he mentions north of the mouth of the Olinas is Noeomagus, or Noviomagus, of the Lexuvii or Lexovii. This is the Orne, which flows into the Atlantic below Caen in the department of Calvados. D'Anville says that in the middle age writings the name of the river is Olna, which is easily changed into Orne. Gosselin supposes the Olinas to be the Savie, and there are other conjectures; but the identity of name is the only evidence that we can trust in this case. [G. L.] OLINTIGI, a maritime town of Hispania Baetica, lying E. of Onoba. (Mela, iii. 1. § 4.) Its real name seems to have been Olontigi, as many coins are found in the neighbourhood bearing the inscription OLONT. (Florez, Med. ii. pp. 495, 509, iii. p. 103; Mionnet, Sup. i. p. 111, ap. Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 340.) Variously identified with Moguer and Palos. [T. H. D.] OLISIPO (Oxtoσeínov, Ptol. ii. 5. § 4), a city of Lusitania, on the right bank of the Tagus, and not far from its mouth. The name is variously written. Thus Pliny (iv. 35) has Olisippo; so also the tin. Ant. pp. 416, 418, seq. In Mela (iii. 1. §6), Solinus (c. 23), &c., we find Ulyssippo, on account probably of the legend mentioned in Strabo, which ascribed its foundation to Ulysses, but which is more correctly referred to Odysseia in Hispania Baetica. [ODYSSELA.] Under the Romans it was a municipium, with the additional name of Felicitas Julia. (Plin. l. c.) The neighbourhood of Olisipo was celebrated for a breed of horses of remarkable fleetness, which gave rise to the fable that the mares were impregnated by the west wind. (Plin. viii. 67; Varr. R. R. ii. 1, 19; Col. vi. 27.) It is the modern Lisboa or Lisbon. [T. H. D.] OLIZON (Ολιζών: Εth. Ολιζώνιος), an ancient town of Magnesia in Thessaly, mentioned by Homer, who gives it the epithet of "rugged." (Hom. I. ii. 717.) It possessed a harbour (Seylax, p. 25); and as it was opposite Artemisium in Euboea (Plut. Them. 8), it is placed by Leake on the isthmus connecting the peninsula of Trikhiri with the rest of Magnesia. (Strab. ix. p. 436; Plin. iv. 9. s. 16; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 384.) O'LLIUS (Oglio), a river of Cisalpine Gaul, and one of the more considerable of the northern tributaries of the Padus. It rises in the Alps, at the foot of the Monte Tonale, flows through the Val Camonica (the district of the ancient Camuni), and forms the extensive lake called by Pliny the Lacus Sebinus, now the Lago d'Iseo. From thence it has a course of about 80 miles to the Padus, receiving on its way the tributary streams of the Mela or Mella, and the Clusius or Chiese. Though one of the most important rivers of this part of Italy, its name is mentioned only by Pliny and the Geographer of Ravenna. (Plin. iii. 16. s. 20, 19. s. 23; Geogr. Rav. iv. 36.) . [E. H. B.] OLOCRUS (T 'Оλóкроv čρos, Plut. Aem. Paul. 20), a mountain near Pydna, in Macedonia, represented by the last falls of the heights between Ayan and Elefthero-khóri. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 433.) [E. B. J.] OLOOSSON (Ολοοσσών: Eth. Ολοοσσόνιος), α town of Perrhaebia in Thessaly, mentioned by Homer, who gives to it the epithet of "white," from its white argillaceous soil. In Procopius the name occurs in the corrupt form of LossoNUS. It is now called Elassóna, and is a place of some importance. It is situated on the edge of a plain near Tempe, and at the foot of a hill, on which there is a large ancient monastery, defended on either side by a deep ravine. The ancient town, or at least the citadel, stood upon this hill, and there are a few fragments of ancient walls, and some foundations behind and around the monastery. (Hom. II. ii. 739; Strab. ix. p. 440; Lycophr. 905; Steph. B. s. v.; Procop. de Aedif. iv. 14; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 345.) OLOPHYXUS (Oλóputos, Herod. vii. 22; Thuc. iv. 109; Scyl. p. 27; Strab. vii. p. 331; Steph. B.), a town on the peninsula of Acte, the site of which is probably represented by the Arsand of Khilandari, the tenth and last monastery of the E. shore of the Monte Santo. It is reported that here there were Hellenic remains found, in particular those of a mole, part of which is now left. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 141, 151.) [E. B. J.] OLPAE (Όλπαι : Εth. Ολπαῖος). 1. A fortress on the Ambracian gulf, in the territory of Argos Amphilochicum. [See Vol. I. pp. 207, 208.] 2. A fortress of the Locri Ozolae, the position of which is uncertain. (Thuc. iii. 101.) OLTIS. De Valois suggested, and D'Anville adopts his opinion, that we ought to read Oltis instead of Clitis in the verse of Sidonius Apollinaris (Propempt.):— "Clitis, Elaris, Atax, Vacalis." D'Anville observes that the same river is named Olitis in a poem of Theodulf of Orleans. Accordingly the river ought to be named Olt or L' Olt; but usage has attached the article to the name, and we now speak of Le Lot, and so use the article twice. The Lot rises near Mont Lozère on the Cévennes, and it has a general west course past Mende and Cahors. It joins the Garonne a few miles below Agen, which is on the Garonne. [G. L.] OLURIS. DORIUM.] L OLU'RUS. [PELLENE.] OLUS (OXOUS, Scyl. p. 19; Xenion, ap. Steph. B. s. v.; Ptol. iii. 17. § 5; al. Oλovλis; Stadiasm. 350: Eth. 'OXovтioi, 'Oλoúri), a town of Crete, the citizens of which had entered into a treaty with those of Lato. (Böckh, Inser. vol. ii. No. 2554.) There was a temple to Britomartis in this city, a wooden statue of whom was erected by Daedalus, OLMEIUS. [BOEOTIA, Vol. I. P. 413, a.] the mythical ancestor of the Daedalidae, and father O'LMIAE. [CORINTHUS, Vol. I. p. 683, a.] of Cretan art. (Pausan. ix. 40. § 3.) Her effigy OLMONES (Όλμώνες: Eth. Ολμωνεύς), α is represented on the coins of Olus. (Eckhel, vol. ii. village in Boeotia, situated 12 stadia to the left of p. 316: Mionnet, Descr. vol. ii. p. 289; Combe, Copae, and 7 stadia from Hyettus. It derived its Mus. Hunter.) There is considerable difficulty in name from Olmus, the son of Sisyphus, but con-making out the position of this town; but the site tained nothing worthy of notice in the time of Pansanias. Forchhammer places Olmones in the small island in the lake Copais, SW. of Copac, now called Trelo-Yani. [See the Map, Vol. I. p. 411, where the island lies SW. of No. 10.] (Paus. ix. 24. § 3; Steph. B. s. v.; Forchhammer, Hellenika, p. 178.) may probably be represented by Aliedha near Spína Longa, where there are ruins. Mr. Pashley's map erroneously identifies these with Naxos. (Comp. Höck, Kreta, vol. i. p. 417.) [E. B. J.] OLYMPE'NE ('Oλνμпη), a district of Mysia, on the northern slope of Mount Olympus, from which it derived its name. (Strab. xii. pp. 571, 576.) the only remains are those of the temple of Zeus Olympius. Pausanias has devoted nearly two books, and one fifth of his whole work, to the description of Olympia; but he does not enumerate the buildings in their exact topographical order: owing to this circumstance, to the absence of ancient remains, and to the changes in the surface of the soil by the fluctuations in the course of the Alpheius, the topography of the plain must be to a great extent conjectural. The latest and most able attempt to elucidate this subject, is that of Colonel Leake in his Peloponnesiaca, whose description is here chiefly followed. Olympia lay partly within and partly outside of the Sacred Grove. This Sacred Grove bore from the most ancient times the name of ALTIS ( AXTIS), which is the Peloponnesian Aeolic form of λoos. (Paus. v. 10. § 1.) It was adorned with trees, and in its centre there was a grove of planes. (Paus. v. 27. § 11.) Pindar likewise describes it as well wooded (Пíoas evdevdpov èπ' 'Aλ¢éw ăλoos, Ol. viii. 12). The space of the Altis was measured out by Hercules, and was surrounded by this hero with a wall. (Pind. Ol. xi. 44.) On the west it ran along the Cladeus; on the south its direction may be traced by a terrace raised above the Alpheius; on the east it was bounded by the stadium. There were several gates in the wall, but the principal one, through which all the processions passed, was situated in the middle of the western side, and was called the Pompic Entrance (ή Πομπική εἴσοδος, Paus. v. 15. § 2). From this gate, a road, called the Pompic Way, ran across the Altis, and entered the stadium by a gateway on the eastern side. The plain of Olympia is open towards the sea on the west, but is surrounded on every other side by hills of no great height, yet in many places abrupt and precipitous. Their surface presents a series of sandy cliffs of light yellow colour, covered with the pine, ilex, and other evergreens. On entering the valley from the west, the most conspicuous object is a bold and nearly insulated eminence rising on the north from the level plain in the form of an irregular cone. (Mure, vol. ii. p. 281.) This is Mount CRONIUS, or the hill of Cronus, which is frequently noticed by Pindar and other ancient writers. (ap' evdetéλov Kpóviov, Pind. Ol. i. 111; άyos Kpóvou, ΟΙ. xi. 49 ; ὑψηλοίο πέτρα ἀλίβατος Κρονίου, ΟΙ. vi. 64; Κρόνου παρ' αἰπὸν ὄχθον, Lycophr. 42; & Kpóreios, Xen. Hell. vii. 4. § 14; тò ŏpos тò Kpó- | viov, Paus. v. 21. § 2, vi. 19. § 1, vi. 20. § 1; Ptol. iii. 16. § 14.) The range of hills to which it belongs is called by most modern writers the Olym- 1. The Olympicium, Olympium, or temple of Zeus pian, on the authority of a passage of Xenophon. Olympius. An oracle of the Olympian god existed (Hell. vii. 4. § 14). Leake, however, supposes on this spot from the most ancient times (Strab. that the Olympian hill alluded to in this passage viii. p. 353), and here a temple was doubtless built, was no other than Cronius itself; but it would even before the Olympic games became a Pan-Helappear, that the common opinion is correct, since lenic festival. But after the conquest of Pisa and Strabo (viii. p. 356) describes Pisa as lying be- the surrounding cities by the Eleians in B. C. 572, tween the two mountains Olympus and Ossa. The the latter determined to devote the spoils of the hills, which bound the plain on the south, are higher conquered cities to the erection of a new and splenthan the Cronian ridge, and, like the latter, are covered did temple of the Olympian god. (Paus. v. 10. with evergreens, with the exception of one bare sum- §§ 2, 3.) The architect was Libon of Elis. The mit, distant about half a mile from the Alpheius. temple was not, however, finished till nearly a century This was the ancient TYPAEUS (Tunaîov), from afterwards, at the period when the Attic school of which women, who frequented the Olympic games, art was supreme in Greece, and the Parthenon on or crossed the river on forbidden days, were con- the Athenian Acropolis had thrown into the shade demned to be hurled headlong. (Paus. v. 6. § 7.) all previous works of art. Shortly after the dediAnother range of hills closes the vale of Olympia to cation of the Parthenon, the Eleians invited Pheithe east, at the foot of which runs the rivulet of dias and his school of artists to remove to Elis, and Miraka. On the west the vale was bounded by the adorn the Olympian temple in a manner worthy of CLADEUS (KAάdeos), which flowed from north to the king of the gods. Pheidias probably remained south along the side of the sacred grove, and fell into at Olympia for four or five years from about B. C. the Alpheins. (Paus. v. 7. § 1; Kλáðaos, Xen. Hell. 437 to 434 or 433. The colossal statue of Zeus in vii. 4. § 29.) This river rises at Lala in Mount the cella, and the figures in the pediments of the Phole. The Alpheius, which flows along the south- temple were executed by Pheidias and his associern edge of the plain, constantly changes its course, ates. The pictorial embellishments were the work and has buried beneath the new alluvial plain, or of his relative Panaenus. (Strab. viii. p. 354). carried into the river, all the remains of buildings and [Comp. Dict. of Biogr. Vol. III. p. 248.] Pausanias monuments which stood in the southern part of the has given a minute description of the temple (v. 10); Sacred Grove. In winter the Alpheius is full, rapid, and its site, plan, and dimensions have been well asand turbid; in summer it is scanty, and divided into certained by the excavations of the French Commisseveral torrents flowing between islands or sand- sion of the Morea. The foundations are now exposed banks over a wide gravelly bed. The vale of to view; and several fine fragments of the sculp Olympia is now called Andilalo (i. e. opposite to tures, representing the labours of Hercules, are now Lala), and is uninhabited. The soil is naturally in the museum of the Louvre. The temple stood in rich, but swampy in part, owing to the inundations the south-western portion of the Altis, to the right of the river. Of the numerous buildings and count-hand of the Pompic entrance. It was built of the less statues, which once covered this sacred spot, native limestone, which Pausanias called poros, and which was covered in the more finished parts by a surface of stucco, which gave it the appearance of marble. It was of the Doric order, and a peripteral hexastyle building. Accordingly it had six columns in the front and thirteen on the sides. The columns were fluted, and 7ft. 4in. in diameter, a size greater than that of any other existing columns of a Grecian temple. The length of the temple was 230 Greek feet, the breadth 95, the height to the summit of the pediment 68. The roof was covered with slabs of Pentelic marble in the form of tiles. At each end of the pediment stood a gilded vase, and on the apex a gilded statue of Niké or Victory; below which was a golden shield with the head of Medusa in the middle, dedicated by the Lacedaemo| nians on account of their victory over the Athenians at Tanagra in B. C. 457. The two pediments were filled with figures. The eastern pediment had a statue of Zeus in the centre, with Õenomaus on his right and Pelops on his left, prepared to contend in the chariot-race; the figures on either side consisted of their attendants, and in the angles were the two rivers, Cladeus to the right of Zeus, and Alpheius to his left. In the western pediment was the contest of the Centaurs and the Lapithae, Peirithous occupying the central place. On the metopes over the doors at the eastern and western ends the labours of Hercules were represented. In its interior construction the temple resembled the Parthenon. The cella consisted of two chambers, of which the eastern contained the statue, and the western was called the Opisthodomus. The colossal statue of Zeus, the master-work of Pheidias, was made of ivory and gold. It stood at the end of the front chamber of the cella, directly facing the entrance, so that it at once showed itself in all its grandeur to a spectator entering the temple. The approach to it was between a double row of columns, supporting the roof. The god was seated on a magnificent throne adorned with sculptures, a full description of which, as well as of the statue, has been given in another place. [Dict. of Biogr. Vol. III. p. 252.] Behind the Opisthodomus of the temple was the Callistephanus or wild olive tree, which furnished the garlands of the Olympic victors. (Paus. v. 15. § 3.) GROUND PLAN OF THE OLYMPIEIUM. 2. The Pelopium stood opposite the temple of Zeus, on the other side of the Pompic way. Its position is defined by Pausanias, who says that it stood to the right of the entrance into the temple of Zeus and to the north of that building. It was an enclosure, containing trees and statues, having an opening to the west. (Paus. v. 13. § 1.) 3. The Heraeum was the most important temple in the Altis after that of Zeus It was also a Doric peripteral building. Its dimensions are unknown. Pausanias says (v. 16. § 1) that it was 63 feet in length; but this is clearly a mistake, since no peripteral building was so small; and the numerous statues in the cella, described by Pausanias, clearly show that it must have been of considerable dimensions. The two most remarkable monuments in the Heraeum were the table, on which were placed the garlands prepared for the victors in the Olympic contests, and the celebrated chest of Cypselus, covered with figures in relief, of which Pausanias has given an elaborate description (v. 17-19). We learn from a passage of Dion Chrysostom (Orat. xi. p. 163), cited by Leake, that this chest stood in the opisthodomus of the Heraeum; whence we may infer that the cella of the temple consisted of two apartments. 4. The Great Altar of Zeus is described by Pausanias as equidistant from the Pelopium and the Heraeum, and as being in front of them both. (Paus. v. 13. § 8.) Leake places the Heraeum near the Pompic entrance of the Stadium, and sup. poses that it faced eastward; accordingly he conjectures that the altar was opposite to the backfronts of the Pelopium and the Heraeum. The total height of the altar was 22 feet. It had two platforms, of which the upper was made of the cinders of the thighs sacrificed on this and other altars. 5. The Column of Oenomaus stood between the great altar and the temple of Zeus. It was said to have belonged to the house of Oenomaus, and to have been the only part of the building which escaped when it was burnt by lightning. (Paus. v. 20. § 6.) 6. The Metroum, or temple of the Mother of the Gods, was a large Doric building, situated within the Altis (Paus. v. 20. § 9.) It is placed by Leake to the left of the Pompic Way nearly opposite the Heraeum. 7. The Prytaneium is placed by Pansanias within the Altis, near the Gymnasium, which was outside the sacred enclosure (v. 15. § 8.) 8. The Bouleuterion, or Council-House, seems to have been near the Prytaneium. (Paus. v. 23. § 1, 24. § 1.) 9. The Philippeium, a circular building, erected by Philip after the battle of Chaeroneia, was to the left in proceeding from the entrance of the Altis to the Prytaneium. (Paus. v. 17. § 4, v. 20. § 10.) 10. The Theecoleon, a building belonging to the Senkoot or superintendents of the sacrifices (Paus. v. 15. § 8). Its position is uncertain. 11. The Hippodamium, named from Hippodameia, who was buried here, was within the Altis near the Pompic Way. (Paus. vi. 20. § 7.) 12. The temple of the Olympian Eileithyia (Lucina) appears to have stood on the neck of Mount Cronius. (Paus. vi. 20. § 2.) 13. The Temple of the Olympian Aphrodite was near that of Eileithyia. (Paus. vi. 20. § 6.) 14. The Thesauri or Treasuries, ten in number, were, like those at Delphi, built by different cities, for the reception of their dedicatory offerings. They are described by Pausanias as standing to the north of the Heraeum at the foot of Mount Cronius, upon a platform made of the stone poros (Paus. vi. 19. §1). 15. Zanes, statues of Zeus, erected from the produce of fines levied upon athletae, who had violated the regulations of the games. They stood upon a stone platform at the foot of Mount Cronius, to the left of a person going from the Metroum to the Stadium. (Paus. v. 21. § 2.) 16. The Studio of Pheidias, which was outside the Altis, and near the Pompic entrance. (Paus. v. 15. § 1.) 17. The Leonidaeum, built by Leonidas, a native, was near the Studio of Pheidias. Here the Roman magistrates were lodged in the time of Pausanias (v. 15. §§ 1, 2). 18. The Gymnasium, also outside the Altis, and near the northern entrance into it. (Paus. vi. 21. §2.) Near the Gymnasium was (19) the Palaestra. 20 and 21. The Stadium and the Hippodrome were two of the most important sites at Olympia, as together they formed the place of exhibition for all the Olympic contests. Their position cannot be determined with certainty; but as they appear to have formed a continued area from the circular end of the Stadium to the further extremity of the Hippodrome, the position assigned to them by Leake is the most probable. He places the circular end of the Stadium at the foot of the heights to the NE. of the summit of Mount Cronius, and the further end of the Hippodrome on the bank of the Alpheius. The Stadium is described by Pausanias as a mound of earth, upon which there was a seat for the Hellanodicae, and over against it an altar of marble, on which sat the priestess of Demeter Chamyne to behold the games. There were two entrances into the Stadium, the Pompic and the Secret. The latter, through which the Hellanodicae and the agonistae entered, was near the Zanes; the former probably entered the area in front of the rectilinear extremity of the Stadium. (Paus. vi. 20. § 8, seq.) In proceeding towards the Hippodrome from that part of the Stadium where the Hellanodicae sat was the Hippaphěsis or starting place of the horses ( peσis τŵv iππшv). In form it resembled the prow of a ship, the embolus or beak being turned towards the racecourse. Its widest part adjoined the stoa of Agnaptus. At the end of the embolus was a brazen dolphin standing upon a pillar. Either side of the Hippaphesis was more than 400 feet in length, and contained apartments, which those who were going to contend in the horse-races obtained by lot. Before the horses a cord was extended as a barrier. An altar was erected in the middle of the prow, on which was an eagle with outstretched wings. The superintendent of the race elevated this eagle by means of machinery, so as to be seen by all the spectators, and at the same time the dolphin fell to the ground. Thereupon the first barriers on either side, near the stoa of Agnaptus, were removed, and then the other barriers were withdrawn in like manner in succession, until all the horses were in line at the embolus. One side of the Hippodrome was longer than the other, and was formed by a mound of earth. There was a passage through this side leading out of the Hippodrome; and near the passage was a kind of circular altar, called Taraxippus (Tapáğınπos), or the terrifier of horses, because the horses were frequently seized with terror in passing it, so that cha |