xiii. p. 621), and, according to Menecrates the Elean, the whole coast of Ionia, beginning from Mycale, and of Aeolis." (Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. i. p. 32.) They no doubt extended beyond the coast into the interior of the country. The existence of a Pelasgian population is probably also implied in the statement, that the most ancient royal dynasty of Lydia were Heracleidae, and that Lydus was a brother of Tyrrhenus. The Lydians, on the other hand, are expressly stated to have had nothing in common with the Pelasgians (Dionys. i. 30), and all we know of them points to more eastern countries as their original home. It is true that Herodotus connects the Heracleid dynasty with that of Assyria, but if any value can be attached to this statement at all, it refers only to the rulers; but it may be as unfounded as his belief that most of the Greek institutions had been derived from Egypt. The Lydians are described as a kindred people of the Carians and Mysians, and all three are said to have had one common ancestor as well as one common language and religion. (Herod. i. 171.) The Carians are the only one of these three nations that are mentioned by Homer. It is impossible to ascertain what country was originally inhabited by the Lydians, though it is reasonable to assume that they occupied some district near the Maconians; and it is possible that the Phrygians, who are said to have migrated into Asia from Thrace, may have pressed upon the Lydians, and thus forced them to make conquests in the country of the Maeonians. The time when these conquests took place, and when the Maconians were overpowered or expelled, is conjectured by Niebuhr (Lect. on Anc. Hist. vol. i. p. 87) to have been the time when the Heracleid dynasty was supplanted by that of the Merinadae, who were real Lydians. This would place the conquest of Maeonia by the Lydians about the year B. C. 720. The Maeonians, however, after this, still maintained themselves in the country of the Upper Hermus, which continued to be called Maeonia; whence Ptolemy ( v. 2. § 21) speaks of Maeonia as a part of Lydia. Pliny (v. 30) also speaks of the Maeonii as the inhabitants of a district between Philadelphia and Tralles, and Hierocles (p. 670) and other ecclesiastical writers mention there a small town called Maeonia, which Mr. Hamilton (Researches, vol. ii. p. 139, &c.) is inclined to identify with the ruins of Megne, about five miles west of Sandal. To what branch of the human family the Lydians belonged is a question which cannot be answered, any more than that about their original seats; all the Lydian words which have been transmitted to us are quite foreign to the Greek, and their kinsmen, the Carians, are described as a people speaking a barbarous language.

3. Institutions and Customs-Although the Lydians must be regarded as barbarians, and although they were different from the Greeks both in their language and in their religion, yet they were capable, like some other Asiatic nations, of adopting or developing institutions resembling those of the Greeks, though in a lesser degree than the Carians and Lycians, for the Lydians always lived under a monarchy, and never rose to free political institutions. They and the Carians were both gifted nations; they cultivated the arts, and were in many respects little inferior to the Greeks. Previous to their conquest by the Persians, they were an industrious, brave, and warlike people, and their cavalry was

regarded as the best at that time. (Herod. i. 79; Minnerm. I. c.) Cyrus purposely crushed their warlike spirit, forbade them the use of arms, and caused them to practice dancing and singing, instead of cultivating the arts of war. (Herod. i. 154; Justin, i. 8.) Their subsequent partiality to music was probably the reason why the Greeks ascribed to them the invention of gymnastic games. (Herod. i. 94.) The mode of life thus forced upon them by their conquerors gradually led them to that degree of effeminacy for which they were afterwards so notorious. Their commercial industry, however, continued under the Persian rule, and was a source of great prosperity. (Herod. i. 14, 25, 51, &c.) In their manners the Lydians differed but little from the Greeks, though their civilisation was inferior, as is manifest from the fact of their daughters generally gaining their dowries by public prostitution. without thereby injuring their reputation. (Herod. i. 93.) The moral character of the Lydian women necessarily suffered from such a custom, and it cannot be matter of surprise that ancient Greek authors speak of them with contempt. (Strab. xi. p. 533, xiii. p. 627.) As to the religion of the Lydians we know very little their chief divinity appears to have been Cybele, but they also worshipped Artemis and Bacchus (Athen. xiv. p. 636 ; Dionys. Perieg. 842), and the phallus worship seems to have been universal, whence we still find enormous phalli on nearly all the Lydian tombs. (Hamilton's Researches, vol. 1. p. 145.) The Lydians are said to have been the first to establish inns for travellers, and to coin money. (Herod. i. 94.) The Lydian coins display Greek art in its highest perfection ; they have no inscriptions, but are only adorned with the figure of a lion, which was the talisman of Sardes. We do not know that the Lydians had any alphabet or literature of their own: the want of these things can scarcely have been felt, for the people must at an early period have become familiar with the language and literature of their Greek neighbours.

4. History. The Greeks possessed several works on the history of Lydia, and one of them was the production of Xanthus, a native of Sardes, the capital of Lydia; but all have perished with the exception of a few insignificant fragments. If we had the work of Xanthus, we should no doubt be well informed on various points on which we can now only form conjectures. As it is, we owe nearly all our knowledge of Lydian history to Herodotus. According to him (i. 7) Lydia was successively governed by three dynasties. The first began with Lydus, the son of Atys, but the number of its kings is not mentioned. The second dynasty was that of the Heracleidae, beginning with Agron, and ending with Candaules, whom the Greeks called Myrsilus. The commencement of the Heracleid dynasty may be dated about B. c. 1200; they are connected in the legend in Herodotus with the founder of Nineveh, which, according to Niebuhr, means either that they were actually descended from an Assyrian family, or that the Heracleid dynasty submitted to the supremacy of the king of Nineveh, and thus connected itself with the race of Ninus and Belus. The Heracleids maintained themselves on the throne of Lydia, in unbroken succession, for a period of 505 years. The third dynasty, or that of the Mermnadae, probably the first really Lydian rulers, commenced their reign, according to some, in B. c. 713 or 716, and according to Eusebius, twenty-two years later. Gyges,

the first king of the Mermnad dynasty, who is said to
have murdered Candaules, is an entirely mythical
personage, at least the story which Herodotus relates
about him is nothing but a popular tradition. He
reigned until B. C. 678, and conquered several of
the adjacent countries, such as a great part of Mysia
and the shores of the Hellespont, and annexed to his
dominions the cities of Colophon and Magnesia,
which had until then been quite independent of both
the Maeonians and the Lydians. Gyges was suc-
ceeded by Ardys, who reigned from B. c. 678 to
629, and, continuing the conquests of his predecessor,
made himself master of Priene. His reign, however,
was disturbed by the invasion of his kingdom by
the Cimmerians and Treres. He was succeeded by
Sadyattes, of whom nothing is recorded except that
he occupied the throne for a period of twelve years,
from B. C. 629 to 617. His successor Alyattes,
from B. C. 617 to 560, expelled the Cimmerians from
Asia Minor, and conquered most of the Ionian cities.
In the east he extended his dominion as far as the
river Halys, where he came in contact with Cyaxares
the Mede. His successor Croesus, from B. c. 560
to 546, extended his conquests so far as to embrace
the whole peninsula of Asia Minor, in which the
Lycians and Cilicians alone successfully resisted
him. He governed his vast dominions with justice
and moderation, and his yoke was scarcely felt by
the conquered nations. But as both Lydia and
the Persian monarchy were conquering states, and
separated from each other only by the river Halys,
a conflict was unavoidable, and the kingdom of
Lydia was conquered by Cyrus. The detail of these
occurrences is so well known that it does not require
to be repeated here. Lydia became annexed to the
Persian empire. We have already noticed the mea-
sures adopted by Cyrus to deprive the Lydians of
their warlike character; but as their country was
always considered the most valuable portion of Asia
Minor, Darius, in the division of his empire, made
Lydia and some small tribes, apparently of Maeonian
origin, together with the Mysians, the second satrapy,
and demanded from it an annual tribute for the
royal treasury of 500 talents. (Herod. iii. 90.)
Sardes now became the residence of a Persian
satrap, who seems to have ranked higher than the
other governors of provinces. Afterwards Lydia
shared the fate of all the other Asiatic countries,
and more and more lost its nationality, so that in
the time of Strabo (xiii. 631) even the language
of the Lydians had entirely disappeared, the Greek
having taken its place. After the death of Alex-
ander, Lydia was subject for a time to Antigonus;
then to Achaeus, who set himself up as king at
Sardes, but was afterwards conquered and put to
death by Antiochus. (Polyb. v. 57.) After the
defeat of Antiochus by the Romans, Lydia was an-
nexed by them to the kingdom of Eumenes. (Liv.
xxxviii. 39.) At a still later period it formed part
of the proconsular province of Asia (Plin. v. 30),
and continued to retain its name through all the
vicissitudes of the Byzantine empire, until finally it
fell under the dominion of the Turks. (Comp. Th.
Menke, Lydiaca, Dissertatio Ethnographica, Berlin,
1844, 8vo.; Cramer, Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 413,
&c.; Forbiger, Handbuch der Alten Geogr. vol. ii.
p. 167, &c.; Clinton, Fasti Hell. Append. p. 361,
&c., 3rd edit.; Niebuhr, Lectures on Ancient Ilis-
tory, vol. i. p. 82, &c.)
[L. S.]

LYDIAS. [LUDIAS.]
LYGII, LUGII, or LIGII (Aoúyio, Aovioi,

Ayii), is the general name for a number of small tribes in the north-east of Germany, all of which belonged to the Suevi. (Strab. vii. p. 290; Ptol. ii. 11. § 18; Dion Cass. lxvii. 5; Tac. Germ. 43, Ann. xii. 29, 30.) The ancients speak of them as a German nation, but there can be little doubt that, properly speaking, they were Slavonians, who had been subdued by the Suevi, and had gradually become united and amalgamated with them. Their name contains the root lug, which in the old German signifies a wood or marsh, and still has the same meaning in the Slavonic; it seems, therefore, to be descriptive of the nation dwelling in the plains of the Vistula and the Oder. The Lygii are first mentioned in history as belonging to the empire of Maroboduus, when they were united with the Marcomanni and Hermunduri. When the Quadi rose against king Vannius, in A. D. 50, the Lygii and Hermunduri were still united, and opposed the influence of the Romans in Germany. (Tac. Ann. l. c.) In the reign of Domitian, about A. D. 84, they made war on the Quadi, their neighbours, who in vain sought the protection of the Romans. (Dion Cass. 1. c.) After this time the Lygii disappear from history, and it is possible that they may have become lost among the Goths. The different Lygian tribes, which are mentioned by Tacitus (Arii, Helvecones, Manimi, Elysii or Helisii, and Naharvali), seem to have been united among one another by a common worship, the principal seat of which was among the Naharvali. The name of their two common gods was Alci, who were worshipped without images; and Tacitus observes that their mode of worship was free from all foreign admixture. Ptolemy mentions, as tribes of the Lygii, the Omanni, Duni, and Buri, who are either not noticed by Tacitus at all, or are classed with other tribes. (Comp. Wilhelm, Germanier, p. 242, &c.; Zeuss, die Deutschen, p. 124; Latham, on Tacit. Germania, p. 158.) [L. S.] LYGOS. [CONSTANTINOPOLIS, p. 257.] LYNCESTIS (Avyknoτís, Strab. vii. p. 326; Ptol. iii. 13. § 33), the country of the LYNCESTAE (Avyknσría, Thuc. ii. 99, iv. 83, 124; Strab. vii. pp. 323, 326), once a small independent kingdom, and afterwards a province of the Macedonian monarchy. This district was situated to the S. of the Pelagones, and between that people, and the Eordaei. It was watered by the Erigon, and lay in the centre of the Egnatian Way, which connected Rome, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. The pass which separated Lyncestis from Eordaea, where Philip made his unsuccessful stand against the Romans, is described by Polybius (xviii. 6) as ai eis Thy 'Еopdaíav úñeр6oλaí,-and Thucydides (iv. 83) calls a defile in the same mountains ἡ ἐσβολὴ τῆς Λύγκου, in relating the attempt of Perdiccas against Lyncestis, which ended in a separate negotiation between his ally Brasidas and Arrhibaeus king of the Lyncestae. (Thuc. iv. 83.) It was by the same pass in the following year that Brasidas effected his skilful and daring retreat from the united forces of the Lyncestae and Illyrians. (Thuc. iv. 124.)

According to Strabo (vii. p. 326), Irrha, the daughter of Arrhabaeus (as he writes the name), was mother of Eurydice, who married Amyntas, father of Philip. Through this connection Lyncestis may have become annexed to Macedonia. The geography of this district is well illustrated by the operations of the consul Sulpicius against Philip, in the campaign of B. C. 200. (Liv. xxxi. 33.) From the narrative of Livy, which was undoubtedly

extracted from Polybius, as well as from the Itineraries, it would appear that Lyncestis comprehended that part of Upper Macedonia now called Filurina, and all the S. part of the basin of the ERIGON, with its branches, the BEVUS and OSPHAGUS. AS it is stated that the first encampment of the Romans was at LYNCUS on the river Bevus, and as Lyncus is described as a town by Stephanus B. (though his description is evidently incorrect), it might be supposed that HERACLEIA, the chief town of this district, was sometimes called Lyncus, and that the camp of Sulpicius, was at Heracleia itself. But though the words ad Lyncum stativa posuit prope flumen Bevum" (Liv. Z. c.) seem to point to this identifi cation, yet it is more likely that Lyncus is here used as synonymous with Lyncestis, as in two other passages of Livy (xxvi. 25, xxxii. 9), and in Thucydides (iv. 83, 124) and Plutarch. (Flamin. 4.)

At or near Banitza are the mineral acidulous waters of Lyncestis, which were supposed by the ancients to possess intoxicating qualities. (Ov. Met. xv. 329; comp. Arist. Meteor. ii. 3; Theopomp, ap. Plin. ii. 103, xxxi. 2, ap. Antig. Caryst. 180, ap. Sotion, de Flum. p. 125; Vitruv. viii. 3; Sen. Quaest. Nat. iii. 20.) They were found by Dr. Brown (Travels in Hungaria, Macedonia, Thessaly, de. de., Lond. 1673, p. 45) on the road fron Filuring to Egri Budjú. He calls the place Eccisso Verbéni; this, which sounds Wallachian, may possibly be a corruption of the name of the Derveni or pass. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 305-318.) [E. B. J.]

|

LYRBE (Aúpsŋ: Eth. Avp6eirns), a town of Pisidia, mentioned by the poet Dionysius. There are coins of this place belonging to the reign of Alexander Severus, and it occurs among the episcopal towns of Pamphylia in the Not. Eccles. It is clearly the same as the LYROPE (Aupón) of Ptolemy, though he places the latter in Cilicia Tracheia. (Dionys. Per. 858; Hierocl. p. 682; Ptol. v. 5. § 9; Cramer, Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 313.) LYRCEIA or LYRCEIUM († Aúрketa, Paus.; Aprelov, Soph. ap. Strab. vi. p. 271; in Strab. viii. p. 376. Λυκούργιον is a false reading for Λυρκείον, see Kramer's Strab. vol. ii. p. 186), a town in the Argeia, distant 60 stadia from Argos, and 60 stadia from Orneae, and situated on the road Climax, which ran from Argis in a north-westerly direction along the bed of the Inachus. [ARGOS, p. 201.] The town is said to have been originally called Lynceia, and to have obtained this name from Lynceus, who fled hither when all his other brothers, the sons of Aegyptus, were murdered by the daughters of Danaus on their wedding night. He gave intelligence of his safe arrival in this place to his faithful wife Hypermnestra, by holding up a torch; and she in like manner informed Lim of her safety by raising a torch from Larissa, the citadel of Argos. The name of the town was afterwards changed into Lyrceia from Lyrcus, a son of Abas.

It was in ruins in the time of Pausanias. Its remains may still be seen on a small elevation on the left of the Inachus, at a little distance beyond Sterna, on the road to Argos. (Paus. ii 25. §§ 4,5; Apollod. ii. 1. § 5; Strab. I. c.; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, p. 138; Boblaye, Recherches, c. p. 45; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 414; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 415.)

LYRNAS. [LYRNESSUS, 2.]

LYRNESSUS (Λυρνησσός: Eth. Λυρνήσσιος οι Aupraios, Aeschyl. Pers. 324). 1. A town often mentioned by Homer (Il. ii. 690, xix. 60, xx. 92,

191), and described by Stephanus B. (s. v.) as one of the eleven towns in Troas; and Strabo (xiii. p. 612) mentions that it was situated in the territory of Thebe, but that afterwards it belonged to Adramyttium. Pliny (v. 32) places it on the river Evenus, near its sources. It was, like Thebe, a deserted place as early as the time of Strabo. (Comp. Strab. xiii. p. 584; Diod. v. 49.) About 4 miles from Karaváren, Sir C. Fellows (Journ. of an Exc. in Asia Minor, p. 39) found several columns and old walls of good masonry; which he is inclined to regard as remnants of the ancient Lyr

nessus.

LY'ROPE. [LYRBE.]

LYSIMACHIA (Λυσιμαχία or Λυσιμάχεια). 1. A small town in Mysia, mentioned only by Pliny (v. 22), in whose time it no longer existed.

2. An important town on the north-eastern extremity of the Thracian Chersonesus, not far from the Sinus Melas. It was built by Lysimachus in B. C. 309, when he was preparing for the last struggle with his rivals; for the new city, being situated on the isthmus, commanded the road from Sestos to the north and the mainland of Thrace. In order to obtain inhabitants for his new city, Lysimachus destroyed the neighbouring town of Cardia, the birthplace of the historian Hieronymus. (Strab. ii. p. 134, vii. p. 331; Paus. i. 9. § 10; Diod xx. 29; Polyb. v. 34; Plin. H. N. iv. 18.) Lysimachus no doubt made Lysimachia the capital of his kingdom, and it must have rapidly risen to great splendour and prosperity. After his death the city fell under the dominion of Syria, and during the wars between Seleucus Callinicus and Ptolemy Euergetes it passed from the hands of the Syrians into those of the Egyptians. Whether these latter set the town free, or whether it emancipated itself, is uncertain, at any rate it entered into the relation of sympolity with the Aetolians. But as the Aetolians were not able to afford it the necessary protection, it was destroyed by the Thracians during the war of the Romans against Philip of Macedonia. Antiochus the Great restored the place, collected the scattered and enslaved inhabitants, and attracted colonists from all parts by liberal promises. (Liv. xxxiii. 38, 40; Diod. Exc. de Virt. et Vit. p. 574.) This restoration, however, appears to have been unsuccessful, and under the dominion of Rome it decayed more and more. The last time the place is mentioned under its ancient name, is in a passage of Ammianus Marcellinus (xxii. 8). The emperor Justinian restored it and surrounded it with strong fortifications

metropolis. It is not now certain where it stood,
but some have identified it with Tamankadawe.
Some MSS. read Naagrammum, but Maagrammum
must be correct, as its form shows its Sanscrit origin.
Lassen has supposed it stood at the SE. end of the
island, and that its ancient name was Maha-
gráma.
[V.]
MAARATH, a city of Judah situated in the
mountains, mentioned only in the list in the book
of Joshua (xv. 59). Reland (Palaest. s. v. p. 879)
suggests that a lofty mountain, Mardes, near
the Dead Sea, may have derived its name from this
city.
[G. W.]

MAARSARES. [BABYLONIA, p. 362, a.]
MABOG. HIERAPOLIS.]

MACAE (Márai), a people of Arabia mentioned by Ptolemy (vi. 7. § 14), immediately within the Persian Gulf, as inhabiting the shores of the extensive bay of the Fish-eaters ('Ix@vopάywv Kóλñol). They occupied apparently the western shore of Cape Musseldom, as Pliny (vi. 26) states that the width of the strait from the promontory of Carmania to the opposite shore and the Macae, is 50 miles. They were bounded on the east by the Naritae (Napeira) [EPIMARANITAE]. Mr. Forster considers the Macae of Ptolemy is a palpable contraction of the Naumachaei of Pliny, and that this tribe is recovered in the Jowaser Arabs, the most famous pirates of the Persian Gulf. (Geog. of Arabia, vol. ii. p. 225.) It is clear that the "Nanmachaeorum promontorium" of Pliny (vi. 32) is identical with the modern Cape Musseldom, at which he places the Macae. (Comp. Strabo, p. 765.) He mentions a remarkable story in connection with this place: that Numenius, who had been appointed prefect of Mesena by King Antiochus, gained a naval victory over the Persians, and on the same day, on the tide receding, conquered them in a cavalry engagement, and erected on the same spot two trophies,-one to Neptune, the other to Jupiter.

[G. W.] MACAE (Máxai), one of the aboriginal tribes of the Regio Syrtica, on the N. Coast of Libya, on the river Cinyps, according to Herodotus, who describes their customs (iv. 175; comp. Scyl. p. 46; Diod. iii. 48; Plin. vi. 23. s. 26; Sil. iii 275; Ptol. iv. 3. § 27, calls them Maxaloi or Mákai, Zupтika:). Polybius meations Maccaei in the Carthaginian army. (Pol. iñ. 33.) [P.S.]

MACALLA (Máxaλλα), an ancient city of Brattium, where. according to Lycophron, was the sepulchre of Philoctetes, to whom the inhabitants paid divine honours. (Lycophr. Alex. 927.) The author of the treatise De Mirabilibus, ascribed to Aristotle, mentions the same tradition, and adds that the hero had deposited there in the temple of Apollo Halius the bow and arrows of Hercules, which had, however, been removed by the Crotoniats to the temple of Apollo in their own city. We learn from this author that Macalla was in the territory of Crotona, about 120 stadia from that city; but its position cannot be determined. It was doubtless an Oenotrian town: at a later period all trace of it disappears. (Pseud.-Arist. de Mirab. 107; Steph. B. . .; Schol. ad Lycophr. l. c.) [E. H. B.] MACANITAE. [MAURETANIA.] MACARAS. [BRAGADAS.]

MACA REAE (Μακαρέαι: Eth. Μακαριεύς), town of Arcadia, in the district Parrhasia, 22 stadia from Megalopolis, on the road to Phigaleia, and 2

time of Pausanias, as its inhabitants had been removed to Megalopolis upon the foundation of the latter. (Paus. viii. 3. § 3, viii. 27. § 4, viii. 36, §9; Steph. B. s. v.)

MACA'RIA (Makapia, Ptol. v. 14. § 4), a town on the N. coast of Cyprus, E. of Ceryneia. (Engel, Kypros, vol. i. p. 83.) [E. B. J.]

MACA'RIA (Maxapía), that is, "the blessed (island)," a name given by the poets to several islands, such as CYPRUS, LESBOS, and RHODES ; but also occurs as a proper name of an island in the south of the Arabian gulf, a little to the north of the gulf of Adule. [L. S.]

MACATUTAE (Maкaтoûтai), a people in the extreme W. of Cyrenaica, on the border of the province of Africa, above the Velpi Montes. (Ptol. iv. 4. § 10.) [P.S.]

MACCHURE BI. [MAURETANIA.],
MACCOCALINGAE. [CALINGAE.]
MACCU'RAE. [MAURETANIA.]

MACEDONIA ( Makedovía), the name applied to the country occupied by the tribes dwelling northward of Thessaly, and Mt. Olympus, eastward of the chain by which Pindus is continued, and westward of the river Axius. The extent of country, indeed, to which the name is generally given, embraces later enlargements, but, in its narrowest sense, it was a very small country, with a peculiar population.

I. Name, race, and original seats.

The Macedonians (Μακεδόνες or Μακηδόνες), as they are called by all the ancient poets, and in the fragments of epic poetry, owed their name, as it was said, to an eponymous ancestor; according to some, this was Macednus, son of Lycaon, from whom the Arcadians were descended (Apollod. iii. 8. § 1), or Macedon, the brother of Magnes, or a son of Aeolus, according to Hesiod and Hellanicus (ap. Const. Porph. de Them. ii. 2; comp. Aelian. H. A. x. 48; Eustath. ad Dion. P. 247; Steph. B.). These, as well as the otherwise unsupported statement of Herodotus (i. 56), of the original identity of the Doric and Macednian (Macedonian) peoples, are merely various attempts to form a genealogical connection between this semi-barbarous people and the rest of the Hellenic race. In the later poets, they appear, sometimes, under the name of MACETAE (Sil. Ital. xiii. 878, xiv. 5, xvii, 414, 632; Stat. Sil. iv. 6. 106; Auson. de Clar. Urb. ii. 9; Gell, x. 3). And their country is called MACETIA (Makería, Hesych. s. v.; Eustath. ad Dion. P. l. c.).

In the fashion of wearing the mantle and arranging their hair, the Macedonians bore a great resemblance to the Illyrians (Strab. vii. p. 327), but the fact that their language was different (Polyb. xxviii. 8) contradicts the supposition of their Illyrian descent. It was also different from Greek, but in the Macedonian dialect there occur many grammatical forms which are commonly called Aeolic, together with many Arcadian and Thessalian words; and what perhaps is still more decisive, several words which, though not found in the Greek, have been preserved in the Latin language. (Comp. Müller, Dorians, vol. i. p. 3, trans.) The ancients were unanimous in rejecting them from the true Hellenic family, but they must not be confounded with the armed plunderers-Illyrians, Thracians, and Epirots, by whom they were surrounded, as they resemble more nearly the Thessalians, and other ruder members of the Grecian name.