who were stationed in the strong links of the chain of military posts which was scattered along the frontier of the Danube. Inscriptions are extant on which the records of its occupation by the 7th and 11th legions can still be read. (Orelli, nos. 3452, 3553, 4995, 4996; comp. Joseph. B. J. ii. 16; Tac. Ann. iv. 5, Hist. ii. 11. 85.) There was at that time no seat of government or capital; but the province was divided into regions called "convectus: each region, of which there were three, named from the towns of SCARDONA, SALONA, and NABONA, was subdivided into numerous "decurise." Thus the conventus" of Salona had 382 decuriae. (Plin. iii. 26.) IADERA, SALONA, NARONA, and EPIDAURUS, were Roman "coloniae;" APOLLONIA and CORCYRA, "civitates liberae." (Appian, Illyr. 8: Polyb. ii. 11.) The jurisdiction of the pro-praetor," or "legatus," does not appear to have extended throughout the whole of Illyricum, but merely over the maritime portion. The inland district either had its own governor, or was under the praefect of Pannonia. Salona in later times became the capital of the province (Procop. B. G. i. 15; Herocles), and the governor was styled "praeses." (Ureili, nos. 1098, 3599.) The most notable of there were Dion Cassius the historian, and his father Cassius Apronianus.

The warlike youth of Pannonia and Dalinatia aded an inexhaustible supply of recruits to the lecions stationed on the banks of the Danube; and the peasants of Illyricum, who had already given Claudius, Aurelian, and Probus to the sinking empire, achieved the work of rescuing it by the elevation of Diocletian and Maximian to the imperial parple. (Comp. Gibbon, c. xiii.)

the West would have been lost to the Greeks. He-
raclius, in his plan for circumscribing the ravages
of the northern enemies of the empire, occupied the
whole interior of the country, from the borders of
Istria to the territory of Dyrrhachium, with colonies
of the Serbs or W. Slaves. From the settlement of
the Servian Slavonians within the bounds of the
empire we may therefore date, as has been said
above, the earliest encroachments of the Illyrian or
Albanian race on the Hellenic population of the
South. The singular events which occurred in the
reign of Heraclius are not among the least of the
elements which have gone to make up the con-
dition of the modern Greek nation. [E. B.J.]
ILORCI. [ELIOCROCA.]
ILUCIA. [ORETANI.]

ILURATUM ('IXoúpaтov, Ptol. iii. 6. § 6), a
town in the interior of the Tauric Chersonese, pro-
bably somewhat to the N. of Kaffa. [E. B. J.]
ILURCA'ONES. [ILERCAONES.]
ILURCIS. [GRACCURRIS.]

ILURGEIA, ILURGIS. [ILLITURGIS.]
ILURGETAE. [ILERGETES.]

ILURO, in Gallia Aquitania, is placed by the Antonine Itin. on the road from Caesaraugusta, in Spain, to Beneharmum. [BENEHARMUM.] Iluro is between Aspaluca [ASPALUCA] and Beneharmum. The modern site of Iluro is Oléron, which is the same name. Oléron is in the department of Basses Pyrénées, at the junction of the Gave d'Aspe, the river of Aspaluca, and the Gare d'Ossau, which by their union form the Gare d'Oléron. Gave is the name in these parts for the river-valleys of the Pyrenees. In the Notitia of Gallia, Iluro is the Civitas Elloronensium. The place was a bishop's see from the commencement of the sixth century. [G. L.]

I'LURO. 1. (Alora), a city of Baetica, situated on a hill. (Inser. ap. Carter, Travels, p. 161; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. p. 358.)

2. [LAEETANI.]

[P.S.]

ILUZA (тà ˇIXov(a), a town in Phrygia Pacatiana, which is mentioned only in very late writers, and is probably the same as Aludda in the Table of Peutinger; in which case it was situated between Sebaste and Acmonia, 25 Roman miles to the east of the latter town. It was the see of a Christian bishop. (Hierocl. p. 667; Concil. Constant. iii. p. 534.) [L. S.]

After the final division of the empire, Marcellinus, * Patrician of the West," occupied the maritime portion of W. Ilyricum, and built a fleet which claimed the dominion of the Adriatic. [DALMATIA] E. Illyricum appears to have suffered so much from the hostilities of the Goths and the oppressions of Alaric, who was declared, A. D. 398, its master-general (comp. Claudian, in Eutrop. ii. 216, de Bell. Get. 535), that there is a law of Theodosius IL which exempts the cities of Illyricum from contributing towards the expenses of the public spectacles at Constantinople. (Theod. cod. x. tit. 8. 7.) But though suffering from these inroads, casual encounters often showed that the people were ILVA ('Iλova, Ptol.: Elba), called by the Greeks not destitute of courage and military skill. Attila AETHALIA (Al@aλía, Strab., Diod.; Albáλeia, Ps. himself, the terror of both Goths and Romans, was Arist., Philist. ap. Steph. B.), an island in the defeated before the town of Azimus, a frontier for- Tyrrhenian Sea, lying off the coast of Etruria, oppotress of Illyricum. (Priscus, p. 143, ed. Bonn; site to the headland and city of Populonium. It comp. Gibbon, c. xxxiv.; Finlay, Greece under the is much the most important of the islands in this Romana, p. 203.) The coasts of Illyricum were sea, situated between Corsica and the mainland, essered of great importance to the court of Con- being about 18 miles in length, and 12 in its stantinople. The rich produce transported by the greatest breadth. Its outline is extremely irregular, caravans which reached the N. shores of the Black the mountains which compose it, and which rise in Sea was then conveyed to Constantinople to be dis- some parts to a height of above 3000 feet, being treated through W. Europe. Under these circum-indented by deep gulfs and inlets, so that its breadth stances, it was of the utmost consequence to defend the two points of Thessalonica and Dyrrhachium, the two cities which commanded the extremities of the usual road between Constantinople and the Adriatic. (Tafel, de Thessalonica, p. 221; Hullan. Geschick, des Byzantischen Handels, p. 76.) The open country was abandoned to the Avars and the E. Slaves, who made permanent settlements even to the S. of the Via Egnatia; but none of these settlements were allowed to interfere wit th❘ es of communication, without which the trade of

in some places does not exceed 3 miles. Its circuit is greatly overstated by Pliny at 100 Roman miles: the same author gives its distance from Populonium at 10 miles, which is just about correct; but the width of the strait which separates it from the nearest point of the mainland (near Piombino) does not much exceed 6, though estimated by Diodorus as 100 stadia (12 miles), and by Strabo, through an enormous error, at not less than 300 stadia. (Strab. v. p. 223; Diod. v. 13; Plin. iii. 6. s. 12; Mel. ii. 7. § 19; Scyl. p. 2. § 6; Apoll. Rhod.

iv. 654.) Ilva was celebrated in ancient times, as
it still is at the present day, for its iron mines;
these were probably worked from a very early period
by the Tyrrhenians of the opposite coast, and were
already noticed by Hecataeus, who called the island
Altán: indeed, its Greek name was generally re-
garded as derived from the smoke (al@άλn) of the
numerous furnaces employed in smelting the iron.
(Diod. v. 13; Steph. B. s. v.) In the time of Strabo,
however, the iron ore was no longer smelted in the
island itself, the want of fuel compelling the inha-
bitants (as it does at the present day) to transport
the ore to the opposite mainland, where it was
smelted and wrought so as to be fitted for com-
mercial purposes.
The unfailing abundance of the
ore (alluded to by Virgil in the line
“Insula inexhaustis Chalybum generosa metallis")

The only mention of Ilva that occurs in history is in B. C. 453, when we learn from Diodorus that it was ravaged by a Syracusan fleet under Phayllus, in revenge for the piratical expeditions of the Tyrrhenians. Phayllus having effected but little, a second fleet was sent under Apelles, who is said to have made himself master of the island; but it certainly did not remain subject to Syracuse. (Diod. xi. 88.) The name is again incidentally mentioned by Livy (xxx. 39) during the expedition of the consul Tib. Claudius to Corsica and Sardinia.

the circumstances here related, it is clear that they
dwelt on the N. slopes of the Apennines, towards
the plains of the Padus, and apparently not very
far from Clastidium (Casteggio); but we cannot de-
termine with certainty either the position or extent of
their territory. Their name, like those of most of the
Ligurian tribes mentioned by Livy, had disappeared
in the Augustan age, and is not found in any of the
geographers. [LIGURIA.] Walckenaer, however,
supposes the ELEATES over whom the consul M.
Fulvius Nobilior celebrated a triumph in B. C. 159
(Fast. Capit. ap. Gruter, p. 297), and who are in
all probability the same people with the Veleiates of
Pliny [VELEIA], to be identical also with the Il-
vates of Livy; but this cannot be assumed without
further proof. (Walckenaer, Geogr. des Gaules,
vol. i. p. 154.)
[E. H. B.]

IMACHARA (Ιμιχάρα or Ημιχάρα, Ptol.: Eth. led to the notion that it grew again as fast as it Imacharensis, Cic.; Imacarensis, Plin.), a city of was extracted from the mines. It had also the Sicily, the name of which does not appear in history, advantage of being extracted with great facility, as but which is repeatedly mentioned by Cicero among it is not sunk deep beneath the earth, but forms the municipal towns of the island. There is great a hill or mountain mass of solid ore. (Strab. I. c.; discrepancy in regard to the form of the name, which Diod. l. c.; Virg. Aen. x. 174; Plin. iii. 6. s. 12, is written in many MSS. "Macarensis or "Machaxxxiv. 14. s. 41; Pseud. Arist. de Mirab. 95; Rutil.rensis;" and the same uncertainty is found in those Itin. i. 351-356; Sil. Ital. viii. 616.) The mines, of Pliny, who also notices the town among those of which are still extensively worked, are situated at a the interior of Sicily. (Cic. Verr. iii. 18, 42, v. 7; place called Rio, near the E. coast of the island; Zumpt, ad loc.; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14; Sillig, ad loc.) they exhibit in many cases unequivocal evidence of From the manner in which it is spoken of by Cicero, the ancient workings. it would seem to have been a town of some consideration, with a territory fertile in corn. That writer associates it with Herbita, Assorus, Agyrium, and other towns of the interior, in a manner that would lead us to suppose it situated in the same region of Sicily; and this inference is confirmed by Ptolemy, who places Hemichara or Himichara (evidently the same place) in the NE. of Sicily, between Capitium and Centuripa. (Ptol. iii. 4. § 12.) Hence Cluverius conjectures that it may have occupied the site of Traina, but this is wholly uncertain. Fazello and other Sicilian writers have supposed the ruins of Ilva has the advantage of several excellent ports, an ancient city, which are still visible on the coast of which that on the N. side of the island, now about 9 miles N. of Cape Pachynum, near the Porto called Porto Ferraio, was known in ancient times Vindicari, to be those of Imachara; but though the as the PORTUS ARGOUS ('Apy@os Aquiv), from the name of Macaresa, still borne by an adjoining headcircumstance that the Argonauts were believed to land, gives some colour to this opinion, it is wholly have touched there on their return voyage, while opposed to the data furnished us by ancient authors, sailing in quest of Circe. (Strab. v. p. 224; Diod. who all agree in placing Imachara in the interior of iv. 56; Apollon. Rhod. iv. 658.) Considerable ruins the island. The ruins in question, which indicate of buildings of Roman date are visible at a place the site of a considerable town, are regarded by Clucalled Le Grotte, near Porto Ferraio, and others verius (but equally without authority) as those of are found near Capo Castello, at the NE. extremity Ichana. (Cluver. Sicil. p. 356; Fazell. de Reb. Sic. of the island. The quarries of granite near S. Piero, iv. 2, p. 217; Amico, Not. ad Fazell. pp. 417, 447; in the SW. part of Elba, appears also to have been Hoare's Classical Tour, vol. ii. p. 301.) [E. H. B.] extensively worked by the Romans, though no notice IMA'US, the great mountain chain, which, acof them is found in any ancient writer; but nume-cording to the ancients, divided Northern Asia into rous columns, basins for fountains, and other archi- Scythia intra Imaum" and Scythia extra tectural ornaments, still remain, either wholly or in Imaum." This word (Tò Iuzov opos, Strab. xv. part hewn out of the adjacent quarry. (Hoare, p. 689; Ptol. vi. 13. § 1; rò 'Iμaîov upos, Strab. Class. Tour, vol. i. pp. 23-29). [E. H. B.] ii. p. 129; Iuaos, Agathem. ii. 9: although ILVATES, a Ligurian tribe, whose name is all the MSS. of Strabo (xi. p. 516) have Isamus found only in Livy. He mentions them first as Cloauos) in the passage describing the expeditaking up arms in B. C. 200, in concert with the tion of the Graeco-Bactrian king Menander, yet Gaulish tribes of the Insubres and Cenomani, to de- there can be no doubt but that the text is corrupt, stroy the Roman colonies of Placentia and Cremona. and the word Imaus should be substituted), conThey are again noticed three years later as being nected with the Sanscrit himarat, "snowy" (comp. still in arms, after the submission of their Transpa- Plin. vi. 17; Bohlen, das Alte Indien, vol. i. p. 11; dane allies; but in the course of that year's cam- Lassen, Ind. Alt. vol. i. p. 17), is one of those many paign (B. C. 197) they were reduced by the consul significative expressions which have been used for Q. Minucius, and their name does not again appear mountain masses upon every zone of the earth's surin history. (Liv. xxx. 10, xxxi. 29, 30.) From face (for instance, Mont Blanc, in Savoy, Sierra

66

|

worship of the Cabeiri and Hermes, whom the Ca- | de Maire; but the numbers will not agree.
rians called Imbrasus. (Steph. B. s. v. "Iμspos.)
Both the island and the city of Imbros are mentioned
by Homer, who gives to the former the epithet of
waiwaλoéσon. (Il. xiii. 33, xiv. 281, xxiv. 78, Hymn.
in Apoll. 36.) The island was annexed to the Per-
sian empire by Otanes, a general of Dareius, at
which time it was still inhabited by Pelasgians.
(Herod. v. 26.) It was afterwards colonised by the
Athenians, and was no doubt taken by Miltiades
along with Lemnos. It was always regarded in
later times as an ancient Athenian possession: thus
the peace of Antalcidas, which declared the inde-
pendence of all the Grecian states, nevertheless
lowed the Athenians to retain possession of Lemnos,
Imbros, and Scyros (Xen. Hell. iv. 8. § 15, v. 1. §
31); and at the end of the war with Philip the Ro-
mans restored to the same people the islands of
Lemnos, Imbros, Delos, and Scyros. (Liv. xxxiii.
30.)

The

real distance is much less than xii. M. P., which is the distance in the Itin.; and D'Anville, applying his usual remedy, alters it to vii. But Walckenaer well objects to fixing on a little island or rock as the position of Immadrus, and then charging the Itinerary with being wrong. He finds the distance from a little bay west of Cap Morgiou to Marseille to agree with the Itin. measure of 12 M. P. [G. L.] IMMUNDUS SINUS (åкáðaρтos Kóλæos, Strab. xvii. p. 770; Diod. iii. 39; Ptol. iv. 5. § 7; Plin. vi. 29. s. 33), the modern Foul Bay, in lat. 22° N., derived its appellation from the badness of its anal-chorage, and the difficulty of navigating vessels among its numerous reefs and breakers. In its furthest western recess lay the city of Berenice, founded, or rather enlarged, by Ptolemy Philadelphus, and so named by him in honour of his mother, the widow of Ptolemy Soter; and opposite its mouth was the island Ophiodes, famous alike for the reptiles which infested it, and its quarries of topaz. The latter was much employed by Aegyptian artisans for ornamenting rings, scarabaei, &c., &c. [BERENICE.] [W. B. D.]

The coins of Imbros have the common Athenian emblem, the head of Pallas. Imbros seems to have afforded good anchorage. The fleet of Antiochus first sailed to Imbros, and from thence crossed over to Sciathus. (Liv. xxxv. 43.) The ship which carried Ovid into exile also anchored in the harbour of Imbros, which the poet calls "Imbria

COIN OF IMBROS.

tellus." (Ov. Trist. i. 10, 18.) The island is still called by its ancient name, Embro or Imru.

IMEUS MONS, is the name given in the Tabula Peutingeriana to the mountain pass which leads from the basin of the lake Fucinus to that of the Peligni, and was traversed by the Via Valeria on the way from Alba to Corfinium. This pass, now called the Forca Carruso, must in all ages have been an important line of communication, being a natural saddle-like depression in the ridge which bounds the lake Fucinus on the E., so that the ascent from Coll Armeno (Cerfennia) to the summit of the pass (a distance of 5 miles) presents but little difficulty. The latter is the highest point | reached by the line of the Valerian Way in traversing the whole breadth of Italy from one sea to the other, but is elevated only a few hundred feet above the lake Fucinus. The Roman road across this pass was first rendered practicable for carriages by the emperor Claudius, who continued the Via Valeria from Cerfennia to the mouth of the Aternus. [CERFENNIA.] (Tab. Peut.; Holsten. Not. ad Cluv. p.154; Kramer, Fuciner See, pp. 14,60.) [E.H.B.] IMMADRUS or IMMADRA, a position on the coast of Gallia Narbonensis between Telo (Toulon) and Massilia. The distances along the coast were doubtless accurately measured, but we cannot be certain that they are accurately given in the MSS.; and it seems that the routes, especially in the parts near the coast, have been sometimes confounded. Immadrus, the next station east of Marseille, is placed by D'Anville, and others who follow him. at the Isle

IMUS PYRENAEUS, a station in Aquitania, at the northern base of the Pyrenees, on the road from Aquae Tarbellicae (Dax) to Pompelon (Pamplona) in Spain. Imus Pyrenaeus is between Carasa (Garis) and the Summus Pyrenaeus. The Suinmus Pyrenaeus is the Sommet de Castel-Pinon; and the Imus Pyrenaeus is St. Jean-Pied-de-Port, "at the foot of the pass." The distance in the Itin. between Summus Pyrenaeus and Imus Pyrenaeus is V., which D'Anville would alter to x., to fit the real distance. Walckenaer takes the measure to be Gallie leagues, and therefore the v. will be equivalent to 7 M. P. [G. L.]

INA (Iva, Ptol.: Eth. Inensis), a town of Sicily, the position of which is wholly unknown, except that Ptolemy reckons it among the inland towns in the south of the island. (Ptol. iii. 4. § 15.) That author is the only one of the geographers that mentions it, and the name has been thought corrupt; but it is supported by the best MSS. of Ptolemy, and the reading "Inenses" is equally well supported in Cicero (Verr. iii. 43), where the old editions had "Ennenses." (Zumpt, ad loc.) The orator appears to rank them among the minor communities of the island which had been utterly ruined by the exactions of Verres. [E. H. B.]

INACHO'RIUM ('Ivaxwpiov, Ptol. iii. 17. § 2), a city of Crete, which, from the similarity of sound, Mr. Pashley (Trav. vol. ii. p. 78) is inclined to believe was situated in the modern district of Ennedkhoriá, on the W. coast of Crete. (Höck, Kreta, vol. i. p. 379.) [E. B. J.]

I'NACHUS ("Ivaxos). 1. A river of the Argeia. [ARGOS, p. 200, b.]

2. A river in the territory of Argos Amphilochicum. [ARGOS AMPHILOCH., p. 208, b.]

INARIME. [AENARIA.]

I'NATUS (Ivaros, Ptol. iii. 17. § 2), a city of Crete, the same, no doubt, as Einatus ("Ewvaros, Steph. B.; Hesych. Etym. Magn. 8. v.), situated on a mountain and river of the same name. The Peutinger Table puts a place called Inata on a river 24 M. P. E. of Lisia, and 32 M. P. W. of Hierapytna. These distances agree well with the three or four hamlets known by the name Kastelianá, derived from the Venetian fortress, Castle Belvedere, situated on a hill a little to the N. of the villages. The

goddess Eileithyia is said to have been worshipped here, and to have obtained one of her epithets from it (Callim, Fr. 168; Pashley, Trae, vol. i. p. 289; Hick, Kreta, vol. i. p. 412.) [E. B. J.] INCARUS, on the coast of Gallia Narbonensis, is placed by the Itin. next to Massilia. It is west of Massilia, and the distance is 12 M. P. The place is Carry, which retains its name. The distance of the Itin. was probably estimated by a boat rowing along the coast; and a good map is necessary to show how far it is correct. [G. L.] INCRIO'NES ('Iyrpiæves), a tribe of the Sigambri, mentioned only by Ptolemy (ii. 11. § 9). They apparently occupied the southernmost part of the territory inhabited by the Sigambri. Some believe them to be the same as the Juhones of Tacitus (4m. xii. 57), in whose territory an extensive congration of the soil occurred in A. D. 59. Some place them near the mouth of the river Lahn and the ättle town of Engers; while others, with less probability, regard Ingersheim, on the Neckar, as the place once inhabited by the Incriones. [L. S.] INDAPRATHAE ('Irda#pâ@ai, Ptol. viii. 2. § 18, s name, doubtless, connected with the Sanscrit Indre-prastha), a people occupying nearly the same position as the IBERINGAE. [V.]

ledge which the ancient world possessed of this country; a land which, from first to last, seems to have been to them a constant source of wonder and admiration, and therefore not unnaturally the theme of many strange and fabulous relations, which even their most critical writers have not failed to record. Though the Greeks were not acquainted with India in the heroic ages, and though the name itself does not occur in their earliest writers, it seems not unlikely that they had some faint idea of a distant land in the far East which was very populous and fruitful. The occurrence of the names of objects of Indian merchandise, such as Karoiтepos, éxépas, and others, would seem to show this. The same thing would seem to be obscurely hinted at in the two Aethiopias mentioned by Homer, the one towards the setting, and the other in the direction of the rising sun (Od. i. 23, 24); and a similar inference may probably be drawn from some of the early notices of these Aethiopians, whose separate histories are perpetually confounded together, many things being predicated of the African nation which could be only true of an Indian people, and vice versâ. That there were a people whom the Greeks called Aethiopes in the neighbourhood of, if not within the actual boundaries of India, is clear from Herodotus (vii. 70), INDIA († ’I-día, Polyaen. iv. 3. § 30; Plin. vi. who states in another place that all the Indians (ex17. s & 20; à tûv 'Irdwv yî, Arrian, Anab. v. 4; ǹcept the Daradae) resembled the Aethiopians in the Leduc, Strab. xi. p. 514: Eth. 'Ivdós), a country of great extent in the southern part of Asia, bounded on the north by the great chain of the Himalaya mountains, which extend, under variously modified names, from the Brahmaputra river on the E. to the Indus on the W., and which were known in ancient times under the names Emodus and Imaus. [EMODI MONTES] These mountains separated the plain country of India to the S. of them from the steppes of Tátary on the N., and formed the water-shed of most of the great rivers with which India is so plentifully supplied. On the E. the Brahmaputra, which separates it from Ava and Burmah, is its principal boundary; though, if the definition of India be adopted which was in vogue among the later classical geographers, those countries as far as the commencement of the Chinese empire on the S. must be comprebended within the limits of India. On the S. it is bounded by the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean, and on the W. by the Indus, which separates it from Gedrosia, Arachosia, and the land of the ParopamiSome writers, indeed (as Lassen, Pentap. Indie. Bonn, 1827), have considered the districts along the southern spurs of the Paropamisus (or Hindi-Kush) as part of India; but the passage of Piny on which Lassen relies would make India comprebend the whole of Afghanistan to Beluchistán on the Indian Ocean; a position which can hardly be maintained as the deliberate opinion of any ancient

dark colour of their skins (iii. 101); while abundant instances may be observed of the intermixture of the accounts of the African and Indian Aethiopians, as, for example, in Ctesias (Indic. 7, ed. Bähr. p. 354), Pliny (viii. 30. 3), who quotes Ctesias, Scylax, in his description of India (ap. Philostrat. Vit. Apoll. iii. 14), Tzetzes (Chil. vii. 144), Aelian (H. An. xvi. 31), Agatharchides (de Rubro Mari, p. 44, ed. Huds.), Pollux (Onomast. v. 5), and many other writers. Just in the same way a confusion may be noticed in the accounts of Libya, as in Herodotus (iv. 168-199; ef. Ctesias, Indic. 13), where he intermixes Indian and African tales. Even so late as Alexander's invasion, we know that the same confusion prevailed, Alexander himself believing that he would find the sources of the Nile in India. (Strab. xv. p. 696; Arrian, Exp. Alex. vi. 1.)

It is not remarkable that the Greeks should have had but little knowledge of India or its inhabitants till a comparatively late period of their history, and that neither Homer nor Pindar, nor the great Greek dramatists Sophocles and Euripides, should mention by its name either India or any of its people. It is probable that, at this early period, neither commerce nor any other cause had led the Greeks beyond the shores of Syria eastward, and that it was not till the Persian wars that the existence of vast and populous regions to the E. of Persia itself became distinctly known to them. Some individual names may have reached the ears of those who inquired; perhaps some indiIt may, indeed, be doubted whether the Indians them-vidual travellers may have heard of these far distant selves ever laid down any accurate boundary of their country westward (Laws of Manu, ii. v. 22, quoted by Lassen, Pentap. Indic. p. 8); though the Sarasvati | (Hydrantes) separated their sacred land from Western India Generally, however, the Indus was held to be their western boundary, as is clear from Strabo's weds (xv. p. 689), and may be inferred from Pliny's description (vi. 20. s. 23).

It is necessary, before we proceed to give the prinpal divisions, mountain ranges, rivers, and cities of India, to trace very briefly, through the remains of cassical literature, the gradual progress of the know

realms; such, for instance, as the physician Democedes, when residing at the court of Dareius, the son of Hystaspes (Herod. iii. 127), and Democritus of Abdera (B. c. 460—400), who is said by several authors to have travelled to Egypt, Persia, Aethiopia, and India (Diog. Laërt. ix. 72; Strab. xvi. p. 703; Clem. Strom. i. p. 304; Suidas, 8. v.). Yet little was probably known beyond a few names.

The first historian who speaks clearly on the subject is Hecataeus of Miletus (B.c. 549-486). In the few fragments which remain of his writings, and which have been carefully collected by Klausen (Berl.