excellent state of preservation partly to the solidity of its construction, partly to its having been consecrated as a Christian church as early as the reign of Phocas, under the title of S. Maria ad Martyres, or della Rotonda. To the lover of the fine arts it is doubly interesting from containing the tomb of Raphael. Some architects have thought that it was not originally intended for a temple, but as part of the baths; a notion, however, that is refuted by passages in ancient writers, where it is styled templum (Plin. xxxvi. 5. s. 38; Macrob. Sat. ii. 13). The Pantheon stood in the centre of the Campus Martius, taking that name in its widest sense. The THERMAE, of which only a few unimportant remains exist, adjoined it on the S., and must have extended to near the Hecatostylon. The DIRIBITORIUM was a large building destined, according to Becker (Handb. p. 638), to the examination of the voting tablets used in the comitia, in order to determine the result of elections, and must therefore have been situated near the Septa. It seems to have been left unfinished at Agrippa's death, and was dedicated by Augustus, B. c. 7. Its vast unsupported roof was one of the wonders of Rome, and, when destroyed in the fire of Titus, could not be replaced. (Dion Cass. lv. 8; Plin. xvi. 40.) In hot weather Caligula sometimes converted it into a theatre (Dion Cass. lix. 7). The portico which Agrippa erected in the Campus Martius appears to have been called PORTICUS ARGONAUTARUM, from its being adorned with a picture of the Argonauts, and was erected in commemoration of Agrippa's naval victories (Dion Cass. liii. 27; Mart. iii. 20. 11). Becker (Handb. p. 637) contends that this was the same building called Basilica Neptuni by Spartian (Hadr. 19), and Ποσειδώνιον by Dion Cassius (Ixvi. 24). But a basilica is not equivalent to a portico, nor can we imagine that Dion would have used the term Пoσedúvior of a σToά; whence it seems more probable, as assumed by Canina (Indic. p. 406) and other topographers, that Agrippa also erected a TEMPLE OF NEPTUNE, which was connected with, or probably surrounded by the portico. Nardini and Caninathe latter from recent researches-are of opinion that the eleven columns now existing in the front of the Dogana di Terra in the Piazza di Pietra, near the Antonine column, belonged to this temple. Of a PORTICUS MELEAGRI mentioned in the Notitia in connection with that of the Argonautarum, we know nothing further. Augustus also erected a few monuments on the Campus Martius. Among them was the SOLARIUM AUGUSTI, an obelisk which now stands on Monte Citorio, which served as a gigantic gnomon, and, on an immense marble flooring that surrounded it, exhibited not only the hours, but also the increase and decrease of the days (Plin. xxxvi. 15). In the northern part of the Campus, between the Via Flaminia and the Tiber, he caused to be constructed during his life-time that superb MAUSOLEUM, a description of which by Strabo has already been cited in the former part of this article. This district had for some time previously served as a burying place for the most distinguished persons. Among others buried near this spot were Sulla, Caesar together with his aunt and daughter, and the two consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who fell at Mutina. Several members of the family of Augustus had been entombed in the mausoleum before the ashes of Augustus himself were deposited within it; as Marcellus, Agrippa, Octavia, and Drusus (Dion Cass. liii. 30; Virg. Aen. vi. 873, seq.; Ov. Cons. ad Liv. 67). By the time of Hadrian it was completely filled; which caused him to build a new one on the opposite side of the river (Dion Cass. Ixix. 23). There are still considerable remains of the monument of Augustus. The area on which the sepulchre of the Caesars stood is now converted into a sort of amphitheatre for spectacles of the lowest description: sic transit gloria mundi. It is doubtful whether a third building of Augustus called PORTICUS AD NATIONES, or XIV. NATIONES, stood in the Campus Martius or in the Circus Flaminius. It appears to have been near the theatre of Pompey, and contained statues representing different nations (Plin. xxxvi. 5. s. 4; Serv. ad Aen. viii. 721.) Near the Mausoleum appears to have been a portico called VIA TECTA, the origin of which is un known. Its situation near the place assigned is determined by the following passage in Seneca's Apocolocyntosis: "Injicit illi (Claudio) manum Talthybius deorum nuntius et trahit capite obvoluto, ne quis eum possit agnoscere, per Campum Martium; et inter Tiberim et Viam Tectam descendit ad inferos" (p. 389, Bip.). If this descent to the infernal regions was at the subterranean altar of Pluto and Proserpine before mentioned, it would go far to fix the situation of the Tarentum in the northern part of the Campus; but this, though probable, is not certain. The Via Tecta is mentioned once or twice by Martial (iii. 5, viii. 75). Among the other monuments relating to Augustus in the Campus Martius, was an ARA PACIS, dedicated to Augustus on his return from Germany, B. C. 13. (Dion Cass. liv. 25; Ov. Fast. iii. 882; Fast. Praen. III. Kal. Feb.) The ARA FORTUNAE REDUCIS was another similar altar (Dion Cass. liv. 19); but there is nothing to prove that it was on the Campus Martius. In the reign of Augustus, Statilius Taurus erected an AMPHITHEATRE on the Campus,-the first built of stone at Rome; but its situation cannot be determined. (Dion Cass. li. 23; Suet. Aug. 29.) A long interval ensued after the reign of Augustus before any new public buildings were erected on the Campus Martius. Caligula began, indeed, a large amphitheatre near the Septa; but Cladius caused it to be pulled down. Nero erected, close to the baths of Agrippa, the THERMAE NERONIANAE, which seem to have been subsequently enlarged by Alexander Severus, and to have obtained the name of THERMAE ALEXANDRINAE. The damage occasioned in this district by the fire of Nero cannot be stated, since all that we certainly know is that the amphitheatre of Statilius Taurus was destroyed in it (Dion Cass. Ixii. 18). The fire under Titus was considerably more destructive in this quarter (Id. lxvi. 24); but the damage appears to have been made good by Domitian. Among the buildings restored by him on this occasion we find the TEMPLES OF ISIS AND SERAPIS mentioned; but we have no accounts respecting their foundation. Their site may, however, be fixed between the Septa Julia and the baths of Agrippa, near the modern church of S. Maria sopra Minerva. Thus Juvenal (vi. 527): "A Meroe portabit aquas, ut spargat in aedem (Cf. Joseph. B. Jud. vii. 5. § 4.) It was near the spot indicated that the celebrated group of the Nile was discovered which now adorns the Vatican (Braun, Museums of Rome, p. 160), together with several other Egyptian objects (Flaminio Vacca, Mem. nos. 26, 27; Bartoli, Mem. no. 112, &c.). Alexander Severus devoted much attention to these temples (Lampr. 4. Sev. 26), and they must have existed till a late period, since they are enumerated in the Notitia. Domitian also restored a temple of Minerva which stood near the same spot, the MINERVA CHALCIDICA of Cassiodorus (Chron. sub Domit.) and of the Notitia. (Montf. Diar. Ital. p. 292). It must have been the temple originally founded by Pompey in commemoration of his eastern victories, the inscription on which is recorded by Pliny (vii. 27). It was from this temple that the church of S. Maria just mentioned derived its epithet of sopra Minerva, and it seems to have been near this spot that the celebrated statue of the Giustiniani was discovered; though according to other, but less probable, accounts, it was found in the circular temple near the Porta Maggiore (Braun, Museums, &c. p. 154). Some topographers assume that the temple built by Pompey was a different one from the above, with the barbarous title of Minerva Campensis, but in the same neighbourhood; which does not seem probable (Canina, Indicaz. p. 405). Domitian also founded in the Campus Martius an ODEUM and a STADIUM (Suet. Dom. 5), which will be described in the proper sections. The situation of the former cannot be determined. The Stadium, in all probability, occupied the site of the Piazza Navona, the form of which shows that it must have been a circus. The name of Navona is a corruption of in Agone, and important remains of this Stadium Pallas, now in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, ANTONINE COLUMN. (COLUMN OF M. AURELIUS.) were in existence in the time of the Anonymous of Einsiedlen (Preller, Regionen, p. 171). The assumption that this place was occupied by a stadium built by Alexander Severus-in which case that of Domitian must be sought in some other part of the Campus-rests only on traditions of the middle ages (Canina, Indic. p. 392). Trajan is said to have built a theatre in the Campus Martius, which, however, was destroyed by Hadrian. (Spart. Hadr. 8.) The same emperor probably erected what is called in the Notitia the BASILICA MARCIANES (Marcianae), which was probably a temple in honour of his sister, Marciana. The Antonines appear to have adorned this quarter with many buildings The BASILICA MATIDIES (Matidiae) was perhaps erected by Antoninus Pius, and consecrated to Matidia, the wife of Hadrian; as well as the HADRIANUM, or temple to Hadrian himself, also mentioned in the Notitia. (Preller, p. 175.) The TEMPLUM ANTONINI and COLUMNA COCHLIS were the temple and pillar erected in honour of M. Aurelius Antoninus. (Capitol. M. Ant. 18; Aur. Vict. Epit. 16.) All these buildings stood near together in the vicinity of the Piazza Colonna, on which the column (Columna Antoniniana) still exists. For a long while this column was thought to be that of Antoninus Pius, and was even declared to be such in the inscription placed on the pedestal during the pontificate of Sixtus V. But the sculptures on the column were subsequently perceived to relate to the history of Antonine the philosopher; and this view was confirmed not only by the few remaining words of the original inscription, but also by another inscription found in the neighbouring Piazza di Monte Citorio, regarding a permission granted to a certain Adrastus, a freedman of Septimius Severus and Caracalla, to erect a small house in the neighbourhood of the column, as curator of it. This inscription, which is now preserved in the corridor of the Vatican, twice mentions the column as being that "Divi Marci." (Canina, Indic. p. 417, seq.) The column is an imitation of that of Trajan, but not in so pure a style of art. Both derive their name of cochlis from the spiral staircase (cochlea, Koxías) in the interior of them. (Isid. Orig. xv. 2, 38.) The COLUMNA ANTONINI PII was a large pillar of red granite, erected to PEDESTAL OF COLUMN OF ANTONINUS PIUS. him, as appears from the inscription, by M. Aurelius and L. Verus. It was discovered in the pontificate of Clement XI., in the garden of the Padri della Missione, on the E. side of the Palazzo di Monte Citorio. It broke in the attempt to erect it in the Piazza di Monte Citorio, where the obelisk now stands; but the pedestal with the inscription is still preserved in the garden of the Vatican. (Canina, Indic. p. 419.) The sculptures on the pedestal represent the Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and Faustina. The THERMAE COMMODIANAE and ALEXANDRINAE will be treated of in the section on the baths. After the time of Alexander Severus we find but few new buildings mentioned in this district. Gordian III. is said to have entertained the design of building an enormous portico under the Pincian hill, but it does not appear that it was ever executed. (Capitol. Gord. III. c. 32.) Respecting the Porticus Flaminia, see the article PONS MILVIUS. Some porticoes near the Pons Aelius, which appear to have borne the name of Maximae, were terminated by the TRIUMPHAL ARCH OF GRATIAN, VALENTINIAN, AND THEODOSIUS; the inscription on which will be found in the Anonymous of Einsiedlen, and in Gruter (clxxii. 1). Claudius, who was prefect of the city under Valentinian I., erected a portico near the baths of Agrippa, which he called PORTICUS BONI EVENTUS, after a neighbouring temple with the same name (Amm. Marc. xxix. 6. § 19); but with regard to this temple we have no information. We shall now proceed to that part of the district under consideration comprised in the 7th Region of Augustus, and subsequently called VIA LATA, from the road which bounded its western side, and which formed the southern extremity of the Via Flaminia. The most important topographical question connected with this district is the situation of the CAMPUS AGRIPPAE, and the buildings connected with it. We have already shown from the situation of Martial's house, as well as from the probable site of the temple of Sol, that the Campus Agrippae must have lain under the western side of the Quirinal, and not under the Pincian, where Becker places it. It is probable, too, that it lay on a line with the Pantheon and thermae of Agrippa, although divided from them by the Via Lata; and hence Canina correctly describes it as facing the Septa (Indic. p. 215), whilst Urlichs and Preller, in like manner, place it between the Piazza degli Apostoli and the Fontana Trevi. (Beschr. vol. iii. pt. iii. p. 112; Regionen, p. 138.) The Campus Agrippae contained gardens, porticoes, and places for gymnastic exercises, and was, in short, a kind of Campus Martius in miniature. It was also a favourite lounge and promenade. (A. Gell. xiv. 5.) It appears from a passage in Dion Cassius, that the Campus was not finished before Agrippa's death, and that it was opened to the public by Augustus (lv. 8.) It contained a PORTICUS POLAE, so named after Agrippa's sister Pola or Polla; which is probably the same as that alluded to by Martial, in some passages before quoted, under the name of VIPSANIA. The latter name seems to be corrupted in the Notitia into Perticus Gypsiani. Becker (Handb. p. 596) would identify the Porticus Polae with the PORTICUS EUROPAE, but they seem to be different structures. (Urlichs, Röm. Topogr.p.139.) The latter, which derived its name from a picture of the rape of Europa, is frequently mentioned by Martial (ii. 14, iii. 20, xi. 1). Its situation cannot be determined; but most topographers place it in the Campus Martius, among the other buildings of Agrippa. (Canina, Indicaz. p. 409; Urlichs, Röm. Marsfeld, p. 116.) It appears from the Notitia that the Campus Agrippae contained CASTRA, which, from the Catalogus Imperat. Vienn. (t. ii. p. 246, Ronc.), appear to have been dedicated by Aurelian; but the Porticus Vipsania served as a sort of barracks as early as the time of Galba. (Tac. H. i. 31; Plut. Galb. 25.) Several objects mentioned in this district are doubtful as to site, and even as to meaning, and are not important enough to demand investigation. It contained TRIUMPHAL ARCHES OF CLAUDIUS AND M. AURELIUS. The latter subsisted in a tolerably perfect state near the Piazza Fiana in the Corso, till the year 1662, when pope Alexander VII. caused it to be pulled down. Its reliefs still adorn the staircase of the Palazzo de' Conservatori. (Canina, Indicaz. p. 220.) ARCH OF AURELIUS. We shall conclude this section with noticing a very humble but very useful object, the FORUM SUARIUM. Bacon was an article of great consumption at Rome. It was distributed, as well as bread, among the people, and its annual consumption in the time of Valentinian III. was estimated at 3,628,000 pounds. (Gibbon, Decline and Fall, vol. iv. p. 85, ed. Smith.) The custom of distributing it had been introduced by Aurelian. (Vopisc. Aurel. 25.) A country in which hogs'-flesh is the cheapest meat betrays a low state of farming. The swine still abounds in Italy; but in ancient times the Roman market was principally supplied from the forests of Lucania. The market was important enough to have its special tribune, and the "pigmen of the eternal city" ("Porcinarii Urbis aeternae") were considered such a useful body that peculiar privileges were granted to them. (Cod. xi. tit. 16; Not. Dignit. Part. Occ. p. 16; Gruter, Inscr. cclxxx. 4.) The market is alluded to in a sort of proverbial manner by Philostratus (aτuá Te Kal κοινὰ φύαιτ ̓ ἄν, ὥσπερ ἐν συῶν ἀγορᾷ, Heroic. p. 283. 19, ed. Kayser.). It is supposed to have stood near the present church of S. Croce dei Lucchesi, which was substituted for that of S. Nicolò in Porcilibus. (Canina, Indic. p. 209; Preller, Regionen, p. 139.) XIV. THE TRANSTIBERINE DISTRICT. Although the district beyond the Tiber formed one of the 14 Regions of Augustus, and although part of it may perhaps have been enclosed with a wall as early as the time of Ancus Marcius, and was certainly included in that of Aurelian, yet, while it was considered a part of Rome, it never belonged to the Urbs, properly so called. The distinction be tween Roma and Urbs was at least as old as the time of Augustus, and was thus laid down by Alfenus Varus: "Ut Alfenus ait, Urbs est Roma, qua muro cingeretur; Roma est etiam, qua continentia aedificia essent." (Digest. 1. tit. 16. 1. 87.) This circumstance rather tends to strengthen Niebuhr's opinion that Ancus Marcius only built a citadel on the Janiculum, without any walls extending to the river. [See above, Part II. Sect. I. sub fin.] The district in question is naturally divided into three parts, the Mons Janiculus (or Janiculum), the Mons Vaticanus, each with their respective plains towards the river, and the Insula Tiberina. We shall begin with the last. We have already mentioned the legend respecting the formation of the INSULA TIBERINA through the corn belonging to the Tarquins being thrown into the river. In the year B. C. 291 the island became sacred to Aesculapius. In consequence of a pestilence an embassy was despatched to Epidaurus to bring back to Rome the image of that deity; but instead of the statue came a snake, into which it was perfectly known that the god himself had entered. As the vessel was passing the Tiberine island the snake swam ashore and hid itself there; in consequence of which a TEMPLE OF AESCULAPIUS was built upon it, and the island ever afterwards bore the name of the god. (Liv. Epit. xi.; Ov. Met. xv. 739; Val. Max. i. 8. § 2; Dionys. v. 13; Suet. Claud. 25.) Sick persons resorted to this temple for a cure; but it does not appear that there was any hospital near it, as was the case at Epidaurus. There is no classical authority for the fact that the sides of the island were afterwards walled round in the shape of a ship, with the prow against the current, typifying the vessel which brought the deity; but it is said that vestiges of this substruction are still visible. (Canina, Indic. p. 574.) The island also contained a TEMPLE OF JUPITER and a TEMPLE OF FAUNUS, both dedicated in B. c. 193. (Liv. xxxiii. 42, xxxiv. 53.) The temple of Jupiter appears to have adjoined that of Aesculapius. (Ov. Fast. i. 293.) It has been concluded, from the following verses of Ovid, that the temple of Faunus must have stood on the upper part of the island (Fast. ii. 193): "Idibus agrestis fumant altaria Fauni Hic, ubi discretas insula rumpit aquas;" but this, though a probable, is not a necessary inference. SEMO SANCUS, or Deus Fidius, seems also to have had a sacellum here, as well as TIBERINUS, as the river-god is called in the Indigitamenta, or religious books. (Fast. Amit. VI. Id. Dec.) By a curious error the early Christian writers confounded the former deity with Simon Magus, and thought that he was worshipped on the island. (Just. Mart. Apol. 2; Euseb. H. Eccl. ii. 12.) After the building of the two bridges which connected the island on either side with the shore, it seems to have obtained the name of " INTER DUOS PONTES" (Plut. Publ. 8); and this part of the river was long famous for the delicious pike caught in it; which owed their flavour apparently to the rich feeding afforded by the proximity of the banks. (Plut. Popl. 8; Macrob. Sat. ii. 12.) In the Acta Martyrum the island is repeatedly styled Insula Lycaonia; it is at present called Isola di S. Bartolommeo, from the church and convent of that name. The JANICULUM begins at that point opposite the Campus Martius where the Tiber reaches farthest to the W., whence it stretches in a southerly direc- naumachia as taking place in the Campus Martius tion to a point opposite the Aventine. The mas-(xliii. 23). Becker (Handb. p. 656, note) would culine form of the name (Janiculus), though em- | reconcile these divergent accounts by assuming that ployed as a substantive by some modern writers, the Codeta Minor lay in the Campus Martius, and seems to rest on no classical authority, and can only the Codeta Major opposite to it, on the other side of be allowed as an adjective form with mons or collis. the Tiber. (Cf. Preller, Regionen, p. 218.) But (Becker, Handb. p. 653.) The name Janiculum is there seem to be some grave objections to this asusually derived from Janus, who is said to have had sumption. It is not probable that two places an art or citadel here. (Ov. Fast. i. 245; Macrob. bearing the same name should have been on different Sat. i. 7.) As the ridge runs in a tolerably straight sides of the river, nor that there should have been a line nearly due S. from the point where it com- marshy district, as the Codeta evidently was, in the mences, the curve described by the Tiber towards Campus Martius, in the time of Caesar. Besides, the E. leaves a considerable plain between the river had the latter contained a place called Codeta Minor, and the hill, which attains its greatest breadth at the - which must have been of considerable size to point opposite to the Forum Boarium. This was afford room for the exhibition of a naval combat,— the original REGIO TRANSTIBERINA. It appears we should surely have heard of it from some other to have been covered with buildings long before the source. Becker adduces, in proof of his view, time of Augustus, and was principally inhabited by another passage from Suetonius (Ib. c. 44), from the lower classes, especially fishermen, tanners, and which it appears that Caesar contemplated building the like, though it contained some celebrated gar- a magnificent temple of Mars, on the site of the dens. Hence the Ludi Piscatorii were held in this lake, after causing it to be filled up; a project, howquarter. (Ov. Fast. vi. 237; Fest. pp. 210, 238.) ever, which does not seem to have been carried into It was the ancient Ghetto, or Jews' quarter, which execution. Becker assumes that this temple must now lies opposite to it. (Philo, de Virt. ii. p. 568, of course have been in the Campus Martius; though Mangey.) on what grounds does not appear, as we have already seen that there was a temple of Mars a long way outside the Porta Capena, besides a subsequent one in the forum of Augustus. We are, therefore, of opinion, that the word 'Apei, in Dion Cassius, must be a mistake either of his own, or of his copyists, and that the Campus Codetanus of the Notitia must have lain rather below the city, on the right bank of the Tiber. (Cf. Canina, Indic. p. 566, seq.) The Notitia mentions a CAMPUS BRUTTIANUS in connection with the Campus Codetanus, but what it was cannot be said. Some have conjectured that it was called after the Bruttii, who were employed at Rome as public servants. (Paul. Diac. p. 31.) The Regio Transtiberina contained but few temples or other public buildings. Of the temple of FORS FORTUNA we have already spoken when discussing the question respecting that of Pudicitia Patricia [supra, p. 814]. Of other loci religiosi in this quarter little more is known than the name. Such was the LUCUS FURINAE, mentioned in the narratives of the death of C. Gracchus. (Aur. Vict. Vir. Ill. 65; Plut. C. Gracch. 17.) Cicero connected this grove with the Eumenides, or Faries (Nat. Deor. iii. 18); but there is no account of those Attic deities having been naturalised at Rome, and we should rather infer from Varro that the grove was consecrated to some ancient indigenous goddess. (L. L. vi. § 19, Müll.) It was a universal tradition that Numa was buried in the Janiculum (Dionys. ii. 76; Plut. Num. 22; Val. Max. i. 1. § 12). Cicero, in a corrupt passage, places his tombhaud procul a FONTI ARA" (or Fontis Aris) (de Leg. ii. 22); but of such a deity or altar we have no further account. We also find a Lucus CORNISCARUM DIVARUM mentioned by Paulus Diaconus (p. 64, Müll.) as "trans Tiberim;" but though the names of these goddesses are also found in an inscription (Gruter, lxxxviii. 14), what they were cannot be told. Lastly, as the Basis Capitolina records a VICUS LARUM RURALIUM in this district, we may conclude that they had a sacellum here. Among the profane places trans Tiberim were the MUCIA PRATA and the field called CODETA. The former-the land given to Mucius Scaevola by the Senate as a reward of his valour (Liv. ii. 13) -may, however, have lain beyond the district now under consideration, and probably farther down the Tiber. The Codeta, or Ager Codetanus, was so named from a plant that grew there resembling a horse's tail (coda) (Paul. Diac. pp. 38 and 58, Müll.), n -no doubt the Equisetis, or Equisetum palustre of Linnaeus. ("Invisa et equisetis est, a similitudine equinae setae," Plin. xviii. 67. s. 4.) There seems to have been a Codeta Major and a Minor, since Suetonius relates that Caesar exhibited a naval combat in the latter, where he had formed a lake (" in minore Codeta defosso lacu," Caes. 39) Dion Cassius, on the other hand, represents this Near the same spot must have been the HORTI CAESARIS, which Caesar bequeathed to the Roman people. (Suet. Caes. 83; Tac. Ann. ii. 41; Cic. Phil. ii. 42.) According to Horace, they must have lain at some distance: nunc nemus est "Trans Tiberim longe cubat is, prope Caesaris hortos." (Sat. i. 9. 18.) And it may be inferred from the situation of the TEMPLE OF FORS FORTUNA, which we have already discussed [supra, p. 814], that they must have been at about a mile's distance from the Porta Portuensis. (Fast. Amit. VIII. Kal. Jul.) It seems probable that they were connected with the NEMUS CAESARUM, where Augustus exhibited a naumachia, and where a grove or garden was afterwards laid out. (Navalis proelii spectaculum populo dedi trans Tiberim, in quo loco Caesarum," Mon. Ancyr.) This would rather tend to confirm the view that the codeta was in this neighbourhood. In Tacitus (Ann. xii. 56: “ Ut quondam Augustus structo cis Tiberim stagno ") we are therefore probably to read uls for cis, which ancient form seems to have been retained in designating the Transtiberine district ("Dicebatur cis Tiberim et uls Tiberim," Aul. Gell. xii. 13; cf. Varr. L.L. v. § 83, Müll.; Pompon. Dig. i. tit. 2. 1. 2. § 31.) The Nemus Caesarum seems to have been so called from Caius and Lucius Caesar. (Dion Cass. Ixvi. 25.) We are not to suppose that it occupied the site of the lake excavated for the naumachia, but was planted round it as we learn from Tacitus (—“ apud |