forms a small plain, which is cultivated by the villagers of Siloam. In the mouth of the southern valley which forms the continuation of these three valleys towards the Dead Sea, is a deep well, variously called the Well of Nehemiah, of Job, or Joab; supposed to be identical with Enrogel, "the well of the spies," mentioned in the borders of Judah and Benjamin, and elsewhere (Josh. xv. 7, xviii. 16; 2 Sam. xvii. 17; 1 Kings, i. 9). of Hinnom on nine low arches; and, being carried along the side of Mount Sion, crosses the Tyropoeon by the causeway into the Haram. The water is conveyed from Etham, or the Pools of Solomon, about two miles south of Bethlehem. (Josephus, B. J. ii. 9. § 4.) The mention of this aqueduct recalls a notice of Strabo, which has been perpetually illustrated in the history of the city; viz., that it was evτòs μèv evvopov ἐκτὸς δὲ παντελῶς διψηρόν .. αὐτὸ μὲν εὔυδρον, τὴν δὲ κύκλῳ χώραν ἔχον λυπρὰν καὶ ἄνυδρον. (xvi. p. 723.) Whence this abundant supply was derived it is extremely difficult to imagine, as, of On the opposite side of the valley, over against the Mount of Offence, is another high rocky hill, facing Mount Sion, called the Hill of Evil Council, from a tradition that the house of Annas the high-course, the aqueduct just mentioned would be impriest, father-in-law to Caiaphas (St. John, xviii. 13, 24), tace occupied this site. There is a curious oincidence with this in a notice of Josephus, who, in his account of the wall of circumvallation, mentions the monument of Ananus in this part (v. 12. § 2); which monument has lately been identified with an ancient rock-grave of a higher class, the Aceldama of ecclesiastical tradition,-a little below the ruins on this hill; which is again attested to be "the Potter's Field," by a stratum of white clay, which is still worked. (Schultz, Jerusalem, p. 39.) This grave is one of a series of sepulchres excavated in the lower part of this hill; among which are several bearing Greek inscriptions, of which all that is clearly intelligible are the words THC. AFIAC. CIWN., indicating that they belonged to inhabitants or communities in Jerusalem. (See the Inscriptions in Krafft, and the comments on his decipherments in the Holy City, Memoir, pp. 56 -60). Higher up the Valley of Hinnom is a large and very ancient pool, now called the Sultan's (Birket-esSultan), from the fact that it was repaired, and adorned with a handsome fountain, by Sultan Suliman IbnSelim, 1520-1566, the builder of the present citywall. It is, however, not only mentioned in the mediaeval notices of the city, but is connected by Nehemiah with another antiquity in the vicinity, called En-nebi Daid On Mount Sion, immediately above, and to the east of the pool, is a large and irregular mass of building, supposed by Christians, Jews, and Moslems, to contain the Tomb of David, and of his successors the kings of Judah. It has been said that M. de Sauley has attempted an elaborate proof of the iden tity of the Tombs of the Kings, at the head of the Valley of Jehoshaphat, with the Tomb of David. His theory is inadmissable; for it is clear, from the notices of Nehemiah, that the Sepulchres of David were not far distant from the Pool of "Siloah," close to the pool that was made," and, consequently, on that part of Mount Sion where they are now shown. (Nehem. i. 16-19.) The memory of David's tomb was still preserved until the destruction of Jerusalem (Josephus, Ant. xiii. 8. § 4, xvi. 7. § 1; Acts, ii. 29), and is noticed occasionally in the middle ages. (See Holy City, vol. ii. pp. 505-513.) In the same pile of buildings, now occupied by the Moslems, is shown the Coenaculum where our Lord is said to have instituted the Last Supper. Epiphanius mentions that this church was standing when Hadrian visited Jerumaleta (Pond. et Mens. cap. xiv.), and there St. Cyril delivered some of his catechetical lectures (Catech. xvi. 4). It was in this part of the Upper City that Titus spared the houses and city wall to form barracks for the soldiers of the garrison. (Vide sup.) Above the Pool of the Sultan, the Aqueduct of Pontius Pilate, already mentioned, crosses the Valley mediately cut Besides the other authorities cited or referred to [G. W.] ANTONING COINS OF AELIA CAPITOLINA (JERUSALEM). IGILGILI ('IYAλyıλí, Ptol.: Jijeli), a sea-port of Mauretania Caesariensis, on the Sinus Numidicus, made a Roman colony by Augustus. It stands on a headland, on the E. side of which a natural roadstead is formed by a reef of rocks running parallel to the shore; and it was probably in ancient times the emporium of the surrounding country. (Itin Ant. p. 18; Plin. v. 2. s. 1; Ptol. iv. 2. § 11; Ammian. Marc. xxix. 5; Tab. Peut.; Shaw, Travels, p. 45; Barth, Wanderungen, fc., p. 66.) [P.S.] IGILIUM (Giglio), an island off the coast of Etruria, directly opposite to the Mons Argentarius | one of the "xv. populi Umbriae" (Orell. Inser. 98 and the port of Cosa. It is, next to Ilva, the most as well as by Pliny and Ptolemy (Plin. iii. 14. s. 15 considerable of the islands near the coast of Etruria, Ptol. iii. 1. § 53), and it is probable that in Strab being 6 miles long by about 3 in breadth, and con- also we should read 'Iyoútov for the corrupt nam sists of a group of mountains of considerable eleva- ITоupov of the MSS. and earlier editions. (Stral tion. Hence Rutilius speaks of its silvosa cacu- v. p. 227; Cluver. Ital. p. 626.) But its seclude mina." (Itin. i. 325.) From that author we learn position in the mountains, and at a distance of som that, when Rome was taken by Alaric (A. D. 410), a miles from the line of the Via Flaminia, was pro number of fugitives from the city took refuge in bably unfavourable to its prosperity, and it does no Igilium, the insular position of which afforded them seem to have been a place of much importance complete security. Caesar also mentions it, during Silius Italicus speaks of it as very subject to fogthe Civil War, in conjunction with the neighbouring (viii. 459). It early became the see of a bishop port of Cosa, as furnishing a few vessels to Domi- and retained its episcopal rank throughout the middle tius, with which that general sailed for Massilia. ages, when it rose to be a place of considerably more (Caes. B. C. i. 34; Plin. iii. 6. s. 12; Mela, ii. 7. importance than it had enjoyed under the Roman § 19.) It is evident, therefore, that it was inhabited empire. in ancient as well as modern times. [E. H. B.] IGLETES, IGNETES. [HISPANIA.] IGULLIO'NES, in European Sarmatia, mentioned by Ptolemy as lying between the Stavani and Coistoboci, and to the east of the Venedi (iii. 5. § 21). Now the Stavani lay south of the Galindae and Sudini, populations of which the locality is known to be that of the Galinditae and Sudovitae of the middle ages, i. e. the parts about the Spirding-see in East Prussia. This would place the Igulliones in the southern part of Lithuania, or in parts of Grodno, Podolia, and Volhynia, in the country of the Jazwingi of the thirteenth century, - there or thereabouts. Zeuss has allowed himself to consider some such form as 'Irvyyiwves as the truer reading; and, so doing, identifies the names, as well as the localities, of the two populations (Irvyylwv, Jacwing),—the varieties of form being very numerous. The Jacwings were Lithuanians-Lithuanians as opposed to Slavonians; and in this lies their ethnological importance, inasmuch as the southward extension of that branch of the Sarmatian stock is undetermined. (See Zeuss, s. v. Jazwingi.) [R. G. L.] The modern city of Gubbio contains no ruins of ancient date; but about 8 miles to the E. of it, at a place now called La Schieggia, on the line of the ancient Flaminian Way, and just at the highest point of the pass by which it crosses the main ridge of the Apennines, some vestiges of an ancient temple are still visible, which are supposed with good reason to be those of the temple of Jupiter Apenninus. This is represented in the Tabula Peutingeriana as existing at the highest point of the pass, and is noticed also by Claudian in describing the progress of Honorius along the Flaminian Way. (Claudian, de VI. Cons. Hon. 504; Tab. Peut.) The oracle consulted by the emperor Claudius "in Apennino" (Treb. Poll. Claud. 10) may perhaps have reference to the same spot. Many bronze idols and other small objects of antiquity have been found near the ruins in question; but a far more important discovery, made on the same site in 1444, was that of the celebrated tables of bronze, commonly known as the Tabulae Eugubinae, which are still preserved in the city of Gubbio. These tables, which are seven in number, contain long inscriptions, four of which are in Etruscan characters, two in Latin, and one partially in Etruscan and partially in Latin characters; but the language is in all cases apparently the same, and is wholly distinct from that of the genuine Etruscan monuments on the one hand, as well as from Latin on the other, though exhibiting strong traces of affinity with the older Latin forms, as well as with the existing remains of the Oscan dialects. There can be no doubt that the language which we here find is that of the Umbrians themselves, who are represented by all ancient writers as nationally distinct both from the Etruscans and the Sabellian races. The ethnological and linguistic inferences from these important monuments will be more fully considered under the article UMBRIA. It is only of late years that they have been investigated with care; early antiquaries having formed the most extravagant theories as to their meaning: Lanzi had the merit of first pointing out that they evidently related only to certain sacrificial and other religious rites to be celebrated at the temple of Jupiter by the Iguvians themselves and some neighbouring communities. The interpretation has since been carried out, as far as our imperfect knowledge will permit, by Lepsius, Grotefend, and still more recently in the elaborate work of Aufrecht and Kirchhoff. (Lanzi, Saggio di Lingua Etrusca, vol. iii. pp. 657-768; Lepsius, de Tabulis Eugubinis, 1833; Inscriptiones Umbricae et Oscae, Lips. 1841; Grotefend, Rudimenta Linguae Umbricae, Hannov. 1835-1839; Aufrecht u. Kirchhoff, Die Umbrischen Sprach. Denkmäler, 4to. Berlin, 1849.) In the still im IGU'VIUM (youïov: Eth. Iguvinus: Gubbio), an ancient and important town of Umbria, situated on the W. slope of the Apennines, but not far from their central ridge, and on the left of the Via Flaminia. Its existence as an ancient Umbrian city is sufficiently attested by its coins, as well as by a remarkable monument presently to be noticed; but we find no mention of it in history previous to the period of its subjection to Rome, and we only learn incidentally from Cicero that it enjoyed the privileged condition of a "foederata civitas," and that the terms of its treaty were of a highly favourable character. (Cic. pro Balb. 20, where the reading of the older editions, "Fulginatium," is certainly erroneous: see Orelli, ad loc.) The first mention of its name occurs in Livy (xlv. 43, where there is no doubt we should read Iguvium for "Igiturvium ") as the place selected by the Roman senate for the confinement of the Illyrian king Gentius and his sons, when the people of Spoletium refused to receive them. Its natural strength of position, which was evidently the cause of its selection on this occasion, led also to its bearing a conspicuous part in the beginning of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, when it was occupied by the praetor Minucius Thermus with five cohorts; but on the approach of Curio with three cohorts, Thermus, who was apprehensive of a revolt of the citizens, abandoned the town without resistance. (Caes. B. C. i. 12; Cic. ad Att. vii. 13, b.) Under the Roman dominion Iguvium seems to have lapsed into the condition of an ordinary municipal town: we find it noticed in an inscription as perfect state of our knowledge of the inscriptions in question, it is somewhat hazardous to draw from them positive conclusions as to proper names; but it seems that we may fairly infer the mention of several small towns or communities in the immediate neighbourhood of Iguvium. These were, however, in all probability not independent communities, but pagi, er villages dependent upon Iguvium itself. Of this description were: Akerunia or Acerronia (probably answering to the Latin Aquilonia), Clavernia (in Lat. Clavenna), Curia or Cureia, Casilum, Juviscum, Maseia, Pierium (?), Tarsina, and Trebla or Trepla. The last of these evidently corresponds to the Latin name Trebia or Trebula, and may refer to the Umbrian town of that name: the Cureiati of the inscription are evidently the same with the Curiates of Pliny, mentioned by him among the extinct communities of Umbria (Plin. iii. 14. s. 19); while the names of Museia and Casilum are said to be still retained by two villages called Museia and Casilo in the immediate neighbourhood of Gubbio. Chiaserna, another neighbouring village, is perhaps the Claverna of the Tables. The coins of Iguvium, which are of bronze, and of large size (so that they must be anterior to the reduction of the Italian As), have the legend IKVVINI, which is probably the original form of the name, and is found in the Tables, though we here meet also with the softened and probably later form "Ijovina," orlovina." [E. H. B.] ILA, in Scotland, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. §5) as the first river south of the Berubium Promontorium Firth of Dornoch. [R. G. L.] ILARAUGATAE. [HISPANIA; ILERGETES.] ILARCU'RIS. [CARPETANI.] ILARGUS, a river of Rhaetia Secunda, flowing from west to east, and emptying itself into the Danube. (Pedo Albinov. Eleg. ad Liv. 386, where the common reading is Itargus; others read Isargus, and regard it as the same as the river Atagis (Arays) mentioned by Strabo, iv. p. 207, with Groskard's note, vol. i. p. 356.) It would, however, appear that llargus and Isargus were two different rivers, since in later writers we find, with a slight change, a river Ililara (Vita S. Magni, 18), answering to the modern Iller, and another, Ysarche (Act. &. Cassiani, ap. Resch. Annal. Sabion, iv. 7), the madera Eisach, which flows in a southern direction, and empties itself into the Athesis. [L. S.] ILATTIA (Darría, Polyb. ap. Steph. B. s. v.), a town of Crete, which is probably the same as the ELATUS of Pliny (iv. 12). Some editions read Clatus, incorrectly classed by him among the inland towns. (Höck, Kreta, vol. i. p. 432.) [E. B. J.] ILDUM. [EDETANI.] ILEL. [HERMIONE.] ILEOSCA. [OSCA.] ILERCA'ONES ('Ieprάoves, Ptol. ii. 6. §§ 16, 64; Ilercaonenses, Liv. xxii. 21; Illurgavonenses, Caes. B. C. i. 60: in this, as in so many other Spanish names, the e and g are interchangeable), a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, occupying that portion of the sea-coast of EDETANIA which lay between the rivers UDUBA and IBERUS. Their act boundaries appear to have been a little to the X of each of these rivers. They possessed the town of Dertosa (Tortosa), on the left bank of the Iberus, and it was their chief city. [DERTOSA.] Their ther towns, according to Ptolemy, were:- ADEBA (Adesa: Amposta ?), TIARIULIA (Tapiouxía: Teari Julienses, ap. Plin. iii. 3. s. 4: Trayguera), BISCARGIS (Biokapy's; Biscargitani civ. Rom., Plin.: Berrus), SIGARRA (Ziyappa: Segarra, Marca, Hisp. ii. 8), CARTHAGO VETUS (Kapxnowv waλaiá: Carta Vieja, Marca, ibid.), and THEAVA (@eava). Ukert also assigns to them, on the N. of the Iberus, TRAJA CAPITA, OLEASTRUM, TARRACO, and other places, which seem clearly to have belonged to the COSETANI. The name of their country, ILERCAVONIA, occurs on the coins of their city IBERA. [P. S.] ILERDA ('Iλépda, and rarely Elxépda; Hilerda, Auson. Epist. xxv. 59: Eth. 'Iλepdirai, Ilerdenses: Lerida), the chief city of the ILERGETES, in Hispania Tarraconensis, is a place of considerable importance, historically as well as geographically. It stood upon an eminence, on the right (W.) bank of the river SICORIS (Segre), the principal tributary of the Ebro, and some distance above its confluence with the CINGA (Cinca); thus commanding the country between those rivers, as well as the great road from Tarraco to the NW. of Spain, which here crossed the Sicoris. (Itin. Ant. pp. 391, 452.) Its situation (propter ipsius loci opportunitatem, Caes. B. C. i. 38) induced the legates of Pompey in Spain to make it the key of their defence against Caesar, in the first year of the Civil War (B. c. 49). Afranius and Petreius threw themselves into the place with five legions; and their siege by Caesar himself, as narrated in his own words, forms one of the most interesting passages of military history. The resources exhibited by the great general, in a contest where the formation of the district and the very elements of nature seemed in league with his enemies, have been compared to those displayed by the great Duke before Badajoz; but no epitome can do justice to the campaign. It ended by the capitulation of Afranius and Petreius, who were conquered as much by Caesar's generosity as by his strategy. (Caes. B. C. i. 38, et seq.; Flor. iv. 12; Appian, B. C. ii. 42; Vell. Pat. ii. 42; Suet. Caes. 34; Lucan, Pharsal. iv. 11, 144.) Under the empire, Ilerda was a very flourishing city, and a municipium. It had a fine stone bridge over the Sicoris, on the foundations of which the existing bridge is built. In the time of Ausonius the city had fallen into decay; but it rose again into importance in the middle ages. (Strab. iii. p. 161; Horat. Epist. i. 20. 13; coins, ap. Florez, Med. ii. pp. 451, 646, iii. p. 73; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 44, Suppl. vol. i. p. 89; Sestini, pp. 161, 166; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 51.) [P. S.] ILERGETES ('Iλépyntes, Ptol. ii. 6. § 68; Liv. xxi. 23, 61, xxii. 22; Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; 'Iλouρyntes, Polyb. iii. 35) or ILE'RGETAE ('Iλepyéra, Strab. iii. p. 161: doubtless the 'IXapavyáral of Hecataeus, ap. Steph. B. s. v.), a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, extending on the N. of the Iberus (Ebro) from the river GALLICUS (Gallego) to both banks of the SICORIS (Segre), and as far E. as the RUBRICATUS (Llobregat); and having for neighbours the EDETANI and CELTIBERI on the S., the VASCONES on the W., on the N. and NE. the small peoples at the foot of the Pyrenees, as the JACCETANI, CASTELLANI, AUSETANI, and CERRETANI, and on the SE. the COSETANI. Besides ILERDA, their chief cities were: the colony of CELSA (Velilla, near Xelsa), Osca (Huesca), famous in the story of torius; and ATHANAGIA, which Livy (xxi. 61) makes their capital, but which no other writer names. On the great road from Italy into the N. of Spain, reckoning from Tarraco, stood ILERDA, 62 M. P.; TOLOUS, 32 M. P., in the conventus of Caesaraugusta, and with the civitas Romana (Plin.); PERTUSA, 18 M. P. (Pertusa, on the Alcanadre); OSCA, 19 M. P., whence it was 46 M. P. to Caesaraugusta (Itin. Ant. p. 391). panions of Aeneas, who settled in the island, and remained there in quiet until they were compelled by the Africans, who subsequently occupied the coasts of Sardinia, to take refuge in the more rugged and inaccessible mountain districts of the interior. (Paus. x. 17. § 7.) This tale has evidently oriSer-ginated in the resemblance of the name of Ilienses, in the form which the Romans gave it, to that of the Trojans; and the latter part of the story was invented to account for the apparent anomaly of a people that had come by sea dwelling in the interior of the island. What the native name of the Ilienses was, we know not, and we are wholly in the dark as to their real origin or ethnical affinities: but their existence as one of the most considerable tribes of the interior at the period of the Roman conquest, is On a loop of the same road, starting from well ascertained; and they are repeatedly mentioned Caesaraugusta, were:- - GALLICUM, 15 M. P., on by Livy as contending against the supremacy of the river Gallicus (Zunra, on the Gallego); Rome. Their first insurrection, in B.C. 181, was BORTINAE, 18 M. P. (Boupriva, Ptol.: Tori- repressed, rather than put down, by the praetor nos); Osca, 12 M. P.; CAUS, 29 M. P.; MENDI- M. Pinarius; and in B.c. 178, the Ilienses aud Balari, CULEIA, 19 M. P. (probably Monzon); ILERDA, in conjunction, laid waste all the more fertile and 22 M. P. (Itin. Ant. pp. 451, 452). On the road settled parts of the island; and were even able to from Caesaraugusta, up the valley of the Gallicus, meet the consul Ti. Sempronius Gracchus in a pitched to Benearnum (Orthes) in Gallia, were, FORUM battle, in which, however, they were defeated with GALLORUM, 30 M. P. (Gurrea), and EBELLINUM, heavy loss. In the course of the following year 22 M. P. (Beilo), whence it was 24 M. P. to the sum- they appear to have been reduced to complete submit of the pass over the Pyrenees (Itin. Ant. p.452). | mission; and their name is not again mentioned in Besides these places, Ptolemy mentions BERGUSIA history. (Liv. xl. 19, 34, xli. 6, 12, 17.) Bepyovoía: Balaguer), on the Sicoris; BERGIDUM (Bépyidov); ERGA (Epya); SUCCOSA (ZоUккŵσα); GALLICA FLAVIA (гáλλikα Þλαovía: Fraga ?); and ORGIA ('pкíà, prob. Orgagna), a name also found on coins (Sestini, Med. Isp. p. 99), while the same coins bear the name of AESONES, and inscriptions found near the Sicoris have AESONENSIS and JESSONENSIS (Muratori, Nov. Thes. p. 1021, Nos. 2, 3; Spon, Misc. Erud. Ant. p. 188), with which the GESSORIENSES of Pliny may perhaps have some connection. BERSICAL is mentioned on coins (Sestini, p. 107), and OCTOGESA (prob. La Granja, at the confluence of the Segre and the Ebro) by Caesar (B. C. i. 61; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. pp. 450-453). [P.S.] ILE'SIUM. [EILESIUM.] I'LICI or ILLICI (Itin. Ant. p. 401; 'Iλikiàs 'IAAIKís, Ptol. ii. 6. § 62: Elche), an inland city of the Contestani, but near the coast, on which it had a port (IAAikiтavòs λiμhy, Ptol. I. c. § 14), lying just in the middle of the bay formed by the Pr. Saturni and Dianium, which was called Illicitanus Sinus. The city itself stood at the distance of 52 M. P. from Carthago Nova, on the great road to Tarraco (Itin. Ant. p. 401), and was a Colonia immunis, with the jus Italicum (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Paulus, Dig. viii. de Cens.). Its coins are extant of the period of the empire (Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 458; Sestini, p. 166; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 45, Suppl. vol. i. p. 90; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 51). Pliny adds to his mention of the place: in eam contribuuntur Icositani. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. pp. 402, 403.) [P. S.] ILIENSES ('I^ies, Paus.), a people of the interior of Sardinia, who appear to have been one of the most considerable of the mountain tribes in that island. Mela calls them "antiquissimi in ea popu The situation and limits of the territory occupied by the Ilienses, cannot be determined: but we find them associated with the Balari and Corsi, as inhabiting the central and mountainous districts of the island. Their name is not found in Ptolemy, though he gives a long list of the tribes of the interior. Many writers have identified the Ilienses with the Iolaenses or Iolai, who are also placed in the interior of Sardinia; and it is not improbable that they were really the same people, but ancient authors certainly make a distinction between the two. [E. H. B.] ILIGA. [HELICE.] I'LIPA. 1. (Ima, Strab. iii. pp. 141, seq.; 'I^λíña † Aaîñа μeɣáλŋ, Ptol. ii. 4. § 13; Ilipa cognomine Illa, Plin. iii. 1. s. 3, according to the corrupt reading which Sillig's last edition retains for want of a better: some give the epithet in the form Ilpa: Harduin reads Ilia, on the authority of an inscription, which is almost certainly spurious, ap. Gruter, pp. 351,305, and Muratori, p. 1002), a city of the Turdetani, in Hispania Baetica, belonging to the conventus of Hispalis. It stood upon the right bank of the Baetis (Guadalquivir), 700 stadia from its mouth, at the point up to which the river was navigable for vessels of small burthen, and where the tides were no longer discernible. [BAETIS.] On this and other grounds it has been identified with the Roman ruins near Peñaflor. There were great silver mines in its neighbourhood. (Strab. I. c., and pp. 174, 175; Plin. l. c.; Itin. Ant. p. 411; Liv. xxxv. 1; Florez, Esp. S. vol. vii. lorum," and Pliny also mentions them among the LICENSE "celeberrimi populorum" of Sardinia. (Mel. ii. 7. 19; Plin. iii. 7. s. 13.) Pausanias, who terms them 'IAteis, distinctly ascribes to them a Trojan origin, and derives them from a portion of the com COIN OF ILIPA, p. 222, vol. ix. p. 24, vol. xii. p. 52; Morales, Asg. p. 88; Mentelle, Esp. Anc. p. 243; Coins ep. Firez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 468, vol. iii. p. 79; Monnet, vol. i. p. 15, Suppl. vol. i. p. 28; Eckbel, vol. i. p. 22; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 374.) 2. [ILIPLA.] [P.S.] TLIPLA (Coins; ILIPA, Itin. Ant. p. 432; probably the IAAÍ≈ovλa of Ptol. ii. 4. § 12: Niebia), a city of the Turdetani, in the W. of Hisparia Baetica, on the high road from Hispalis to the mouth of the Anas. (Caro, Antig. Hisp. iii. 81; Coins ap. Florez, Med. vol. ii. p. 471; Mionnet, vel ip 16, Suppl. vol. i. p. 29; Sestini, p. 53; Eckbel, vol. i. p. 22.) [P.S.] ILI PULA. 1. Surnamed LAUS by Pliny (iii. 1. 5.31 and MAGNA by Ptolemy ('IAλíñovλa μeɣáλn, i. 4. §12). a city of the Turduli, in Baetica, between the Baetis and the coast, perhaps Loxa. (Thert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 363.) 2. MINOR (prob. Olvera or Lepe di Ronda, near Carmona), a tributary town of the Turdetani, in Hispania Baetica, belonging to the conventus of Hispas. (Plin. iii. 1. s. 3; Sestini, Med. Esp. P. 54.) [P.S.] ILI'PULA MONS ("I^ímovλa), a range of mountains in Baetica, S. of the Baetis, mentioned only by Pemy (L 4. § 15), and supposed by some to be the Sierra Nevada, by others the Sierra de Alhama er the Alpujarras. [P.S.] sion by an account of the investigations of modern travellers and scholars to identify the site of the famous city. Our most ancient authority are the Homeric poems; but we must at the very outset remark, that we cannot look upon the poet in every respect as a careful and accurate topographer; but that, admitting his general accuracy, there may yet be points on which he cannot be taken to account as if it had been his professed object to communicate information on the topography of Troy. The city of Ilium was situated on a rising ground, somewhat above the plain between the rivers Scamander and Simois, at a distance, as Strabo asserts, of 42 stadia from the coast of the Hellespont. (Hom. Il. xx. 216, fol.; Strab. xiii. p. 596.) That it was not quite in the plain is clear from the epithets veμócooa, aimewń, and oppvóeaσa. Behind it, on the south-east, there rose a hill, forming a branch of Mount Ida, surmounted by the acropolis, called Pergamum (тò Пéрyaμov, Hom. Il. iv. 508, vi. 512; also rà Пéрyaua, Soph. Phil. 347, 353, 611; or, Пéрyaμos, Hom. II. v. 446, 460.) This fortified acropolis contained not only all the temples of the gods (Il. iv. 508, v. 447,512, vi. 88, 257, xxii. 172, &c.), but also the palaces of Priam and his sons, Hector and Paris (Il. vi. 317, 370, 512, vii. 345). The city must have had many gates, as may be inferred from the expression não a Túλai (Il. ii. 809, and elsewhere), but only one is mentioned by name, viz., the Exatal múλai, which led to the camp of the Greeks, and must accordingly have been on the northwest part of the city, that is, the part just opposite the acropolis (II. iii. 145, 149, 263, vi. 306, 392, xvi. 712, &c.). The origin of this name of the "left gate" is unknown, though it may possibly have reference to the manner in which the signs in the heavens were observed; for, during this process, the priest turned his face to the north, so that the north-west would be on his left hand. Certain minor objects alluded to in the Iliad, such as the tombs of Ilus, Aesyetes, and Myrine, the Scopie and Erineus, or the wild fig-tree, we ought probably not attempt to urge very strongly we are, in fact, prevented from attributing much weight to them by the circumstance that the inhabitants of New Ilium, who believed that their town stood on the site of the ancient city, boasted that they could show close to their walls these doubt ILISSUS. [ATTICA, p. 323, a.] ILISTRA (Iστpa : Illisera), a town in Lycacia, on the road from Laranda to Isaura, which is still in existence. (Hierocl. p. 675; Concil. Ephes. p. 534; Concil. Chalced p.674; Hamilton, Researches, p. 324; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 102.) [L. S.] ILITHYTA (Exeovías róis, Strab. xviii. p. 817: Elevias, Ptol. iv. 5. § 73), a town of the Eyptian Heptanomis, 30 miles NE. of Apollinopolis Maya. It was situated on the eastern bank of the Nile, in lat. 25° 3' N. According to Plutarch (Isis et (hair. e. 73), Ilithyia contained a temple dedicated Bubastis, to whom, as to the Taurian Artemis, haman victims were, even at a comparatively recent period, sacrificed. A bas-relief (Minutoi, p. 394, seq.) discovered in the temple of Bubastis at ElKab. representing such a sacrifice, seems to confirm Plutarch's statement. The practice of human sacrifice among the Aegyptians is, indeed, called in ques-ful vestiges of antiquity. (Strab. xiii. p. 599.) The tion by Herodotus (ii. 45); yet that it once prevailed anng them is rendered probable by Manetho's statement of a king named Amosis having abolished the custom,and substituted a waxen image for the human Victim. (Porphyr. de Abstinent. ii. p. 223; Euseb. Proep. Erang. iv. 16; comp. Ovid, Fast. v. 621.) The singularity in Plutarch's story is the recent date of the imputed sacrifices. [W. B. D.] ILITURGIS. [ILLITURGIS.] ILIUM, I'LIOS CIMOV, “Íλios: Eth. 'Ixie's, fs), sometimes also called TROJA (Tooía), wace the inhabitants are commonly called Tpŵes, and in the Latin writers Trojani. The existence of this city, to which we commonly give the name of Try, cannot be doubted any more than the simple fact of the Trojan War, which was believed to have ended with the capture and destruction of the city, er a war of ten years, B. c. 1184. Troy was the pipal city of the country called Troas. As the city has been the subject of curious inquiry, both in ancient and modern times, it will be necessary, in the fint instance, to collect and analyse the statements of the ancient writers; and to follow up this discus walls of Ilium are described as lofty and strong, and as flanked with towers; they were fabled to have been built by Apollo and Poseidon (I. i. 129, ii. 113, 288, iii. 153, 384, 386, vii. 452, viii. 519). These are the only points of the topography of Ilium derivable from the Homeric poems. The city was destroyed, according to the common tradition, as already remarked, about B. c. 1184; but afterwards we hear of a new Ilium, though we are not informed when and on what site it was built. Herodotus (vii. 42) relates that Xerxes, before invading Greece, offered sacrifices to Athena at Pergamum, the ancient acropolis of Priam; but this does not quite justify the inference that the new town of Ilium was then already in existence, and all that we can conclude from this passage is, that the people at that time entertained no doubt as to the sites of the ancient city and its acropolis. Strabo (xiii. p. 601) states that Ilium was restored during the last dynasty of the Lydian kings; that is, before the subjugation of Western Asia by the Persians: and both Xenophon (Hellen. i. 1. § 4) and Scylax (p. 35) seem to speak of Ilium as a town actually existing in their days. |