Strabo and Pliny; but we have no means of fixing | the extent or limits of their territory, which evidently comprised a considerable portion of the seacoast on each side of their capital city, and probably extended on the W. till it met that of the Intemnelii. It must have included several minor towns, but their capital, of which the name is variously written Albium Ingaunum and Albingaunum, is the only town expressly assigned to them by ancient writers. [ALBIUM INGAUNUM.] (Strab. iv. p. 202; Plin. iii. 5. s. 6.)

I'NGENA. [ABRINCATUI.]

[E. H. B.]

INI CERUM, a town in Lower Pannonia, in the neighbourhood of which there was a praetorium, or place of rest for the emperors when they travelled in those parts. (Itin. Ant. pp. 260, 265.) Some identify it with the modern Possega. [L. S.]

INO'PUS. [DELOS.] INSA'NI MONTES (Tà Mairóueva opn, Ptol. iii. 3. § 7), a range of mountains in Sardinia, mentioned by Livy (xxx. 39) in a manner which seems to imply that they were in the NE. part of the island; and this is confirmed by Claudian, who speaks of them as rendering the northern part of Sardinia rugged and savage, and the adjoining seas stormy and dangerous to navigators. (Claudian, B. Gild. 513.) Hence, it is evident that the name was applied to the lofty and rugged range of mountains in the N. and NE. part of the island: and was, doubtless, given to them by Roman navigators, on account of the sudden and frequent storms to which they gave rise. (Liv. l. c.). Ptolemy also places the Μαινόμενα ὄρη - -a name which is obviously translated from the Latin one-in the interior of the island, and though he would seem to consider them as nearer the W. than the E. coast, the position which he assigns them may still be referred to the same range or mass of mountains, which extends from the neighbourhood of Olbia (Terra Nova) on the E. coast, to that of Cornus on the W. [SARDINIA.] [E. H. B.]

I'NSUBRES, a people both in Gallia Transalpina and Gallia Cisalpina. D'Anville, on the authority of Livy (v. 34), places the Insubres of Gallia Transalpina in that part of the territory of the Aedui where there was a town Mediolanum, between Forum Segusianorum [FORUM SEGUSIANORUM] and Lngdunum (Lyon). This is the only ground that there is for supposing that there existed a people or a pagus in Gallia Transalpina named Insubres. Of the Insubres in Gallia Cisalpina, an account is given elsewhere [Vol. I. p. 936]. [G. L.]

I'NSULA, or I'NSULA ALLO’BROGUM, in Gallia Narbonensis. Livy (xxi. 31), after describing Hannibal's passage of the Rhone, says that he directed his march on the east side towards the inland parts of Gallia. At his fourth encampment he came to the Insula, "where the rivers Arar and the Rhodanus, flowing down from the Alps by two different directions, comprise between them some tract of country, and then unite: it is the level country between them which is called the Insula. The Allobroges dwell near." One might easily see that there must be some error in the word Arar; for Hannibal could not have reached the latitude of Lugdunum (Lyon) in four days from the place where he crossed the Rhone; and this is certain, though we do not know the exact place where he did cross the Rhone. Nor, if he had got to the junction of the Arar and Rhodanus, could Livy say that he reached a place near which the Allobroges dwell; for, if he had

marched from the Isara (Isère) to the junction of the Saône and Rhone, he would have passed through the country of the Allobroges. [ALLOBROGES.] Nor does the Arar (Saône) flow from the Alps, though the Isara does. Besides this, if Hannibal had gone so far north as the part between the Saone and Rhone, he would have gone much further north than was necessary for his purpose, as Livy describes it. It is therefore certain, if we look to the context only, that we must read "Isara" for "Arar;" and there is a reading of one MS., cited by Gronovius, which shows that Isara may have once been in the text, and that it has been corrupted. (Walckenaer, Géog. dc. vol. i. p. 135.) Livy in this passage copied Polybius, in whose MSS. (iii. 49) the name of the river is Scoras or Scaras; a name which the editors ought to have kept, instead of changing it into Isaras ('Ioápas), as Bekker and others before him have done, though the Isara or Isère is certainly the river. In the latest editions of Ptolemy (ii. 10. § 6) the Isara appears in the form Isar (Iaap); but it is certain that there are great variations in the MSS. of Ptolemy, and in the editions. Walckenaer (vol. i. p. 134) says that the edition of Ulm of 1482 has Sicarus, and that there is "Sicaros " in the Strassburg editions of 1513, 1520, 1522. The editio princeps of 1475 has "Cisar;" and others have "Tisar" and "Tisara." bable conclusion is, that "Isc-ar" is one of the forms of the name, which is as genuine a Celtic form as "Is-ar" or "Isara," the form in Cicero (ad Fam. x. 15, &c.). "Isc-ara" may be compared with the British forms "Isaca" (the Exe), Isca, and Ischalis; and Is-ara with the names of the Italian rivers Ausar and Aesis.

The pro

Polybius compares the country in the angle between the Rhone and the Isara (Isère) to the Delta of Egypt in extent and form, except that in the Delta the sea unites the one side and the channels of the streams which form the two other sides; but here mountains almost inaccessible form the third side of this Insula. He describes it as populous, and a corn country. The junction of the Isar, as Strabo calls the river (p. 185), and the Rhone, was, according to him, opposite the place where the Cévennes approach near to the banks of the Rhone.

The Isère, one of the chief branches of the Rhone, rises in the high Pennine Alps, and flows through the valleys of the Alpine region by a very winding course past St. Maurice, Moutiers, Conflans, Montmeilian, where it begins to be navigable, Grenoble, the Roman Cularo or Gratianopolis, and joins the Rhone a few miles north of Valentia (Valence). Its whole course is estimated at about 160 miles. Hannibal, after staying a short time in the country about the junction of the Rhone and the Isère, commenced his march over the Alps. It is not material to decide whether his whole army crossed over into the Insula or not, or whether he did himself, though the words of Polybius imply that he did. It is certain that he marched up the valley of the Isère towards the Alps; and the way to find out where he crossed the Alps is by following the valley of the Isère. [G. L.]

INSURA. [MYLAE.]

INTELE'NE (Iran), one of the five provinces W. of the Tigris, ceded, in A. D. 297, by Narses to Galerius and the Romans. (Petr. Patr. Fr. 14, Fragm. Hist. Graec. ed. Müller; Gibbon, c. xiii.) St. Martin, in his note to Le Beau (Bas Empire, vol. i. p. 380), would read for Intelene,

INTEMELII (LTEuéo), a maritime people of Liguria, situated to the W. of the Ingauni, at the foot of the Maritime Alps. They are but little known in history, being only once mentioned by Livy, in conjunction with their neighbours, the Ingami, as addicted to piratical habits, to repress which their coast was visited by a Roman squadron in a. c. 180. (Liv. XL 41.) Strabo speaks of them as a still existing tribe (Strab. iv. p. 202); and their capital, called Albium Intemelium or AlbintemeEan now corrupted into Vintimiglia, was in his time a considerable city. [ALBIUM INTEMELIUM.] We have no means of determining the extent or Inits of their territory; but it seems to have borderni on that of the Ingauni on the E., and the Vediant on the W.: at least, these are the only tribes rectioned as existing in this part of Liguria by writers of the Roman Empire. It probably comprised also the whole valley of the RUTUBA or Bjz, one of the most considerable of the rivers, or rater mountain torrents, of Liguria, which rises at the foot of the Col di Tenda, and falls into the sea at l'intimiglia.

[E. H. B.] INTERAMNA (Irrépaura: Eth. Interamnas, -atis), was the name of several cities in different parts of Italy. Its obvious etymol gy, already pointed out ty Varro and Festus, indicates their position at the confidence of two streams ("inter amnes," Varr. L. L. 5.28. Fest. v. Amnes, p. 17, Müll.); which is, however, but partially borne out by their actual situation. The fr INTERAMNIUM (IPrepάuviov), and the ethnic form Interamnis, are also found, but more rarely.

1. A Roman colony on the banks of the Liris, thence called, for distinction's sake, INTERAMNA LIEINAS. It was situated on the left or northern back of the Liris, near the junction of the little river which flows by Aquinum (confounded by Strabo with the Meipis, a much more considerable stream), and was distant 6 miles from the latter city, and 7 from Casinum. Its territory, which was included in Latium, according to the more extended use of that name, must have originally belaged to the Volscians, but we have no mention of Interamna as a Volscian city, nor indeed any evidence of its existence previous to the establishment of the Roman colony there, in B. c. 312. This took place at the same time with that at the neighbouring town of Casinum, the object of both being cbviously to secure the fertile valley of the Liris from the attacks of the Samnites. (Liv. ix. 28; Diod. rix. 105; Vell. Pat. i. 14.) Hence we find, in B. C. 294, the territory of Interamna ravaged by the Samnites, who did not, however, venture to attack the ety itself; and, at the opening of the following campaign, it was from Interamna that the consul Sp. Carvius commenced his operations against Samnium. (Liv. 1. 36, 39.) Its territory was at a later period hid waste by Hannibal during his march by the Via Latina from Capua upon Rome, B. C. 212 (Liv. xxvi. 9): and shortly afterwards the name of Interamna appears among the twelve refractory colonies which declared themselves unable to furnish any further supplies, and were subsequently (B. C. 204) loaded with heavier burdens in consequence (Id. xxvii. 9, xxix. 15). After the Social War it passed, in comwith the other Latin colonies, into the state of

a municipium; and we find repeated mention of it as a municipal town, apparently of some consequence. (Cic. Phil. ii. 41, pro Mil. 17; Strab. v. p. 237; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) It received a colony under the Second Triumvirate, but does not appear to have enjoyed colonial rank, several inscriptions of imperial times giving it only the title of a municipium. (Lib. Col. p. 234; Orell. Inser. 2357, 3828.) Its position at some distance from the line of the Via Latina was probably unfavourable to its prosperity in later times: from the same cause its name is not found in the Itineraries, and we have no means of tracing its existence after the fall of the Roman Empire. The period at which it was ruined or deserted is unknown; but mention is found in documents of the middle ages of a "Castrum Terame," and the site of the ancient city, though now entirely uninhabited, is still called Terame. It presents extensive remains of ancient buildings, with vestiges of the walls, streets, and aqueducts; and numerous inscriptions and other objects of antiquity have been discovered there, which are preserved in the neighbouring villages. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 384; Cluver, Ital. p. 1039. The inscriptions are given by Mommsen, Inscr. Regn. Neap. pp. 221, 222.)

Pliny calls the citizens of this Interamna "Interamnates Succasini, qui et Lirinates vocantur." The former appellation was evidently bestowed from their situation in the neighbourhood of Casinum, but is not adopted by any other author. They are called in inscriptions "Interamnates Lirinates," and sometimes "Lirinates" alone: hence it is probable that we should read "Lirinatum" for "Larinatum" in Silius Italicus (viii. 402), where he is enumerating Volscian cities, and hence the mention of Larinum would be wholly out of place.

2. (Terni), a city of Umbria, situated on the river Nar, a little below its confluence with the Velinus, and about 8 miles E. from Narnia. It was surrounded by a branch of the river, so as to be in fact situated on an island, whence it derived its name. The inhabitants are termed by Pliny "Interamnates cognomine Nartes," to distinguish them from those of the other towns of the name; and we find them designated in inscriptions as Interamnates Nartes and Nahartes; but we do not find this epithet applied to the city itself. No mention is found of Interamna in history previous to its passing under the Roman yoke; but there is no doubt that it was an ancient Umbrian city, and an inscription of the time of Tiberius has preserved to us the local tradition that it was founded in B. C. 672, or rather more than 80 years after Rome. (Orell. Inscr. 689.) When we first hear of Interamna in history it appears as a flourishing municipal town, deriving great wealth from the fertility of its territory, which was irrigated by the river Nar. Hence it is said to have been, as early as the civil wars of Marius and Sulla, one of the " florentissima Italiae municipia" (Florus, iii. 21); and though it suffered a severe blow upon that occasion, its lands being confiscated by Sulla and portioned out among his soldiers, we still find it mentioned by Cicero in a manner that proves it to have been a place of importance (Cic. ad Att. iv. 15). Its inhabitants were frequently engaged in litigation and disputes with their neighbours of Reate, on account of the regulation of the waters of the Velinus, which joins the Nar a few miles above Interamna; and under the reign of Tiberius they were obliged to enter an energetic protest against a project that had been started for turning aside the

with the generals of Justinian. (Procop. B. G. ii. 11, ii. 6. iv. 28, 34.) The Jerusalem Itinerary plares the station of Intercisa 9 M. P. from Calles (Ca), and the same distance from Forum Semprozii (Fossombrone), both of which distances are just about correct. (D'Anville, Analyse de l'Italie, A 155.) [E. H. B.]

INTERNUM MARE, the great inland or Medi terranean Sea, which washes the coasts of Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and Asia Minor.

1. Name-In the Hebrew Scriptures, this sea, on the W. of Palestine, and therefore behind a person faring the E., is called the "Hinder Sea" (Deut. xi. 24; Joel ii. 20), and also the "Sea of the Philistines" (Erod, xxii. 81), because that people occupied the largest portion of its shores. Pre-eminently it was "the Great Sea" (Num. xxxiv. 6, 7; Josh. i. 4, ix. 1. xv. 47; Ezek. xlvii. 10, 15, 20), or simply the Sea" (1 Kings, v. 9; comp. 1 Macc. xiv. 34. IV. 11). In the same way, the Homeric poems, Heid, the Cyclic poets, Aeschylus, and Pindar, call it emphatically the Sea." The logographer Hentaeus speaks of it as "the Great Sea" (Fr. 349, e Kinen). Nor did the historians and systematic regraphers mark it off by any peculiar denomination. The Boman writers call it MARE INTERNUM (Pomp. Mea i. 1. § 4; Plin. iii. 3) or INTESTINUM (Sall. Jug. 17: Flor. iv. 2; & low dálаττа, Polyb. iii. 39;

rès Já, Strab. ii. p. 121, iii. p. 139; ǹ évτòs "HoxAcier OTηAŵr SάA., Arist. Met. ii. 1), or more freely, MARE NOSTRUM (Sall. Jug. 17, 18; Ca B. G. v. 1; Liv. xxvi. 42; Pomp. Mela, i. 5. § 1; ʼn xa✅ quàs Dár., Strab. ii. p. 121). The epithet Mediterranean" is not used in the classical writers, and was first employed for this sea by Solinus (c. 22; eap lid. Orig. xiii. 16). The Greeks of the sent day call it the "White Sea" ('Aσúpi Oáλaσσa), to distinguish it from the Black Sea. Throughout Europe it is known as the Mediterranean.

Eratosthenes
Hipparchus
Strabo
Marinus of Tyre
Ptolemy

Stadia 25,450

Eratosthenes
Hipparchus
Strabo

Marinus of Tyre
Ptolemy

Stadia

11,800

16,300

14,000

18,583

29,000

2. Extent, Shape, and Admeasurements.— The Mediterranean Sea extends from 6° W. to 36° E. of Greenwich, while the extreme limits of its latitude are from 30° to 46° N.; and, in round numbers, its kngth, from Gibraltar to its furthest extremity in Syria, is about 2000 miles, with a breadth varying from 80 to 500 miles, and, including the Euxine, with a line of shore of 4500 leagues. The ancients, who considered this sea to be a very large portion of the globe, though in reality it is only equal to one-seventeenth part of the Pacific, assigned to it a much greater length. As they possessed no means for critically measuring horizontal angles, and were aded by the compass and chronometer, correctness is great distances was unattainable. On this account, wike the E shores of the Mediterranean approached a tolerable degree of correctness, the relative positions a forms of the W. coasts are erroneous. Strabo, a prisophical rather than a scientific geographer, set aimself to rectify the errors of Eratosthenes (ii. #105, 106), but made more mistakes: though he drew a much better "contour" of the Mediterranean, yet he distorted the W. parts, by placing Massilia 13 to the S. of Byzantium, instead of 21° to the Xf that city. Ptolemy also fell into great errors, tch as the flattening-in of the N. coast of Africa, to the amount of 41° to the S., in the latitude of Carte, while Byzantium was placed 2° to the N. of its true position; thus increasing the breadth in the Very part where the greatest accuracy might be exped. Nor was this all; for the extreme length of the Internal Sea was carried to upwards of 20°

3. Physical Geography.—A more richly-varied and broken outline gives to the N. shores of the Mediterranean an advantage over the S. or Libyan coast, which was remarked by Eratosthenes. (Strab. ii. p. 109.) The three great peninsulas, — the with their Iberian, the Italic, and the Hellenic,. sinuous and deeply indented shores, form, in combination with the neighbouring islands and opposite coasts, many straits and isthmuses. Exclusive of the Euxine (which, however, must be considered as part of it), this sheet of water is naturally divided into two vast basins; the barrier at the entrance of the straits marks the commencement of the W. basin, which descends to an abysmal depth, and extends as far as the central part of the sea, where it flows over another barrier (the subaqueous Adventure Bank, discovered by Admiral Smyth), and again falls into the yet unfathomed Levant basin.

Strabo (ii. pp. 122-127) marked off this expanse by three smaller closed basins. The westernmost, or Tyrrhenian basin, comprehended the space between the Pillars of Hercules and Sicily, including the Iberian, Ligurian, and Sardinian seas; the waters to the W. of Italy were also called, in reference to the Adriatic, the "Lower Sea," as that Upper Sea." The gulf bore the name of the " second was the Syrtic basin, E. of Sicily, including the Ausonian or Siculian, the Ionian, and the Libyan seas: on the N. this basin runs up into the Adriatic, on the S. the gulf of Libya penetrates deeply into

the African continent. The E. part of this basin is interrupted by Cyprus alone, and was divided into the Carpathian, Pamphylian, Cilician, and Syrian

seas.

The third or Aegean portion is bounded to the S. by a curved line, which, commencing at the coast of Caria in Asia Minor, is formed by the islands of Rhodes, Crete, and Cythera, joining the Peloponnesus not far from Cape Malea, with its subdivisions, the Thracian, Myrtoan, Icarian, and Cretan seas.

From the Aegean, the "White Sea" of the Turks, the channel of the Hellespont leads into the Propontis, connected by the Thracian Bosporus with the Euxine: to the NE. of that sheet of water lies the Palus Maeotis, with the strait of the Ciminerian Bosporus. The configuration of the continents and of the islands (the latter either severed from the main or volcanically elevated in lines, as if over long fissures) led in very early times to cosmological views respecting eruptions, terrestrial revolutions, and overpourings of the swollen higher seas into those which were lower. The Euxine, the Hellespont, the straits of Gades, and the Internal Sea, with its many islands, were well fitted to originate such theories. Not to speak of the floods of Ogyges and Deucalion, or the legendary cleaving of the pillars of Hercules by that hero, the Samothracian traditions recounted that the Euxine, once an inland lake, swollen by the rivers that flowed into it, had broken first through the Bosporus and afterwards the Hellespont. (Diod. v. 47.) A reflex of these Samothracian traditions appears in the "Sluice Theory" of Straton of Lampsacus (Strab. i. pp. 49, 50), according to which, the swellings of the waters of the Euxine first opened the passage of the Hellespont, and afterwards caused the outlet through the Pillars of Hercules. This theory of Straton led Eratosthenes of Cyrene to examine the problem of the equality of level of all external seas, or seas surrounding the continents. (Strab. I. c.; comp. ii. p. 104.) Strabo (i. pp. 51, 54) rejected the theory of Straton, as insufficient to account for all the phenomena, and proposed one of his own, the profoundness of which modern geologists are only now beginning to appreciate. "It is not," he says (l. c.), "because the lands covered by seas were originally at different altitudes, that the waters have risen, or subsided, or receded from some parts and inundated others. But the reason is, that the same land is sometimes raised up and sometimes depressed, so that it either overflows or returns into its own place again. We must therefore ascribe the cause to the ground, either to that ground which is under the sea, or to that which becomes flooded by it; but rather to that which lies beneath the sea, for this is more moveable, and, on account of its wetness, can be altered with greater quickness." (Lyell, Geology, p. 17; Humboldt, Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 118, trans., Aspects of Nature, vol. ii. pp. 73-83, trans.)

The fluvial system of the Internal Sea, including the rivers that fall into the Euxine, consists, besides many secondary streams, of the Nile, Danube, Borysthenes, Tanais, Po, Rhone, Ebro, and Tyras. The general physics of this sea, and their connection with ancient speculations, do not fall within the scope of this article; it will be sufficient to say that the theory of the tides was first studied on the coast of this, which can only in poetical language be called "a tideless sea.' The mariner of old had his charts and sailing directories, was acquainted

with the bewildering currents and counter-currents - the of this sea, — Typhon" (Tvár), and the "Prester" (pnoTp), the destroyer of those at sea, of which Lucretius (vi. 422-445) has given so terrific a description, - and hailed in the hour of danger, as the " Dioscuri" who played about the mast-head of his vessel (Plin. ii. 437; Sen. Nat. Quaest. ii.), the fire of St. Elmo, "sacred to the seaman." Much valuable information upon the winds, climate, and other atmospheric phenomena, as recorded by the ancients, and compared with modern investigations, is to be found in Smytlı (Mediterranean, pp. 210-302). Forbiger's section upon Physical Geography (vol. i. pp. 576— 655) is useful for the references to the Latin and Greek authors. Some papers, which appeared in Fraser's Magazine for the years 1852 and 1853, upon the fish known to the ancients, throw considerable light upon the ichthyology of this sea. Recent inquiry has confirmed the truth of many instructive and interesting facts relating to the fish of the Mediterranean which have been handed down by Aristotle, Pliny, Archestratus, Aelian, Ovid, Oppian, Athenaeus, and Ausonius.

4. Historical Geography.-To trace the progress of discovery on the waters and shores of this sea would be to give the history of civilisation,-"nullum sine nomine saxum." Its geographical position has eminently tended towards the intercourse of nations, and the extension of the knowledge of the world. The three peninsulas-the Iberian, Italic, and Hellenic-run out to meet that of Asia Minor projecting from the E. coast, while the islands of the Aegean have served as stepping stones for the passage of the peoples from one continent to the other; and the great Indian Ocean advances by the fissure between Arabia, Aegypt, and Abyssinia, under the name of the Red Sea, so as only to be divided by a narrow isthmus from the Delta of the Nile valley and the SE. coast of the Mediterranean.

66

We," says Plato in the Phaedo (p. 109, b.), "who dwell from the Phasis to the Pillars of Hercules, inhabit only a small portion of the earth in which we have settled round the (Interior) sea, like ants or frogs round a marsh." And yet the margin of this contracted basin has been the site where civilisation was first developed, and the theatre of the greatest events in the early history of the world. Religion, intellectual culture, law, arts, and manners- -nearly everything that lifts us above the savage, have come from these coasts.

The earliest civilisation on these shores was to the S., but the national character of the Aegyptians was opposed to intercourse with other nations, and their navigation, such as it was, was mainly confined to the Nile and Arabian gulf. The Phoe nicians were the first great agents in promoting the communion of peoples, and their flag waved in every part of the waters of the Internal Sea. Carthage and Etruria, though of less importance than Phoenicia in connecting nations and extending the geographical horizon, exercised great influence ou commercial intercourse with the W. coast of Africa and the N. of Europe. The progressive movement propagated itself more widely and enduringly through the Greeks and Romans, especially after the latter had broken the Phoenico-Carthaginian power.

In the Hellenic peninsula the broken configuration of the coast-line invited early navigation and commercial intercourse, and the expeditions of the Samians (Herod. iv. 162) and Phocaeans (Herod.