|

T

(Arundell, Seven Churches, p. 245; Hamilton, Researches, i. p. 525; Fellows, Asia Minor, p. 287.)

2. A fortress in Pontus Polemoniacus, on a river of the same name, and with a tolerably good harbour. It was situated at a distance of 90 stadia from Cape Zephyrium. (Arrian, Peripl. P. E. p. 17; Anon. Peripl. P.E. p. 13; Plin. vi. 4.) The place still exists under the name of Tireboli, and is situated on a rocky headland. (Hamilton, Researches, i. p. 257.) [L. S.]

ated at the foot of Mount Geraneia, at a spot con- | Kash Yeniji.
venient for the junction of troops marching from
Plataea in the one direction, and from the Isthmus
in the other. Pausanias (1. c.) also describes it as
lying at the foot of Geraneia on the road from
Delphi to Argos. This author relates that it de-
rived its name from a tripod, which Coroebus the
Argive brought from Delphi, with the injunction
that wherever the tripod fell to the ground he was
to reside there and build a temple to Apollo.
(Comp. Conon, Narrat. 19.) Leake noticed the
vestiges of an ancient town at the foot of Mt. Gera-
neia, on the road from Plataea to the Isthmus, four
or five miles to the NW. of Megara. (Leake, North-
ern Greece, vol. ii. p. 410.)

TRIPOLIS (Tpinoλis, Ptol. v. 15. § 4: Eth. TpinoNirns: Adj. Tripoliticus, Plin. xiv. 7. s. 9), an important maritime town of Phoenicia, situated on the N. side of the promontory of Theuprosopon. (Strab. xvi. p. 754.) The site of Tripolis has been already described, and it has been mentioned that it derived its name, which literally signifies the three cities, from its being the metropolis of the three confederate towns, Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus [PHOENICIA, Vol. II. p. 606]. Each of those cities had here its peculiar quarter, separated from the rest by a wall. Tripolis possessed a good harbour, and, like the rest of the Phoenician towns, had a large maritime commerce. (Cf. Joannes Phocas, c. 4; Wesseling, ad Itin. Ant. p. 149.) Respecting the modern Tripoli (Tarablus or Tripoli di Soria); see Pococke, vol. ii. p. 146, seq.; Maundrell, p. 26; Burckhardt, p. 163, seq., &c.; cf. Scylax, p. 42; Mela, i. 12; Plin. v. 20. s. 17; Diod. xvi. 41; Steph. B. 8. v.; Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 372.) [T. H. D.]

COINS OF TRIPOLIS IN PHOENICIA.

TRIPOLIS (Tpinoλis: Eth. Tpinoxiтns). 1. A town of Phrygia, on the northern bank of the upper course of the Maeander, and on the road leading from Sardes by Philadelphia to Laodiceia. (It. Ant. p. 336; Tab. Peut.) It was situated 12 miles to the north-west of Hierapolis, and is not mentioned by any writer before the time of Pliny (v. 30), who treats it as a Lydian town, and says that it was washed by the Maeander. Ptolemy (v. 2. § 18) and Stephanus B. describe it as a Carian town, and the latter (s.v.) adds that in his time it was called Neapolis. Hierocles (p. 669) likewise calls it a Lydian town. Ruins of it still exist near Yeniji or

TRIPOLIS (Tpinois). 1. A district in Arcadia. [Vol. I. p. 193, No. 12.]

2. A district in Laconia. [Vol. II. p. 113, b.] 3. A district of Perrhaebia in Thessaly, containing the towns Azorus, Pythium, and Doliche. (Liv. xlii. 53.) [AZORUS.]

TRIPOLITA'NA REGIO. [SYRTICA.]

TRIPO'NTIUM, a town of Britannia Romana, apparently in the territory of the Coritani. (Itin. Ant. p. 477.) Variously identified with Lilbourn, Calthorpe, and Rugby. [T. H. D.] TRIPY'RGIA. [AEGINA, p. 34, b., p. 35, a.] TRISANTON (Tpioárrar, Ptol. ii. 3. § 4), a river on the S. coast of Britannia Romana; according to Camden (p. 137) the river Test, which runs into Southampton Water; according to others the river Arun. [T. H. D.]

TRISCIANA (Tpiokiava, Procop. de Aed. iv. 4, p. 282), a place in Moesia Superior, perhaps the present Firistina or Pristina. [T. H. D.] TRISSUM (Tpioσóv, Ptol. iii. 7. § 2), a place in the country of the Jazyges Metanastae. [Cf. JAZYGES, Vol. II. p. 7.] [T. H. D.]

TRITAEA. 1. (Τριταία : Eth. Τριταιεύς ; in Herod. i. 145, Tpira:ées is the name of the people), a town in Achaia, and the most inland of the 12 Achaean cities, was distant 120 stadia from Pharae. It was one of the four cities, which took the lead in reviving the Achaean League in B. C. 280. In the Social War (B. c. 220, seq.) it suffered from the attacks of the Aetolians and Eleians. Its territory was annexed to Patrae by Augustus, when he made the latter city a colony after the battle of Actium. Its site is probably represented by the remains at Kastriten, on the Selinus, near the frontiers of Arcadia. (Herod. i. 145; Pol. ii. 41, iv. 6, 59, 60; Strab. viii. p. 386; Paus. vii. 22. § 6. seq.; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 117.)

2. (Tritea, Plin. iv. 3. s. 4: Eth. Tpirées, Herod. viii. 33), one of the towns of Phocis, burnt y Xerxes, of which the position is uncertain. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 89.)

3. (Tpireia, Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. Tpiraiées, Thuc. iii. 101), a town of the Locri Ozolae, described by Stephanus B. as lying between Phocis and the Locri Özolae. Hence it is placed by Leake not far from Delphi and Amphissa, on the edge, perhaps, of the plain of Salona. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 621.)

TRITIUM, a town of the Autrigones, in Hispania Tarraconensis, in the jurisdiction of Clunia. (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Itin. Ant. pp. 450, 454.) Variously identified with Carceda, Rodilla, ard a place near Monasterio. [T. H.D.]

TRITIUM METALLUM (Τρίτιον Μέταλλον, Ptol. ii. 6. § 55), a town of the Berones, in Hispania Tarraconensis, now called Tricio, near Nejera. (Florez, Cantabr. p. 182.) [T. H. D.]

TRITIUM TUBO'RICUM (Τοίτιον Τουβόρικον, Ptol. ii. 6. § 66), a town of the Barduli, in Hispa

nia Tarraconensis, on the river Deva or Devales.
(Mela, iii. 1.) It is commonly identified with
Motrico, which, however, does not lie on the Deva;
and Mannert (i. p. 365) seeks it near Mondragon,
in Guipuscoa.
[T. H. D.]
TRITON (8 Tpiтwv Tотaμós, Ptol. iv. 3. § 19,
&c.), a river of Libya, forming, according to Ptolemy,
the boundary of the Regio Syrtica towards the W. It
rose in Mount Vasalaetus, and, flowing in a northerly
direction, passed through three lakes, the Libya
Palus, the lake Pallas, and the lake Tritonitis (
TpiTwvitis Nuvn, Ib.); after which it fell into the
sea in the innermost part of the Syrtis Minor be-
tween Macomada and Tacape, but nearer to the
latter.

The lake Tritonitis of Ptolemy is called, however, by other writers Tritonis ( Tpitwvls Xíμvn, Herod. iv. 179). Herodotus seems to confound it with the Lesser Syrtis itself; but Scylax (p. 49), who gives it a circumference of 1000 stadia, describes it as connected with the Syrtis by a narrow opening, and as surrounding a small island,-that called by Herodotus (ib. 178) Phla (Ad), which is also mentioned by Strabo (xvii. p. 836), as containing a temple of Aphrodite, and by Dionysius. (Perieg. 267.) This lake Tritonis is undoubtedly the present Schibkah-el-Lovdjah, of which, according to Shaw (Travels, i. p. 237), the other two lakes are merely parts; whilst the river Triton is the present El-Hammah. This river, indeed, is no longer connected with the lake (Shaw, 1b.); a circumstance, however, which affords no essential ground for doubting the identity of the two streams; since in those regions even larger rivers are sometimes compelled by the quicksands to alter their course. (Cf. Ritter, Erdkunde, i. p. 1017). Scylax (1. c.) mentions also another island called Tritonos (TpiTwvos) in the Syrtis Minor, which last itself is, according to him, only part of a large Sinus Tritonites (Τριτωνίτης κόλπος).

Some writers confound the lake Tritonis with the lake of the Hesperides, and seek it in other districts of Libya; sometimes in Mauretania, in the neighbourhood of Mount Atlas and the Atlantic Ocean, sometimes in Cyrenaica near Berenice and the river Lathon or Lethon. The latter hypothesis is adopted by Lucan (ix. 346, seq.), the former by Diodorus Siculus (iii. 53), who also attributes to it an island inhabited by the Amazons. But Strabo (1. c.) especially distinguishes the lake of the Hesperides from the lake Tritonis.

With this lake is connected the question of the epithet Tritogeneia, applied to Pallas as early as the days of Homer and Hesiod. But though the Libyan river and lake were much renowned in ancient times (cf. Aeschyl. Eum. 293; Eurip. Ion, 872, seq.; Pind. Pyth. iv. 36, &c.), and the application of the name of Pallas to the lake connected with the Tritonis seems to point to these African waters as having given origin to the epithet, it is nevertheless most probable that the brook Triton near Alalcomenae in Boeotia has the best pretensions to that distinction. (Cf. Pausan. ix. 33. § 5; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 109, iv. 1315; Müller, Orchomenos, p. 355; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 136, seq.; Kruse, Hellas, vol. ii. pt. 1 p. 475. [T. H. D]

TRITON (Tpírwv, Diod. v. 72), a river of Crete at the source of which Athene was said to have been born. From its connection with the Omphalian plain, it is identified with the river discharging

itself into the sea on the N. coast of the island
which is called Platypérama, but changes its name
to Ghiofiro as it approaches the shore. (Pashley,
Travels, vol. i. p. 225.)
[E. B. J.]

TRITON (TpiTwv), a river of Boeotia. [Vol. I. p. 413, a.]

TRITURRITA. [PISAE.]

TRIVICUM (Trevico), a town of Samnium, in the country of the Hirpini, not far from the frontiers of Apulia. Its name is known to us only from Horace, who slept there (or at least at a villa in its immediate neighbourhood) on his well-known journey to Brundusium. (Hor. Sat. i. 5. 79.) It appears therefore that it was situated on the Via Appia, or the line of road then frequented from Rome to Brundusium. But this was not the same which was followed in later times, and is given in the Itineraries under that name, a circumstance which has given rise to much confusion in the topography of this part of Italy. [VIA APPIA.] There can be no doubt that Trivicum occupied nearly, if not exactly, the same site with the modern Trevico: the ancient road appears to have passed along the valley at the foot of the hill on which it was situated. It was here that stood the villa to which Horace alludes, and some remains of Roman buildings, as well as of the pavement of the ancient road, still visible in the time of Pratilli, served to mark the site more accurately. (Pratilli, Via Appia, iv. 10. p. 507; Romanelli, vol. ii. p. 350.) It probably never was a municipal town, as its name is not mentioned by any of the geographers. [E. H. B.]

TRIUMPILI'NI, an Alpine people of Northern Italy, who are mentioned by Augustus in the inscription in which he recorded the final subjugation of the Alpine tribes (ap. Plin. iii. 20. s. 24). It appears from Pliny that the whole people was reduced to slavery and sold together with their lands. According to Cato they were of Euganean race, as well as their neighbours the Camuni, with whom they are repeatedly mentioned in common. (Plin. 1. c.) Hence there is little doubt that they were the inhabitants of the district still called Val Trompia, the upper valley of the Mella, and separated only by an intervening ridge of mountains from the Val Camonica, the land of the Camuni. [E. H. B.]

TROAS (Τρωάς, Τροίη, Τροία, or Ιλιὰς γῆ), the territory ruled over by the ancient kings of Troy or Ilium, which retained its ancient and venerable name even at a time when the kingdom to which it had originally belonged had long ceased to exist. Homer himself nowhere describes the extent of Troas or its frontiers, and even leaves us in the dark as to how far the neighbouring allies of the Trojans, such as the Dardanians, who were governed by princes of their own, of the family of Priam, were true allies or subjects of the king Ilium. In later times, Troas was a part of Mysia, comprising the coast district on the Aegean from Cape Lectum to the neighbourhood of Dardanus and Abydus on the Hellespont; while inland it extended about 8 geographical miles, that is, as far as Mount Ida, so as to embrace the south coast of Mysia opposite the island of Lesbos, together with the towns of Assus and Antandrus. (Hom. I. xxiv. 544; Herod. vii. 42.) Strabo, from his well-known inclination to magnify the empire of Troy, describes it as extending from the Aesepus to the Caicus, and his view is adopted by the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (i. 1115). In its

proper and more limited sense, however, Troas was an | tile plain, which is described below. (Strab. viii. p. undulating plain, traversed by the terminal branches 373.) Few cities of Peloponnesus boasted of so reof Ida running out in a north-western direction, and mote an antiquity; and many of its legends are by the small rivers SATNIOIS, SCAMANDER, SIMOIS, closely connected with those of Athens, and prove and THYMBRIUS. This plain gradually rises towards that its original population was of the Ionic race. Mount Ida, and contained, at least in later times, According to the Troezenians themselves, their several flourishing towns. In the Iliad we hear in- country was first called Oraea from the Egyptian deed of several towns, and Achilles boasts (II. ix. Orus, and was next named Althepia from Althepas, 328) of having destroyed eleven in the territory the son of Poseidon and Leis, who was the daughter of Troy; but they can at best only have been of Orus. In the reign of this king, Poseidon and very small places, perhaps only open villages. That Athena contended, as at Athens, for the land of the Ilium itself must have been far superior in strength Troezenians, but, through the mediation of Zeus, and population is evident from the whole course of they became the joint guardians of the country. events; it was protected by strong walls, and had Hence, says Pausanias, a trident and the head of its acropolis. [ILIUM.] Athena are represented on the ancient coins of Troezen. (Comp. Mionnet, Suppl. iv. p. 267. § 189.) Althepus was succeeded by Saron, who built a tenple of the Saronian Artemis in a marshy place near the sea, which was hence called the Phoebaean marsh (❤oibaía λíμvn), but was afterwards named Saronis, because Saron was buried in the ground belonging to the temple. The next kings mentioned are Hyperes and Anthas, who founded two cities, namned Hypereia and Antheia. Aëtius, the son of Hyperes inherited the kingdom of his father and uncle, and called one of the cities Poseidonias. In his reign, Troezen and Pittheus, who are called the sons of Pelops, and may be regarded as Achaean princes, settled in the country, and divided the power with Aëtius. But the Pelopidae soon supplanted the earlier dynasty; and on the death of Troezen, Pittheus united the two Ionic settlements into one city, which he called Troezen after his brother. Pittheus was the grandfather of Theseus by his daughter Aethra; and the great national hero of the Athenians was born and educated at Troezen. The close connection between the two states is also intimated by the legend that two important demi of Attica, Anaphlystus and Sphettus, derived their names from two sons of Troezen. (Paus. ii. 30. §§ 5-9.) Besides the ancient names of Troezen already specified, Stephanus B. (s. v. Tpoir) mentions Aphrodisias, Saronia, Poseidonias, Apollonias and Anthanis. Strabo likewise says (ix. p. 373) that Troezen was called Poseidonia from its being sacred to Poseidon.

The inhabitants of Troas, called Troes (Tpŵes), and by Roman prose-writers Trojani or Teucri, were in all probability a Pelasgian race, and seem to have consisted of two branches, one of which, the Teucri, had emigrated from Thrace, and become | amalgamated with the Phrygian or native population of the country. Hence the Trojans are sometimes called Teucri and sometimes Phryges. (Herod. v. 122, vii. 43; Strab. i. p. 62, xiii. p. 604; Virg. Aen. i. 38, 248, ii. 252, 571, &c.) The poet of the Iliad in several points treats the Trojans as inferior in civilisation to his own countrymen; but it is impossible to say whether in such cases he describes the real state of things, or whether he does so only from a natural partiality for his own countrymen.

According to the common legend, the kingdom of Troy was overturned at the capture and burning of Ilium in B. C. 1184; but it is attested on pretty good authority that a Trojan state survived the catastrophe of its chief city, and that the kingdom was finally destroyed by an invasion of Phrygians who crossed over from Europe into Asia. (Xanthus, ap. Strab. xiv. p. 680, xii. p. 572.) This fact is indirectly confirmed by the testimony of Homer himself, who makes Poseidon predict that the posterity of Aeneas should long continue to reign over the Trojans, after the race of Priam should be extinct. [L. S.] TROCHOEIDES LACUS. [DELOS, p. 759, b.] TROCHUS. [CENCHREAE, p. 584, a.] TROCMADA (Tpókμada), a place of uncertain site in Galatia, which probably derived its name from the tribe of the Trocmi, is mentioned only by late Christian writers (Conc. Chalced. pp. 125, 309, 663; Conc. Constant. iii. p. 672; Conc. Nicaen. ii. p. 355, where its name is Tpókvada; Hierocl. p. 698, where it is miswritten Ῥεγετνακάδη.) [L. S.]

TROCMI [GALATIA].
TROES. [TROAS.]
TROESA. [TESA.]

TROEZEN (Tpoišñv), a city in “Massilia of Italy," as Stephanus (s. v.) says, if his text is right; but perhaps he means to says "a city of Massilia in Italy." Eustathius (ad Il. p. 287) says that it is in "Massaliotic Italy." Charax is Stephanus' authority. This brief notice adds one more to the list of Massaliotic settlements on the coast of the Mediterranean; but we know nothing of Troezen. [G. L.] TROEZEN (Tpohv; also Тpoighn, Ptol. iii. 16. § 12: Eth. Tpoinvios: the territory yn Tpo(via, Eurip. Med. 683; Tpoinvis yn, Thuc. ii. 56), a city of Peloponnesus, whose territory formed the south-eastern corner of the district to which the name of Argolis was given at a later time. It stood at the distance of 15 stadia from the coast, in a fer

At the time of the Trojan War Troezen was subject to Argos (Hom. IZ ii. 561); and upon the conquest of the Peloponnesus by the Dorians, it received a Dorian colony from Argos. (Paus. ii. 30. § 10.) The Dorian settlers appear to have been received on friendly terms by the ancient inhabitants, who continued to form the majority of the population; and although Troezen became a Doric city, it still retained its Ionic sympathies and traditions. At an early period Troezen was a powerful maritime state, as is shown by its founding the cities of Halicarnassus and Myndus in Caria. (Paus. ii. 30. § 8; Herod. vii. 99; Strab. viii. p. 374.) The Troezenians also took part with the Achaeans in the foundstion of Sybaris, but they were eventually driven out by the Achaeans. (Aristot. Pol. v. 3.) It has been conjectured with much probability that the expelled Troezenians may have been the chief founders of Poseidonia (Paestum), which Solinus calls a Dorie colony, and to which they gave the ancient name of their own city in Peloponnesus. [PAESTUM.]

In the Persian War the Troezenians took an active part. After the battle of Thermopylae, the harbour of Troezen was appointed as the place of rendezvous for the Grecian fleet (Herod. viii. 42); and when the Athenians were obliged to quit Attica upon the