the country at its mouth for a circumference of 150 stadia. It was celebrated for its fish and oysters (Strab. ib.; Mart. x. 78), and likewise for its gold sand (Plin. iv. 22. s. 35; Mela, iii. 1; Catull. xx. 30; Ov. Met. ii. 251, &c.); of which last, however, so little is now to be found that it hardly repays the amphibious paupers who earn a precarious living by seeking for it. (Ford's Handbook of Spain, p. 487; Dillon, i. p. 257.) The Tagonius alone, is named as a tributary. The Tagus is still called Tajo in Spain, Tejo in Portugal. (Cf. Liv. xxi. 5, xxvii. 19; Plin. iii. 3. s. 4, viii. 42. s. 67: Sen. Thyest. 352, &c.) [T. H. D.]

TAHPA'NIS or TEHAPHE'NES (Jerem. xliii. 7, xliv. 1; Ezek. xxx. 18; és Tápvas, LXX.), is supposed to be the same place with the Daphne of Pelusium of the Greeks. It was the seat of a garrison under the native and the Persian kings of Aegypt (Herod. ii. 30), and was probably a place of considerable strength and importance, since it commanded the high road to Syria (Strab. xvii. p. 802). According to the Hebrew writers, Tahpanis was also occasionally a royal residence in Pharaonic times. In the reign of Psammitichus (B. c. 670, foll.) the troops quartered at Tahpanis, in common with the rest of the native Aegyptian army, offended by the king's favour to his Carian and Greek mercenaries, abandoned their country, and established themselves in the Regio Dodecaschoenus S. of Syene (Diodor. i. 67). From the Itineraries it appears that Daphne or Tahpanis was 16 Roman miles from Pelusium. Tel-defenneh, lying nearly in a direct line between the modern Sala-kéëeh and Pelusium, is supposed to be on the site of Tahpanis. [W.B.D.] TALABRIGA (тà Taλáspiya, App. Hisp. 73), a town of Lusitania, between Eminium and Langobriga. (Itin. Ant. p. 421; Plin. ii. 5. s. 7, iv. 21. s. 35.) Variously identified with Cacia, Aveiro, Talavera de la Reyna, and Villarinho. [T. H. D.] TALA'BROCA (Тaλаspóêŋ, Strab. xi. p. 508), one of the four principal towns of Hyrcania noticed by Strabo. It is perhaps the same place that is called Tambrax by Polybius (x. 31). Its site cannot

TALACO'RY (Taλáкwрv, Ptol. vii. 4. § 7), a port on the north-western side of the island of Taprobane or Ceylon. It is described as an emporium, and has, probably, derived its name from the promontory of Cory, which was opposite to it, on the mainland. It appears to have been also called Aacote ('Αακότη). [V.] TALADUSII (Taλadovolo, Ptol. iv. 2. § 17), a people in the north part of Mauretania Caesariensis. [T. H. D.] TALAEUS MONS. [TALLAEUS.] TALAMINA (Taλauívn, Ptol. ii. 6. § 27), a town of the Seurri in Gallaecia. [T. H.D.] TALARES (Táλapes), a Molossian people of Epeirus, extinct in the time of Strabo (ix. p. 434). TALAURA (Táλaupa), a mountain fortress in Pontus to which Mithridates withdrew with his most precious treasures, which were afterwards found there by Lucullus. (Dion Cass. xxxv. 14; Appian, Mithr. 115.) As the place is not mentioned by other writers, some suppose it to have been the same as Gaziura, the modern Tourkhal which is perched upon a lofty isolated rock. (Hamilton, Researches, vol. i. p. 360.) [L. S.] TALBENDA (Τάλβενδα οι Τάλβονδα), & town in the interior of Pisidia, noticed only by Ptolemy (v. 5. § 8). [L. S.]

TALETUM. [LACONIA, p. 108, b.] TALIA (Itin. Ant. p. 218), or TALIATA (Not. Imp.), erroneously called Taváris by Ptolemy (iii. 9. § 4), Tabata by the Geogr. Rav. (iv. 7), and Faliata in the Tab. Peut. place in Upper Moesia, between Novae and Egeta. Variously identified with Tatalia, Gögerdsinlik, and a place near Alt Porecs. [T. H. D.] intra Imaum. [T. H. D.] TALLAEUS or TALAEUS MONS (Böckh, Corp. Inscr. Graec. vol. ii. p. 423; Hesych. s. v.), the station of Talus, the mythical man of bronze, and the guardian of the island of Crete. The wellknown inscription which deplores the loss of Artemis, the chaste wife of Salvius Menas, is now buried by the mass of earth and stones heaped up at the entrance of the stalactitic cavern of Melidhóni. This grotto, memorable in modern times for the massacre of the Cretan Christians by the Mohammedans, is identified from the inscription with the spot where in ancient times human victims were presented before the statue of Talus. (Pashley, Travels, vol. i. pp. 126-139.) [E. B. J.]

TALICUS, a river of Scythia (Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6. § 63.)

TALMEN (Taλμhy, Arrian, Indic. c. 29), a port of Gedrosia at which the fleet of Nearchus found a secure harbour. It is not clear what place now may be identified with it, and different geographers have held different opinions. Vincent (Voyage of Nearchus, i. p. 271) thinks it is the bay formed by the mouth of a small river called by Ptolemy Candriaces or Hydriaces (vi. 8. § 8). It was probably close to the modern town, Choubar Tiz and Purug. (Cf. Gosselin, iii. p. 148.) [V.]

TALMIS (It. Anton. p. 161; Olympiodor. ap. Photium, p. 62, ed. Bekker), a town in the Regio Dodecaschoenus, S. of Philae, from which it was five days' journey distant, situated in lat. 23° 30' N., and consequently immediately under the tropic of Cancer. Talmis stood on the western bank of the Nile, and is represented by the modern Kalabsche. The Libyan hills which rise immediately behind the town afforded an inexhaustible supply of materials

in their sides. The ruins of Talmis are of surpassing interest, and comparatively in good preservation, probably because, being excavated in the sandstone, they escaped mutilation or destruction by the Persians. The principal structure was a rock-temple at the foot of the hills, dedicated, as appears both from a hieroglyphical and a Greek inscription, to a deity named Mandulis or Malulis, a son of Isis. His mythical history is exhibited on bas-reliefs. But the sculptures at Talmis are of the highest interest, both as works of art and as historical monuments. Their execution is the work of various ages: some, as appears by their rude forms, ascending to a remote antiquity, others, as those in the temple of Mandulis, being of the best days of Aegyptian art. The temple was founded by Amunoph II., was rebuilt by one of the Ptolemies, and repaired in the reigns of the Caesars, Augustus, Caligula, and Trajan. The subjects of these sculptures represent partly the triumphs of the Pharaohs, and partly the tributes exacted by them from the conquered. On one wall is the warrior in his chariot putting to flight bearded men in short garments, armed with bows and arrows, and a sickle-shaped knife or sword. In another compartment the conqueror is in the act of putting his captives to death. Another represents the booty obtained after a victory, and, besides the captives, exhibits the spoils taken, e. g. lion-headed and lionclawed chairs, knives, loaves, sandals, skins of animals, &c. These sculptures illustrate also the natural history of S. Aethiopia. They contain figures of lions, antelopes, and bulls, greyhounds, giraffes, ostriches and monkeys. The giraffes and ostriches point clearly to a country south of the utinost limit of Aegyptian dominion, and seem to indicate wars with the Garamantes and the kingdom of Bornoo. Herodotus (iii. 97) mentions ebony wood among the articles of tribute which every three years Aethiopia | offered to the Persian king. Ebony as well as ivory, a product of the interior of Libya, appears on the walls of the temple of Mandulis. A coloured facsimile of these sculptures is displayed in one of the rooms of the British Museum. At a short distance from Talmis stood another temple of scarcely inferior interest, and the space between is covered with heaps of earth and fragments of pottery, mixed with human bones and bandages that have been steeped in bitumen the evident traces of a large necropolis. At Talmis has been also discovered an inscription in the Greek language, supposed to be of the age of Diocletian, in which Silco, king of Aethiopia and Nubia, commemorates his victories over the Blemmyes. The wealth of Talmis, apparent in its sculptures, was doubtless in great measure owing to its position as a commercial station between Aegypt and Aethiopia, but partly also to the emerald mines in its neighbourhood. In the fifth century A.D., the town and its neighbourhood were occupied by the Blemmyes, who had a regular government, since they had chiefs of tribes (puλápxoi) and were celebrated for their skill in divination. (Olympiodor. ap. Photium, p. 62.) [W. B. D.]

TALUBATH (Taλovềά0, Ptol. iv. 6. § 25), a town of Gaetulia, in the NW. of Libya Interior, perhaps the modern Tafilet.

[T. H. D.]

TALUCTAE, a tribe of India extra Gangem, mentioned by Pliny (vi. 19. s. 22). They were probably seated beyond the Brahmaputra, in the mountains of Birmah. Sillig, in his recent edition of Pliny, has given the name as Thalutae. [V.]

TAMARA (Taμaph, Ptol. ii. 3. § 30), a town of

the Dumnonii, at the SW. extremity of Britannis Romana, at the mouth of the Tamarus. Now Tomerton near Plymouth. (Camden, p. 25.) [T.H.D.] TAMARICI, a Gallaecian tribe on the river Tamaris in Hispania Tarraconensis. (Plin. iv. 20. s. 34; Mela, iii. 1.) According to Pliny (xxx. 2. s. 18) there were certain noted springs in their ter. ritory, which are undoubtedly the same described by Florez (Cantabria, p. 4) near the hermitage of S. Juan de fuentas divinas, 12 Spanish miles E. of Leon, and 5 N. of Saldanna. (Cf. Ukert, ii. pt. i. p. 302, note 80.) [T. H. D.]

TAMARIS (called by Ptolemy, Tauápa, ii. 6. § 2), a small river of Gallaecia in Hispania Tarraconensis, which falls into the Atlantic ocean by the port of Ebora, between the Minius and the promontory Nerium. (Mela, iii. 1.) Now the Tambre. [T.H.D.]

TAMARUS (Tamaro), a river of Samnium, which falls into the Calor (Calore), about 5 miles above Beneventum. Its name is known only from the Itinerary of Antoninus, which places a station "super Tamarum fluvium" on the road from Bovianum to Equus Tuticus. (Itin. Ant. p. 103.) The line of this road is not very clear, but the modern name of the Tamaro leaves no doubt of the river meant. It rises in the mountains near Saepinum, only a few miles from Bovianum, and flows with a general direction from N. to S. till it joins the Calor as above indicated. [E. H. B.]

TAMARUS (Táμapos, Ptol. ii. 3. §4), a small river on the S. coast of Britannia Romana, now the Tamur. [T. H. D.]

TAMASSUS (Tauaooós, Ptol. v. 14. § 6; called also Tamaseus by Pliny, v. 31. s. 35, Tauáres by Constantine Porphyr. de Them. i. p. 39, and Tamesa by Statius, Achill. i. 413; cf. coins in Eckhel, i. 3. p. 88), a town in the interior of the island of Cyprus, 29 miles SW. of Soloe, and on the road from that place to Tremithus. It lay in a fruitful neighbourhood (Ovid, M. x. 644), and in the vicinity of some extensive copper mines, which yielded a kind of rust used in medicine (Strab. xiv. p. 864). It is very probably the Teuéon of Homer (Od. i. 184; Nitzch, ad loc; cf. Mannert, vi. 1. p. 452), in which case it would appear to have been the principal market for the copper trade of the is land in those early times. Hence some derive its name from the Phoenician word themaes, siguitying smelting. [T. H. D.]

TAMBRAX. [TALABROCA.]

TAMESA or TAMESIS (Táueoa, Dion Cass. xl. 3), a river on the E. coast of Britannia Romana, on which Londinium lay; the Thames. (Caes. B. G. v. 11; Tac. Ann. xiv. 32.) [T. H. D.] TAMESIS. [TAMESA.]

TAMIA (Tάuela, Ptol. ii. 3. § 13), a town of the Vacomagi on the E. coast of Britannia Barbara, probably on Loch Tay. [T. H. D.]

TAMIA THIS (Tauíalis, Steph. B. s. v.), was a considerable town in Lower Aegypt, situated at the mouth of the Phatnitic arm of the Nile. It is less celebrated in history than its representative, the modern Damiat or Damietta, which, since the ers of the Crusades, has always been, until the rise of Alexandria in the present century, one of the most populous and commercial places in the Delta. Many antique columns and blocks from the ancient town are built into the walls of the mosques in the modern one. The present Damietta, indeed, does not occupy the site of Tamiathis, since, according to Abulfeda, the original town of that name was destroyed, of

account of its exposed situation, and rebuilt higher up the Nile, about 5 miles further from the sea. The date of this change of position is fixed by Abulfeda in the year of the Hegira 648 (A.D. 1251). [W.B.D.]

TAMNA (Táuva, Strab. xvi. p. 768; Steph. B. 8. v.; Tamna, Plin. vi. 28. s. 32: Oovuva, Ptol. vi. 7. § 37; Thomna, Plin. xii. 14. s. 32: Eth. Taurirns), a city of Arabia, and the chief town of the Cattabaneis (Catabani), according to Strabo, or of the Gebanitae, according to Pliny. It is described by Pliny as a large commercial town with 65 temples, to which caravans from Gaza in Palestine resorted. It is probably Sand, the present capital of Yemen.

num.

of the Gironde.

TAMNUM, in Gallia, is placed by the Itineraries on a road from Burdigala (Bordeaux) to Mediolanum Santonum (Saintes); but in the Table the name is written Lamnum. The distance from Blavia or Blavium (Blaye) to Tamnum is xvi. in the Itins.; but the distance xxii. in the Table is nearer the truth, if Tallemont or Talmon is the site of TamTalmon is below Blaye on the right bank [G. L.] TAMUGADIS, a town in Numidia, on the E. side of Mount Aurasius, and 14 miles NE. of Lambese, (It. Ant. pp. 34, 40; Thamugadis, Tab. Peut.) It still retains the name of Temugadi. (Bruce.) Lapie identifies it with Ager Soudah. [T. H. D.] TAMYNAE (Taμúvai, Strab. et alii; Tauúva, Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. Tauvvaîos, Tauvveús), a town of Euboea in the territory of Eretria, at the foot of Mt. Cotylaeum, with a temple of Apollo, said to have been built by Admetus. (Strab. x. p. 447; Steph. B. s. vv. Táuvva, Korúλaiov.) It was taken by the Persians, when they attacked Eretria in B. c. 490 (Herod. vi. 101), but it is chiefly memorable for the victory which the Athenians, under Phocion, gained here over Callias of Chalcis, B. c. 350. (Aesch. c. Ctes. §§ 85-88, de Fals. Leg. 180; Dem. de Pac. 5: Plut. Phoc. 12.) Leake places Tamynae at the village of Ghymnó, at the foot of a high mountain, which he supposes to be the ancient Cotylaeum (Ancient Greece, vol. ii. p. 439); but Ulrichs regards Alicéri, where there are several ancient remains, as the site of Tamynae. (Rheinisches Museum, for 1847, p. 512.)

TAMY'RACA (Taμvpáên, Ptol. iii. 5. § 8, viii. 10. § 3), a town and promontory of European Sarinatia in the neighbourhood of a lake (Arrian, Per. P. Eux. p. 20), and in the innermost part of the gulf of Carcinitis, now gulf of Achmeschid or Perekop. Hence, according to Strabo, the Sinus Carcinites was also called the gulf of Tamyracë (vii. p. 308). But the coast has undergone such extensive alterations at this part, that all attempts to determine the site of the town are unavailing. Some, indeed, have doubted its existence, as it is mentioned only by Ptolemy. (Cf. Neumann, Die Hellenen in SkythenLande, p. 375; Ukert, iii. 2. p. 457; Gail, Geogr. M. iii. p. 127.)

[T. H. D.]

TAMYRACES SINUS. [CARCINA; TAMYRACA.]

TAMYRAS or DAMU'RAS (Taμúpas, Strab. xvi. p. 756; Aaμoûpas, Polyb. v. 68), a river of Phoenicia between Sidon and Berytus, the modern Nahred-Damúr. (Robinson, Bibl. Res. vol. ii. p. 488, 2nd ed.) [Comp. LEONTES.]

TANAGER or TANAGRÚS (Tanagro), a river of Lucania, a tributary of the Silarus. It rises in the mountains near Lago Negro, flows for about

30 miles in a NNE. direction, through a broad and level upland valley called the Valle di Diano, till near La Polla it sinks into the earth, and emerges again through a cavern at a place thence called La Pertusa. This peculiarity is mentioned by Pliny, who calls it "fluvius in Atinate campo," without mentioning its name (Plin. ii. 103. s. 106, with Harduin's note): but this is known to us from Virgil, who notices it in connection with Mount Alburnus, which rises immediately to the W. of it, and the epithet "siccus" which he applies to it ("sicci ripa Tanagri") doubtless refers to this same peculiarity. (Virg. Georg. iii. 151; Serv. ad loc.; Vib. Seq. p. 19.) There is no doubt, also, that in the Itinerary we should read "Ad Tanagrum" for "Ad Tanarum," a station which it places on the road from Salernum to Nerulum. (Itin. Ant. p. 109.) The same Itinerary gives a station "Ad Calorem," as the next on this line of route, which seems to show that the river was then, as now, called in the upper part of its course Calor or Calore, while in the lower part it assumes the name of Tanagro or Negro. This part of the route, however, is very confused. [E. H. B.]

TANAGRA (Távaypa: Eth. Tavaypaios: the territory Tavaypala, Paus. ix. 22. § 1, and Tavaypaïký or Tavaypký, Strab. ix. p. 404: Adj. Tavaypikós: Grimádha or Grimála), a town of Boeotia, situated upon the left bank of the Asopus, in a fertile plain, at the distance of 130 stadia from Oropus and 200 from Plataeae (Dicaearch. Stat. Gr. pp. 12, 14, ed. Hudson). Several ancient writers identified Tanagra with the Homeric Graea (гpaîa, Hom. Il ii. 498; Lycophr. 644); but others supposed them to be distinct places, and Aristotle regarded Oropus as the ancient Graea. (Steph. B. s. v. Távaypa; Strab. ix. p. 404; Paus. ix. 20. § 2.) It is possible, as Leake has remarked, that Tanagra, sometimes written Tanagraea, may be connected with the ancient name Graea, Tana, being an Aeolic suffix, and that the modern name Grimádha or Grimála may retain traces of the Homeric name. Tanagra was also called Poemandria, and its territory Poemandris, from the fertile meadows which surrounded the city. (Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. ix. p. 404.) The most ancient inhabitants of Tanagra are said to have been the Gephyraei, who came from Phoenicia with Cadmus, and from thence emigrated to Athens. (Herod. v. 57; Strab. ix. p. 404). From its vicinity to Attica the territory of Tanagra was the scene of more than one battle. In B. C. 457 the Lacedaemonians on their return from an expedition to Doris, took up a position at Tanagra, near the borders of Attica, with the view of assisting the oligarchical party at Athens to overthrow the democracy. The Athenians, with a thousand Argeians and some Thessalian horse, crossed Mount Parnes and advanced against the Lacedaemonians. Both sides fought with great bravery; but the Lacedaemonians gained the victory, chiefly through the treacherous desertion of the Thessalians in the very heat of the engagement. (Thuc. i. 107, 108; Diod. xi. 80.) At the begining of the following year (B. C. 456), and only sixtytwo days after their defeat at Tanagra, the Athenians under Myronides again invaded Boeotia, and gained at Oenophyta, in the territory of Tanagra, a brilliant and decisive victory over the Boeotians, which made them masters of the whole country. The walls of Tanagra were now razed to the ground. (Thuc, i. 108; Diod. xi. 81, 82.) In B. c. 426 the Athenians made an incursion into the territory of Tanagra, and