121, Blanch; "In ecclesia vero beatorum Cosmae et | 45.) Caesar did not live to see it completed, and Damiani in tribus Fatis," &c. Id. V. Hadr. ib. p. 254.) it was finished by Augustus, as we learn from the Hence perhaps the name of templum fatale applied Monumentum Ancyranum. We are told by Appian to the temple of Janus. (B. C. ii. 102) that the temple was surrounded with an open space, or réuevos, and that it was not destined for traffic but for the transaction of legal business. As it stood in the very heart of the city Caesar was compelled to lay out immense sums in purchasing the area for it, which alone is said to have cost him " super H. s. millies," or about 900,000l. sterling. (Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. xxxvi. 24.) Yet it was smaller than the ancient forum, which now, in contradistinction to that of Caesar, obtained the name of Forum Magnum. (Dion Cass. xliii. 22.)

which Atticus had so often admired. However Forum Julium as closely adjoining the Basilica Aethis may be, we see through the obscurity of milia, and there are other circumstances that may Cicero's letter the rough sketch of a magnificent | be adduced in proof of the same site. Ovid (Fast. design of Caesar's, which had not yet been per-i. 258) alludes to the temple of Janus as lying befectly matured. The whole space from the back tween two fora, and these must have been the of the Basilica Aemilia as far as the Septa Julia in Forum Romanum and the Forum Caesaris. Pliny's the Campus Martius was to be thrown open; and story (xvi. 86) of the lotus-tree on the Vulcanal, perhaps even the excavation of the extremity of the the roots of which penetrated to the forum of Quirinal, ultimately executed by Trajan, may have Caesar, whatever may be its absolute truth, must at been comprised in the plan. Cicero is evidently half all events have possessed sufficient probability to be ashamed of this vast outlay in favour of Caesar, and not actually incredible; and there is no situation for seeks to excuse it with Atticus by leading him to Caesar's forum which tallies with that story better infer that it will place his favourite monument in a than that here assigned to it with relation to the better point of view. When Cicero wrote the plan site of the Vulcanal, as established in the preceding was evidently in a crude and incipient state. pages. Our Vulcanal need not have been distant The first pretence put forth was probably a mere more than about 30 yards from the Forum Julium; extension of the Forum Romanum; but when Caesar that of Becker lies at about five times that distance a few years later attained to supreme power the new from it, and would render Pliny's account utterly foundation became the Forum Julium. In his improbable. position some caution was requisite in these affairs. Thus the curia of Faustus was pulled down under pretence of erecting on its site a temple of Felicitas-a compliment to the boasted good fortune of Sulla, and his name of Felix. But instead of it rose the Curia Julia. The discrepancy in the sums mentioned by Cicero and Suetonius probably arose from the circumstance that as the work proceeded it was found necessary to buy more houses. If this buying up of private houses was not for the Forum Julium, for what purpose could it possibly have been? The Curia Julia stood on the site of the Curia Hostilia, the Basilica Julia on that of the Sempronia, and we know of no other buildings designed by Caesar about the forum.

With regard to the situation of the ATRIUM LIBERTATIS, to which Cicero says the forum was to be extended, we are inclined to look for it, with Becker, on that projection of the Quirinal which was subsequently cut away in order to make room for the forum of Trajan. The words of Livy, "Censores extemplo in atrium Libertatis escenderunt" (xliii. 16), seem to point to a height. A fragment of the Capitoline plan, bearing the inscription LIBERTATIS, seems to be rightly referred by Canina to the Basilica Ulpia. (Foro Rom. p. 185; cf. Becker, Antwort, &c. p. 29.) Now, if our conjecture respecting the site of the Atrium Libertatis is correct, it would have been occupied by the forum of Trajan and its appurtenances; and it therefore appears probable that the Atrium was comprehended in the Basilica Ulpia. Nor is this a mere unfounded guess, since it appears from some lines of Sidonius Apollinaris (Epig. 2), that in his time the Basilica Ulpia was the place where slaves received their manumission. And that the old Atrium Libertatis was devoted to manumission and other business respecting slaves appears from several passages of ancient authors. Thus Livy: "Postremo eo descensum est, ut ex quatuor urbanis tribubus unam palam in Atrio Libertatis sortirentur, in quam omnes, qui servitutem servissent, conjicerent" (xlv. 15). And Cicero: "Sed quaestiones urgent Milonem, quae sunt habitae nunc in Atrio Libertatis: Quibusnam de servis?" &c. (Mil. 22). Lastly, it may be mentioned that the following fragment of an inscription was found near the church of S. Martina, and therefore near this spot:

SENATVS. POPVLVSQVE [ROMANVS]

LIBERTATI.

(Canina, Foro Rom. p. 391).

Palladio mentions that in his time considerable remains of a temple were discovered behind the place where the statue of Marforio then stood, near the church of S. Martina, which, from the cornice being adorned with sculptures of dolphins and tridents, he took to be one dedicated to Neptune. But as we have no accounts of a temple of Neptune in this neighbourhood, and as these emblems would also suit the sea-born goddess, it seems probable that the remains belonged to the temple of Venus Genitrix. This is still more strikingly confirmed by Palladio's account of its style of architecture, which was pycnostyle, as we know that of Venus to have been. (Archit. lib. iv. 31; comp. Vitruv. iii. 23.)

We can hardly doubt, therefore, that the forum of Caesar lay on this spot, as is indicated by so many various circumstances. The only objection that has been urged against it is the following passage of Servius, which places the ARGILETUM, a district which undoubtedly adjoined the Forum Julium, in quite a different part of the town: "Sunt geminae belli portae-Sacrarium hoc Numa Pompilius fecerat circa imum Argiletum juxta theatrum Marcelli, quod fuit in duobus brevissimis templis. Duobus autem propter Janum bifrontem. Postea captis Faliscis, civitate Tusciae, inventum est simulacrum Jani cum frontibus quatuor. Unde quod Numa instituerat translatum est ad forum Transitorium et quatuor portarum unum templum est institutum" (ad Virg. Aen. vii. 607). That the Argiletum adjoined the forum of Caesar is evident from the following epigram of Martial's (i. 117. 8):

"Quod quaeris propius petas licebit
Argi nempe soles subire letum:
Contra Caesaris est forum taberna
Scriptis postibus hine et inde totis
Onnes ut cito perlegas poetas.

Illine me pete, ne roges Atrectum;
Hoc nomen dominus gerit tabernae."
Hence, if Servius is right, the forum of Caesar could
not have been where we have placed it, but on the
S. side of the Capitoline hill; and this opinion has
found some defenders (Mommsen, Annali dell'
Instit. vol. xvi. p. 311, seq.) We trust, however, that
the situation of the small temple of Janus, the index
belli pacisque, has been clearly established by what
we have said in the former part of this article.
Servius is evidently confounding this little temple
with the larger one near the theatre of Marcellus;
and indeed the whole passage is a heap of trash.

The preceding letter of Cicero's points to the For how can we connect such remote events as the

taking of Falisci, or rather Falerii, and the erection | shape (Palladio, Archit. iv.), with porticoes, in which of a Janus Quadrifrons on the Forum Transitorium, which did not exist till many centuries afterwards? Livy also indicates the Janus-temple of Numa as being in the Argiletum ("Janum ad infimum Argiletum indicem pacis bellique fecit," i. 19); whence we must conclude that it was a district lying on the N. side of the forum. We do not think, however, with Becker (Handb. p. 261), that any proof can be drawn from the words of Virgil (Aen. viii. 345, seq.), where, with a poetical license, the various places are evidently mentioned without regard to their order. But how far the district called Argiletum may have been encroached upon by the imperial fora it is impossible to say.

The forum of Caesar must have been very splendid. Before the temple of Venus stood a statue of the celebrated horse which would suffer nobody but Caesar to mount him, and whose fore-feet are said to have resembled those of a human being (Suet. Caes. 61; Plin. viii. 64). The temple was adorned with pictures by the best Greek artists, and enriched with many precious offerings (Plin. vii. 38, ix. 57, xxxvii. 5, &c.). It was one of the three fora devoted to legal business, the other two being the Forum Romanum and Augusti:"Causas, inquis, agam Cicerone disertius ipso Atque erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro." (Mart. iii. 38. 2.) Whether it was ever used for assemblies of the senate seems doubtful; at all events the passage cited by Becker (Handb. p. 369) from Tacitus (Ann. xvi. 27) proves nothing, as the word curia there seems to point to the Curia Julia. Of the subsequent history of the Forum Caesaris but little is known. It appears to have escaped the fire of Nero; but it is mentioned among the buildings restored by Diocletian after the fire under Carinus ("Opera publica arserunt Senatum, Forum, Caesaris patrimonium, Basilicam Juliam et Graecostadium, Catal. Imp. Vienn. where, according to Preller, Reg. p. 143, we must read Forum Caesaris, Atrium Minervae.") It is mentioned in the Ordo Romanus, in the year 1143, but may then have been a ruin.

Forum Augusti.-This forum was constructed for the express purpose of affording more accommodation for judicial business, which had now increased to such an extent that the Forum Romanum and Forum Julium did not suffice for it. It included in its area a TEMPLE OF MARS ULTOR, vowed by Augustus in the civil war which he had undertaken to avenge his father's death:

"Mars ades, et satia scelerato sanguine ferrum, Stetque favor causa pro meliore tuus. Templa feres, et, me victore, vocaberis Ultor. Voverat, et fuso laetus ab hoste redit." (Ov. Fast. v. 575, seq.) This temple was appointed to be the place where the senate should consult about wars and triumphs, where provinces cum imperio should be conferred, and where victorious generals should deposit the insignia of their triumphs (Suet. Aug. 29). The forum was constructed on a smaller scale than Augustus had intended, because he could not obtain the consent of some neighbouring householders to part with their property (lb. 56). It was opened for business before the temple was finished, which was dedicated B. C. 1 (b. 29; Vell Pat. ii. 100). The forum extended on each side of the temple in a semicircular

Augustus erected the statues of the most eminent Roman generals. On each side of the temple were subsequently erected triumphal arches in honour of Germanicus and Drusus, with their statues (Tac. Ann. ii. 64). The temple is said to have been very splendid (Plin. xxxvi. 54), and was adorned, as well as the forum, with many works of art (16. vii. 53, xxxiv. 18, xxxv. 10; Ov. Fast. v. 555, &c.). The Salii were accustomed to banquet here; and an anecdote is recorded of the emperor Claudius, that once when he was sitting in judgment in this forum, he was so attracted by the savoury odour of the dinner preparing for these priests, that he quitted the tribunal and joined their party. (Suet. Claud. 33.) This anecdote has partly served to identify the site of the temple, an inscription having been discovered on one of the remaining walls in which the Salii and their Mansiones are mentioned (Canina, Foro Rom. p. 150).

The remains of three of the columns, with their entablature, of the temple of Mars Ultor are still to be seen near the place called the Arco de' Pantani. It must therefore have adjoined the back of the Forum Caesaris. These three columns, which are tall and handsome, are of the Corinthian order. All we know respecting the history of the Forum Augusti is that it was restored by Hadrian (Spart. Hadr. 19). The church of S. Basilio was probably built on the site of the temple (Ordo Rom. 1143; Mabill. Mus. Ital. ii. p. 143).

MAR

MARS ULTOR.

Forum Transitorium or Forum Nervae.-This forum was begun by Domitian, but completed and dedicated by Nerva (Suet. Dom. 5; Aur. Vict. Caes. 12). We have said that Domitian had a particular predilection for Minerva, and he founded a large AEDES MINERVAE in this forum (" Dedicato prius foro, quod appellatur Pervium, quo aedes Minervae eminentior consurgit et magnificentior,” A. Vict. Ib.). From this circumstance it was also called Forum Palladium ("Limina post Pacis Palladiumque forum," Mart. i. 2. 8); besides which it also had the name of Pervium or Transitorium, apparently because it was traversed by a street which connected the N. and S. sides of the city, which was not the case with the other fora (Niebuhr, in the Beschreibung Roms, iii. p. 282). Thus Lampridius (Alex. Sev. 28): "In foro Divi Nervae, quod Transitorium dicitur;' and Aurelius Victor in the passage just cited. From the line of Martial's before quoted, it appears to have adjoined the temple of Peace, erected by Vespasian, which we shall have occasion to describe in another section. There appears to have stood upon it a temple, or rather perhaps fourfold archway of Janus Quadrifrons, probably somewhat resembling that which still exists near S. Georgio in Velabro, connecting the roads which led to the four different forums, namely, the Forum Romanum, Forum Caesaris, Forum Nervae, and Forum Pacis, as Vespasian's temple of Peace was sometimes called. The passage

before quoted from Servius (ad Aen. vii. 607), how-
ever absurd in other respects, may at least be received
as evidence of the existence of such a Janus here,
especially as it is confirmed by other writers. Thus
Joannes Lydus: καὶ τοιοῦτον αὐτοῦ ἄγαλμα (τετρά-
μορφον) ἐν τῷ φόρῳ τοῦ Νερβᾶ ἐτὶ καὶ νῦν λέγεται |
σeowoμévov (de Mens. iv. 1). So also Martial:
"Nunc tua Caesareis cinguntur limina donis
Et fora tot numeros, Jane, quot ora geris"

(x. 28. 5). In the middle ages this Janus-temple appears to have borne the name of Noah's Ark.

In the time of Pope Paul V. considerable remains existed of the pronaos, or vestibule of this temple of Minerva, consisting of several columns with their entablature, with the following inscription: IMP.

NERVA. CAESAR. AVG. PONT. MAX. TRIB. POT.

II. IMP. II. PROCOS. (Canina, Foro Rom. p. 171.) Paul took these columns to adorn his fountain, the Acqua Paolo, on the Janiculum. In the Via Alessandrina there are still remains of the wall of peperino which formed the enclosure of the forum, together with two large Corinthian columns half buried in the earth, now called the Colonnacce. Their entablature is covered with mutilated reliefs, and over them is an Attic, with a figure of Minerva, also in relief. The situation of the forum of Nerva, and the remains of it existing in his time, are decribed by Palladio (Architettura, lib. iv.), also by Du Pérac (tom. vi.), who observes, that it was then the most complete ruin of a forum in Rome. The Colonnacce are represented by Gamucci, Antichità di Roma, p. 55; Desgodetz, p. 159, seq.; Overbeke, pl. 39. There is a good description of the fora of Augustus and Nerva by Niebuhr in the Beschreibung Roms, vol. iii. P. 275.

Forum Trajani. - Thus between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, the Velian ridge and the ascent of the Quirinal, the valley was almost filled with a splendid series of public places, which we might imagine could hardly be surpassed. Yet it was reserved for Trajan to complete another forum, still more magnificent than any of the preceding ones, for the construction of which the Quirinal itself was forced to yield up part of its mass. Previously to the time of Trajan that hill was connected with the Capitoline by a sort of isthmus, or slender neck; the narrow and uneven defile between them was covered with private houses, and traversed only by a single road of communication between the forum and Campus Martius. But on the western side of this defile lay one of the handsomest quarters of Rome, containing the Septa Julia, the Flaminian circus, the theatres of Balbus, Pompey, and Marcellus, together with those temples and porticoes which so much excited the admiration of Strabo, and which he has described in a passage quoted in the former part of this article. The design of the forum of Trajan was, therefore, to connect this quarter of the town with the imperial fora in a manner not unworthy of the magnificent structures on either side of it. This gigantic work, a portion of which still remains, though the greater part has disappeared under the united influences of time and barbarism, is supposed to have been projected, and even begun, by Domitian. (Aur. Vict. Caes. 13; Hieron. i. p. 443, Ronc.; Cassiod. Chron. ii. p. 197.) It was, however, executed by Trajan, with the assistance of the celebrated architect Apollodorus of Damascus. (Dion Cass. lxix. 4.) But no

ancient author has left us a satisfactory description
of it, and we are obliged to make out the plan, as
best we may, from what we can trace of the remains;
a task somewhat aided by the excavations made by
the French when they had possession of Rome at the
commencement of the present century. (See Tournon,
Etudes Statist. Rome, tom. ii. p. 253, pl. 28, 29;
Fea, Notizie degli scavi nell' Anfiteatro Flario e
nel Foro Traiano, Rom. 1813; Bunsen, Les Forum
de Rome, iide partie, p. 24, seq.)
work consisted of the following parts:-
This immense

1. The forum, properly so called, a large open
area immediately adjoining the NW. sides of the fora
of Caesar and Augustus, and filling the whole space
between the Capitoline and Quirinal, much of the
latter hill, indeed, and some of the former, having
been cut away in order to make room for it. This
part, which was called the area or atrium fori (Gell.
xiii. 24; Amm. Marc. xvi. 10), contained, in the
middle, an equestrian statue of Trajan, and was
adorned with many other statues. The SW. and NE
sides of this square, where the ground had been cut
away from the hills, was occupied with semicircular
buildings. There are still large remains of that under
the Quirinal, which are vulgarly called the baths of
Paullus Aemilius. The lower part of this edifice,
which has only been laid open within the last few
years, consists of quadrangular niches, which pro-
bably served as little shops; above them was a vaulted
portico, with rooms and staircases leading to the
upper floors. Piranesi and other topographers con-
jectured that there was another similar building
on the side of the Capitol, at the place called the
Chiavi d' Oro; but Canina was the first to demon-
strate its existence in his Indicazione Topografica.
Along the front of each of the crescents thus formed
there seems to have been a portico, which gave the
forum its proper rectangular form. The forum was
thus divided into three parts, through both the ex-
terior ones of which there was a road for carriages,
as appears from traces of pavement; whilst the square,
or middle division was paved with flag-stones. In
the middle of the SE. side there seems to have been
a triumphal arch, vestiges of which were discovered
in the time of Flaminio Vacca (Memorie, no. 40),
forming the principal entrance on the side of the
imperial fora.

2. Next to the forum on the NW. side lay the BASILICA ULPIA, which extended across it lengthways, and thus served to form one of its sides. The basilica was called Ulpia from Trajan's family name. The plan of the middle part is now laid entirely open. It seems to have been divided internally by four rows of columns, thus forming five aisles, with circular absides or chalcidica at each end. During the ex.