zar, Alexander, and Antigonus. [PHOENICIA, pp. | struck terror into the Tyrians, who now confined 610-613]. That by Alexander was so remark- themselves to defensive measures. They sent away able, and had so much influence on the topography the old men, women, and children to Carthage, and of Tyre, that we reserved the details of it for this closed the mouths of their harbours with a line of place, as they may be collected from the narra- triremes. It is unnecessary to recount all the incitives of Arrian (Anab. ii. 17-26), Diodorus Si- dents which followed, and we shall therefore confine culus (xvii. 40-45), and Q Curtius (iv. 4-27). ourselves to the most important. Alexander had The insular situation of Tyre, the height and caused a number of new machines to be prepared, strength of its walls, and the command which it under the direction of the ablest engineers of Phoepossessed of the sea, seemed to render it impregnable; nicia and Cyprus. Some of these were planted on and hence the Tyrians, when summoned by Alexander the mole, which now very nearly approached the to surrender, prepared for an obstinate resistance. city; others were placed on board large vessels, in The only method which occurred to the mind of that order to batter the walls on other sides. Various conqueror of overcoming the difficulties presented to were the devices resorted to by the Tyrians to frushis arms by the site of Tyre, was to connect it with trate these attempts. They cut the cables of the the mainland by means of a mole. The materials vessels bearing the battering rams, and thus sent for such a structure were at hand in abundance. them adrift; but this mode of defence was met by The deserted buildings of Palae-Tyrus afforded the use of iron mooring chains. To deaden the plenty of stone, the mountains of Lebanon an inex-blows of the battering engines, leathern bags filled haustible supply of timber. For a certain distance, the mole, which was 200 feet in breadth, proceeded rapidly and successfully, though Alexander's workmen were often harassed by parties of Tyrian troops, who landed in boats, as well as by the Arabs of the Syrian desert. But as the work approached the island, the difficulties increased in a progressive ratio. Not only was it threatened with destruction from the depth and force of the current, often increased to violence by a southerly wind, but the workmen were also exposed to the missiles of the Tyrian slingers and bowmen, aimed both from vessels and from the battlements of the city. To guard themselves from these attacks, the Macedonians erected two lofty wooden towers at the extremity of the mole, and covered them with hides as a protection against fire. The soldiers placed on these towers occasioned the Tyrians considerable annoyance. At length, however, the latter succeeded in setting fire to the towers by means of a fire-ship filled with combustibles; and afterwards, making a sortie in their boats, pulled up the stakes which protected the mole, and destroyed the machines which the fire had not reached. To complete the discomfiture of the Macedonians, a great storm arose and carried away the whole of the work which had been thus loosened.

This misfortune, which would have damped the ardour of an ordinary man, only incited Alexander to renew his efforts with greater vigour and on a surer plan. He ordered a new mole to be constructed, broader than the former one; and in order to obviate the danger of destruction by the waves, he caused it to incline towards the SW., and thus to cross the channel diagonally, instead of in a straight line. At the same time he collected a large fleet from Sidon, whither he went in person, from Soli, Mallus, and other places; for, with the exception of Tyre, all Phoenicia was already in the hands of Alexander. He then made an incursion into Coelesyria, and chased away the Arabs who annoyed his workmen employed in cutting timber in Antilibanus. When he again returned to Tyre with his fleet, which he had joined at Sidon, the new mole had already made great progress. It was formed of whole trees with their branches, covered with layers of stone, on which other trees were heaped. The Tyrian divers, indeed, sometimes succeeded in loosening the structure by pulling out the trees; but, in spite of these efforts, the work proceeded steadily towards completion.

The large fleet which Alexander had assembled

with sea-weed were suspended from the walls, whilst on their summit were erected large wheel-like machines filled with soft materials, which being set in rapid motion, either averted or intercepted the missiles hurled by the Macedonians. A second wall also was commenced within the first. On the other hand, the Macedonians, having now carried the mole as far as the island, erected towers upon it equal in height to the walls of the town, from which bridges were projected towards the battlements, in order to take the city by escalade. Yet, after all the labour bestowed upon the mole, Tyre was not captured by means of it. The Tyrians annoyed the soldiers who manned the towers by throwing out grappling hooks attached to lines, and thus dragging them down. Nets were employed to entangle the hands of the assailants; masses of red-hot metal were hurled amongst them, and quantities of heated sand, which, getting between the interstices of the armour, caused intolerable pain. An attempted assault from the bridges of the towers was repulsed, and does not appear to have been renewed. But a breach was made in the walls by battering rams fixed on vessels; and whilst this was assaulted by means of ships provided with bridges, simultaneous attacks were directed against both the harbours. The Phoenician fleet burst the boom of the Egyptian harbour, and took or destroyed the ships within it. The northern harbour, the entrance of which was undefended, was easily taken by the Cyprian fleet. Meanwhile Alexander had entered with his troops through the breach. Provoked by the long resistance of the Tyrians and the obstinate defence still maintained from the roofs of the houses, the Macedonian soldiery set fire to the city, and massacred 8000 of the inhabitants. The remainder, except those who found shelter on board the Sidonian fleet, were sold into slavery, to the number of 30,000; and 2000 were crucified in expiation of the murders of certain Macedonians during the course of the siege. The lives of the king and chief magistrates were spared.

Thus was Tyre captured, after a siege of seven months, in July of the year B. C. 332. Alexander then ordered sacrifices and games in honour of the Tyrian Hercules, and consecrated to him the battering ram which had made the first breach in the walls. The population, which had been almost destroyed, was replaced by new colonists, of whom a considerable portion seen to have been Carians. The subsequent fortunes of Tyre have already been recorded. [PHOENICIA, p. 613.]

For the coins of Tyre see Eckhel, Doctr. Num.

P. i. vol. iii. pp. 379-393, and 408, seq. Respecting its history and the present state of its remains, the following works may be advantageously consulted: Hengstenberg, De Rebus Tyriorum; Kenrick, Phoenicia; Pococke, Description of the East; Volney, Voyage en Syrie; Richter, Wallfahrt; Bertou, Topographie de Tyr; Maundrell, Journey from Aleppo to Damascus; Shaw's Travels; Robinson, Biblical Researches, &c. [T. H. D.]

town with a small but secure port about 4 miles N.
of Vado. Livy indeed mentions Savo (undoubtedly
the same with Savona) as a sea-port town of the
Ligurians, where Mago established himself during
the Second Punic War (Liv. xxviii. 46); but the
name does not occur again in any writer, and
hence Cluverius supposed that this was the place
afterwards called Sabbata. There seems, however,
no doubt that Sabbata or Sabatia, Vada Sabbata, or
Vada Sabatia, and Vada simply (as the name is
written by Cicero), are all only different forms of the
same name, and that the Roman town of Vada was
situated on, or very near, the same site as the pre-
sent Vado, a long straggling fishing village, the bay
of which still affords an excellent roadstead. The
distinctive epithet of Sabbata or Sabatia was evi-
dently derived from its proximity to the original
Ligurian town of Savo.
[E. H. B.]

VADA'VERO, a mountain near Bilbilis in the territory of the Celtiberi, in Hispania Tarraconensis. It appears to be mentioned only by Martial (i. 50. 6), who characterises it by the epithet of "sacred," and adverts to its rugged character. [T. H. D.]

VADA VOLATERRANA. [VOLATERRAE]. VADICASSII (Ovadikáσσioi), a people of Gallia Lugdunensis, whom Ptolemy (ii. 8. § 16) places on the borders of Belgica, and next to the Meldae. He assigns to the Vadicassii a city Noeomagus. D'Anville concludes that following Ptolemy's data we may place his Vadicassii in Valois, which is between Meaux and Soissons. He remarks that Valois is Vadisus in the capitularies of Charles the Bald, and Vadensis in the later acts. Other geographers have different opinions. In many of the editions of Pliny (iv. 18) we find enumerated" Andegavi, Viducasses, Vadiocasses, Unelli;" but only one MS. has "Vadio- | casses," and the rest have Bodiocasses or Bodicasses, which we must take to be the true reading, and they seem to be the same as the BAIOCASSES. (D'Anville, Notice, &c.; Ukert, Gallien.) [G. L.]

VADIMO'NIS LACUS (ý Ovádμwv Xíμvn, Polyb.: Laghetto di Bassano), a small lake of Etruria, between the Ciminian hills and the Tiber, celebrated in history as the scene of two successive defeats of the combined Etruscan forces by the Romans. In the first of these battles, which was fought in B. C. 309, the Etruscans had raised a chosen ariny, enrolled with peculiar solemnity (lege sacrata); but though they fought with the utmost valour and obstinacy, they sustained so severe a defeat at the hands of the Roman Consul Q. Fabius Maximus, that, as Livy remarks, this disastrous day first broke the power of Etruria (Liv. ix. 39). The second battle was fought near 30 years later (B. C. 283), in which the allied forces of the Etruscans and Gauls were totally defeated by the consul P. Cornelius Dolabella. (Polyb. ii. 20; Eutrop. ii. 10; Flor. i. 13.) But though thus celebrated in history, the Vadimonian lake is a very trifling sheet of water, in fact, a mere pool or stagnant pond, now almost overgrown with reeds and bulrushes. It was doubtless more extensive in ancient times, though it could never have been of any importance, and scarcely deserves the name of a lake. But it is remarkable that the younger Pliny in one of his epistles describes it as a circular basin abounding in floating islands, which have now all disappeared, and probably have contributed to fill up the ancient basin. Its waters are whitish and highly sulphureous, resembling, in this respect, the Aquae Albulae near Tibur, where the phenomenon of floating islands still occasionally occurs. (Plin. Ep. viii.

|

20.) It enjoyed the reputation, probably on account
of this peculiar character, of being a sacred lake. But
the apparent singularity of its having been twice the
scene of decisive conflicts is sufficiently explained
by its situation just in a natural pass between the
Tiber and the wooded heights of the Ciminian forest,
which (as observed by Mr. Dennis) must always
have constituted a natural pass into the plains of
Central Etruria. The lake itself, which is now
called the Laghetto di Bassano from a neighbouring
village of that name, is only a very short distance
from the Tiber, and about 4 miles above Orte, the
ancient Horta. (Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. pp. 167—
170.)
[E. H. B.]

VAGA, a town of the Cantii in Britannia Ro-
mana (Not. Imp.)
[T. H. D.]

VAGA. [VACCA.] VAGEDRÜSA, the name of a river in Sicily, mentioned by Silius Italicus (xiv. 229), according to the old editions of that author; but there can be no doubt that the true reading is that restored by Ruperti, "vage Chrysa," and that the river Chrysas is the one meant. (Ruperti, ad l. c.) [E. H. B.]

VAGIENNI (Baylevvol), a Ligurian tribe, who inhabited the region N. of the Maritime Alps, and S. of the territory of the Taurini. According to Pliny they extended as far to the W. as the Mons Vesulus or Monte Viso, in the main chain of the Alps (Plin. iii. 16. s. 20), while their chief town or capital under the Roman rule, called Augusta Vagiennorum, was situated at Bene, between the rivers Stura and Tanaro, so that they must have occupied an extensive territory. But it seems impossible to receive as correct the statement of Velleius (i. 15) that the Roman colony of Eporedia (Ivrea) was included within their limits. [EPOREDIA.] It is singular that Pliny more than once speaks of them as being descended from the Caturiges, while at the same time he distinctly calls them a Ligurian tribe, and the Caturiges are commonly reckoned a Gaulish one. It seems probable, however, that many of the races which inhabited the mountain valleys of the Alps were of Ligurian origin; and thus the Caturiges and Segusiani may very possibly have been of a Ligurian stock like their neighbours the Taurini, though subsequently confounded with the Gauls. We have no account of the period at which the Vagienni were reduced under the Roman yoke, and their name is not found in history as an independent tribe. But Pliny notices them as one of the Ligurian tribes still existing in his time, and their chief town, Augusta, seems to have been a flourishing place under the Roman Empire. Their name is sometimes written Bagienni (Orell. Inser. 76), and is found in the Tabula under the corrupt form Bagitenni. (Tab. Peut.) [E. H. B.]

VAGNIACAE, a town of the Cantii in Britannia Romana, between Noviomagus and Durobrivae. Camden (p. 226) identifies it with Maidstone, Horsley (p. 424), with more probability, with Northfleet. Others have sought it near Longfield, and at Wrotham. [T. H. D.] VAGORITUM (Ovαyópiтov). [ARVII.] VAHALIS. [BATAVI; RHENUS.] VALCUM, a place near the confines of Upper and Lower Pannonia, not far from Lake Peiso (Itin. Ant. p. 233), but its exact site is uncertain. [L. S.] VALDASUS, a southern tributary of the Savus, flowing from the mountains of Illyricum, and join