and no present importance. Pliny (xxxvii. 67) | the river Dravus; but a more correct reading gives makes mention of a gem which was found the name Andizetes, which is no doubt the same as there; and in the Middle Ages its honey and goats the Andizetii ('Avdichtio) mentioned by Strabo (vii. are said to have been celebrated. No traveller seems p. 314) among the tribes of Pannonia. [L. S.] to have explored and described this island. [J.S.H.] SAMULOCENAE, according to the Peut. Tab., or more correctly according to inscriptions found on the spot, SUMLOCENNE, was apparently a Roman colony of some importance in the Agri Decumates of Germany. The Table erroneously places the town in Vindelicia, whence some antiquarians have garded Samulocenae and Sumlocenne as two different places. But there can be no doubt that they are only two forms of the same name belonging to one town, the site of which is occupied by the modern Sülchen, near Rottenburg on the Neckar, where many Roman remains, such as coins, inscriptions, and arms, have been found. (Comp. Jaumann, Colonia Sumlocenne, &c., Stuttgart, 1840, 8vo.; Leichtlen, Schwaben unter den Römern, p. 107, foll.) [L. S.]

SANE. 1. (Σάνη: Εth. Σάντος, Σηναῖος, Σαναῖος, Herod. vii. 22; Thuc. iv. 109; Steph. B. s. v.), a colony of Andros, situated upon the low, undulating ground, forming the isthmus which connects the peninsula of Acte with Chalcidice, through which the canal of Xerxes passed. Masses of stone and re-mortar, with here and there a large and squared block, and foundations of Hellenic walls, which are found upon this Próvlaka or neck of land, mark the site of ancient Sane, which was within Acte and turned towards the sea of Euboea. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 143.)

SAMUS. [SAMOS.]

SAMUS, a river of Hispania Baetica. (Geog. Rav. iv. 45.) Ancient Spanish coins indicate a town of the same name. (Florez, Med. iii. p. 142.) [T. H. D.]

SAMYDACE (Zaμvdáên), a tɔwn on the coast of Carmania, noticed by Marcian (c. 28. ed. Didot) and Ptolemy (vi. 8. § 7). It appears to have been placed near the mouth of the river Samydacus. (See also Steph. B. s. v.) It is possible, as suggested by Forbiger, that the river is the same as the present Sadji. [V.]

SANAUS (Zavaós), a town of Phrygia, in the neighbourhood of Laodiceia. (Strab. xii. p. 576; Hierocl. p. 666.) In the acts of the Council of Chalcedon (p. 674), it is called Zava@v Tóλis, and is probably mentioned by Ptolemy (v. 2. § 26) under the name of Sanis. [L. S.]

SANCTIO, a place in the Agri Decumates, in the south-west of Germany, was situated on the banks of the Rhine, but is mentioned only by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxi. 3), and in such a manner that it is not easy to identify its site; it is possible, however, that the modern Seckingen may correspond with it. [L. S.] SANDA, a river on the N. coast of Hispania Tarraconensis (Plin. iv. 20. s. 34.) Probably the Miera. [T. H. D.] SANDA'LIUM (Zavdáλiov), a mountain fortress of Pisidia, mentioned only by Strabo (xii. p. 169) and Stephanus B. (8. v.). [L. S.]

SANDANES (avdáves, Peripl. Mar. Erythr. c. 52). There has been some question whether this is the name of a man or of a place. As the text stands in the Periplus, it would seem to be that of a ruler of the coast-district in the neighbourhood of Bombay. On the other hand, Ptolemy speaks of the same territory under the title of 'Apiakh Zadiv@v; whence Benfey (Ersch and Grüber, Encycl. art. Indien) argues, with strong probability, that the reading in the Periplus is incorrect, and that Ptolemy is right in making the name that of a people rather than of a chief.

[V.]

SANDARACA (Σavdaрáên), a coast-town of Bithynia, at a distance of 90 stadia to the east of the river Oxines. (Arrian, Peripl. P. E. p. 14; Anonym. Peripl. P. E. p. 4.) [L. S.]

SANDOBANES. [ALBANIA, Vol. I. p. 89, b.] SANDRIZETES, according to some editions of Pliny (iii. 28), the name of a tribe in Pannonia on

2. It appears from Herodotus (vii. 123; comp. Thuc. v. 18) and the Epitomiser of Strabo (vii. p. 330, Fr. 27), that there was another town of this name in Pallene. According to the position assigned to it in the list of Herodotus, the site must be sought for between C. Posidhi and the W. side of the isthmus of Porta. Mela (ii. 3. § 1) is opposed to this position of Sane, as he places it near Canastraeum Prom. (C. Paliúri). [E. B. J.]

SANGALA (Tà Záyyaλa), a place mentioned by Arrian to the NW. of the Malli (or Multán), apparently near the junction of the Hydraotes and Acesines (v. 22). There can be little doubt that it is the same place as that noticed by Ptolemy under the name Zayaλa ʼn kaì Evðvμndía (vi. 1. § 46). The position, however, of the latter is assigned with this difference, that it is placed below the junction of the Hydaspes and Acesines, whereas the former would seem to have been to the E. of the Hydraotes. Burnes has identified Sagala with the present Lahore, which is probable enough (Travels, vol. iii. p. 82). It may be remarked, that the Evevundía of Ptolemy ought in all probability to be Evovdnuía, the name being derived from the well-known Bactrian king, Euthydemus. [V.]

SANGA'RIUS (Zayyápios: Sakarya or Sakari; Turkish Ayala), one of the principal rivers of Asia Minor, is mentioned in the Iliad (iii. 187, xvi. 719) and in Hesiod (Theog. 344). Its name appears in different forms as Sagraphos (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 724), Sangaris (Constant. Porphyr. i. 5), or Sagaris (Ov. ex Pont. iv. 10. 17; Plin. vi. 1; Solin 43). This river had its sources on Mount Adoreus, near the town of Sangia in Phrygia, not far from the Galatian frontier (Strab. xii. p. 543), and flowed in a very tortuous course, first in an eastern, then in a northern, then in a north-western, and lastly again in a northern direction through Bithynia into the Euxine. In one part of its course it formed the boundary between Phrygia and Bithynia; and in early times Bithynia was bounded on the east by the Sangarius. [BITHYNIA.]

The Bithynian part of the river was navigable, and was celebrated from the abundance of fish found in it. Its principal tributaries were the Alander, Bathys, Thymbres, and Gallus. (Comp. Seylax, p. 34; Apollon. Rhod. ii. 724; Seymnus. 234, foll.; Strab. xii. pp. 563, 567; Dionys. Perieg. 811; Ptol. v. 1. § 6; Steph. B. s. v.; Liv. xxxviii. 18; Plin. v. 43; Amm. Marc. xxii. 9.) [L. S.]

SA'NGIA (Zayyía), a small place in the east of Phrygia, near Mount Adoreus and the sources of the Sangarius. (Strab. xii. p. 543.) [L. S.] SANIA'NA (Zavíava, Const. Porph. Them. i. p 28, de Adm. Imp. c. 50, p. 225, Bonn.), a place in

gazus, in the neighbourhood of Abdera. (Strab. | woλis), placed by Ptolemy in long. 88°, lat. 14° xii. p. 549.) In this passage, however, Strabo calls them Sapae (árai), and assumes their identity with the Sinti, which in another place (x. p. 457) he treats as a mere matter of conjecture. The Via Egnatia ran through their country, and especially through a narrow and difficult defile called by Appian (B. C. iv. 87, 106) the pass of the Sapaei, and stated by him to be 18 miles from Philippi; so that it must have been nearly midway between Neapolis and Abdera. The Sapaei are mentioned, and merely mentioned, by Herodotus (vii. 110) and by Pliny (iv. 11. s. 18). Their town is called Sapaica (Zarain) by Steph. B. (s. v.). [J. R.]

SAPAICA. [SAPAEI.]

SAPARNUS (Záraрvos), a small tributary of the Indus, in the upper Panjab, noticed by Arrian (Indic. c. 4). It is probably the present Abba

sin.

[V.] SAPAUDIA. This name occurs in Aminianus Marcellinus (xv. 11), in his description of Gallia. He says of the Rhone that after flowing through the Lake of Genera" per Sapaudiam fertur et Sequanos." In the Notit. Imp. we read: " in Gallia Ripense praefectus militum Barcariorum Ebruduni Sapaudiae," where Ebrudunum appears to be Yverdun, which is at one end of the Lake of Neufchâtel. In another passage of the Notit. there occurs: "tribunus cohortis primae Sapaudiae Flaviae Calarone," or "Cularone," which is Grenoble [CULARO]. Thus Sapaudia extended northward into the country of the Helvetii and southward into the territory of the Allobroges. The name Sapaudia is preserved in Saboia, or Savoy, but in a much more limited signification; and in the country now called Savoy there is said to be a canton which bears the particular name of Savoy. (D'Anville, Notice, &c.)

SAPHAR. [SAPPHAR.]
SAPHE. [BEZABDA.]

[G. L.]

SAPHRI (Zappi), a small village of Parthyene mentioned by Isidorus (Stath. Parth. c. 12). It may be the same place as that called by Ptolemy Zópba (vi. 9. § 6), which he places in Hyrcania, close to the Astabeni. Forbiger identifies it with the modern Shoffri. [V.]

SAPIRI'NE (Plin. vi. 29. s. 33.; Zamπeiphon Σασπειρήνη νῆσος, Ptol. iv. 5. § 77; Σαπφειρηνή, Steph. B. s. v.), an island in the Arabian gulf, NE. of Myos Horinos and S. of the promontory Pharan, from which sapphires were obtained according to Stephanus. Now Sheduan.

30'; doubtless the capital of the Sappharitae (Zarpa-
pîra), whom the same geographer places near the
Homeritae (vi. 6. § 25), which Bochart identifies
with the "Sephar" called by Moses "a mount of
the East," and which was the limit of the children
of Joktan. (Gen. x. 30.) This Forster further
identifies with the Mount Climax of Ptolemy, which
Niebuhr judged to be the Sumára or Nakil Sumara
of modern Arabia, the highlands of Yemen, on the
E. of which that same traveller found some ruins,
half a day's journey SW. of Jerim, named Saphar,
which he says is without doubt Aphar, or Dha-
far. (Forster, Geogr. of Arabia, vol. i. pp. 94,
105, 127 notes, 175, vol. ii. pp. 154, 172.) Aphar
was the metropolis of the Sabaeans according to the
author of the Periplus ascribed to Arrian, and dis-
tant 12 days' journey eastward from Musa on the
Arabian gulf; Mr. Forster remarks "that the di-
rection and the distance correspond with the site of
Dhafar" (vol. ii. p. 166, note *). It is to be re-
gretted that this important and well marked site has
not yet been visited and explored.
[G. W.]
SAPPHARITAE. [SAPPHAR.]
SAPPIRE'NE. [SAPIRINE.]
SAPRA PALUS. [BUCES.]
SARACENI (Σαρακηνοί).

This celebrated
name, which became so renowned and dreaded in
Europe, is given to a tribe of Arabia Felix by the
classical geographers, who do not, however, very
clearly define their position in the peninsula, and
indeed the country of Saracene in Ptolemy seems
scarcely reconcileable with the situation assigned to
the Saraceni by the same geographer. Thus he,
consistently with Pliny, who joins them to the Na-
bataei (vi. 28. s. 32), places the Saraceni south of
the Scenitae, who were situated in the neighbourhood
of the northern mountains of the Arabian peninsula
(vi. 7. § 21); but the region Saracene he places
to the west of the black mountains (ueλarà ŏpn)—
by which name he is supposed to designate the
range of Sinai, as he couples it with the gulf of
Pharan- - and on the confines of Egypt (v. 17. §
3). St. Jerome also calls this district the "mons
et desertum Saracenorum, quod vocatur Pharan"
(Onomast. s. v. Xwpǹ6, Choreb), in agreement with
which Eusebius also places Pharan near the Saraceni
who inhabit the desert (s. v. Þapár). According
to these writers their country corresponds with what
is in Scripture called Midian (Exod. ii.15, iii. 1; see
MIDIAN), which, however, they place incorrectly on
the east of the Red Sea; and the people are iden

SAPIS (Zamis, Strab.: Sario), a small river of Cisalpine Gaul, not far from the frontiers of Um-tified with the Ishmaelites by St. Jerome (Onomast. bria. It rises in the Umbrian Apennines, a few miles above Sarsina, flows under the walls of that town, and afterwards, pursuing a course nearly due N., crosses the Aemilian Way close to the town of Caesena (Cesena), and falls into the Adriatic about 10 miles S. of Ravenna. (Strab. v. p. 217; Plin. iii. 15. s. 20; Lucan. ii. 406; Sil. Ital. viii. 448; Tab. Peut.) It is called in the Tabula Sabis; and the name is written Isapis in several editions of Lucan and Strabo; but there seems little doubt that Sapis is the true form of the name. It is still called the Savio. There can be little doubt that the SAPINIA TRIBUS, mentioned by Livy (xxxi. 2, xxxiii. 37), as one of the tribes or divisions of the Umbrian nation, immediately adjoining the Gaulish tribe of the Boii, derived its name from the Sapis, and must have dwelt on the banks of that river. [E. H B.] SAPPHAR METROPOLIS (Zaлpápa unтpá

l. c.), elsewhere with Kedar (Comment. in Ies. xlii. and in Loc. Heb. ad voc.), with the Midianites by St. Augustine (in Numer.), with the Scenitae by Ammianus Marcellinus, who, however, uses the name in a wider acceptation, and extends them from Assyria to the cataracts of the Nile (xiv. 4). Their situation is most clearly described by the author of the Periplus. "They who are called Saraceni inhabit the parts about the neck of Arabia Felix next to Petraea, and Arabia Deserta. They have many names, and occupy a large tract of desert land, bordering on Arabia Petraea and Deserta, on Palaestina and Persis, and consequently on the before-named Arabia Felix." (Marcian. apud Geog. Min. vol. i. p. 16, Hudson.) The fact seems to be that this name, like that of Scenitae (with whom, as we have seen, the Saraceni are sometimes identified), was used either in a laxer or more restricted sense for various

that they might breed and propagate against the Sara-
cens. (Chron. Alex. in A. M. 5760, Olymp. 257, Ind.
xiv. = A. D. 251.) This strong fortress, called by
Procopius Circesium (Kipкhσiov opoúpiov), the most
remote of the Roman garrisons, which was fortified
by Diocletian (Amm. Marc. xxiii. 5), was situated
on the angle formed by the confluence of the Abor-
rhas (Khabour) and the Euphrates (it is still called
Karkisia), so that it is clear that, in the time of
Procopius, the name of Saraceni was given to the
Arab tribes from Egypt to the Euphrates. Con-
sistently with this view, he calls Zenobia's husband
Odonathes," king of the Saracens in those parts'
(Bell. Pers. ii. 5, p. 288); and Belisarius's Arab
contingent, under their king Aretas ('Apélas) he
likewise calls Saracens (ii. 16, p. 308). That Ro-
man general describes them (c. 19, p. 312) as in-
capable of building fortifications, but adepts at
plunder, which character again justifies the ety-
mology above preferred; while it is clear from these
and other passages that the use of the name had
become established merely as a general name, and
precisely equivalent to Arab (see Bell. Pers. i. 19,
p. 261), and was accordingly adopted and applied
indifferently to all the followers of Mohammed by
the writers of the middle ages.
[G. W.]

SARALA. [SARDINIA.]

SARA'LIUM or SARALUS (Zápaλos), a town of the Trocmi in Galatia, on the east of the river Halys. (Tab. Peut.; Ptol. v. 9. § 4.) [L. S.] SARAME'NE (Zapaμývn), à district of Pontus, on the bay of Amisus. (Strab. xii. p. 547; comp. PONTUS.) [L. S.]

wandering tribes. As their nomadic and migratory habits were described by the latter, so their predatory propensities, according to the most probable interpretation of the name, was by the former, for the Arabic verb Saraka, according to lexicographers, signifies to plunder." (Bochart, Geog. Sac. lib. iv. cap. 2, pp. 213, 214.) The derivation of the name from Sarah has been rejected by nearly all critics as historically erroneous; and the fact that the name was in use many centuries before Mohammed, at once negatives the theory that it was adopted by him or his followers, in order to remove the stigma of their servile origin from Hagar the bondwoman. (Reland, Palaestina, p. 87.) This author | maintains that" Saraceni nil nisi orientales populos notat:" deriving the word from the Arabic sharaka =ortus fuit; and as unhappily the Greek alphabet cannot discriminate between sin and shin, and the name does not occur in the native authors, there is nothing to determine the etymology. Mr. Forster, in defiance of Bochart's severe sentence, "Qui ad Saram referunt, nugas agunt" (Geog. Sac. i. 2, p. 213), argues for the matronymic derivation from Sarah, and shows that the country of Edom, or the mountains and territory bordering on the Saracena of classic authors, are called "the country, mountains, &c. of Sarah" by the Jews; and he maintains that, as this tract derived its name of Edom and Idumaea from the patriarch Esau, so did it that of Sarah from Sarah the wife of Abraham, the acknowledged mother of the race. (Geog. of Arabia, vol. ii. pp. 17-19.) His attempt to identify the Saraceni with the Amalekites is not so successful; for however difficult it may be to account for the appearance of the latter in the Rephidim (Ezod. xvii. 1, 8; REPHIDIM), which was the country of Saracena, yet their proper seat is fixed beyond doubt in the south of the promised land, in the hill-country immediately north of the wilderness of Paran, near to Kadesh (Numb. xiii. 29); and it is impossible to understand "the valley" in xiv. 25, and "the hill" in xiv. 45, of Horeb, as Mr. Forster does, since the whole context implies a position far to the north of the district of Horeb, marked by the following stations: Taberah, 3 days' journey from "the Mount of the Lord" (x. 33, xi. 3); Kibroth-battaavah, Hazeroth, the wilderness of Paran (xi. 34, 35, xii. 16, compare xxxiii. 16-18). SARAPANA (Zaparavá, Strab. xi. p. 500; ZaIt must indeed be admitted that the name of the panavís, Procop. B. G. iv. 14), a strong position in Amalekites is occasionally used, in a much wider Iberia, upon the river Phasis, identified with Schaacceptation than its proper one, of all the Edomite rapani in Imiretia, on the modern road which leads tribes, throughout Northern Arabia, as e. g. in 1 Sam. from Mingrelia into Georgia over Suram. (Comp. xv. 7; and similarly the name Saraceni is extended in Journ. Geog. Soc. vol. iii. p. 34.) [E. B. J.] Marcian's Periplus, already cited: but it seems more SARAPARAE (Zaparópai, Strab. xi. p. 531; natural to interpret the words oi kaλoúμevoι Zapa- Plin. vi. 16. s. 18), a Thracian people, dwelling beκηνοί, πλείονας ἔχοντες προσηγορίας of the general yond Armenia near the Guranii and Medi, according name of several specific tribes, marking common to Strabo, who describes them as a savage, lawless, habits or common position rather than common and mountainous people, who scalped and cut off origin, according to the analogy of the Scenitae in heads (EpiσKUOIσTas Kal ȧTоkepaλiorás). The old times and of Bedawin "deserti incolae," in latter is said by Strabo to be the meaning of their modern times; particularly as it does not appear that name, which is confirmed by the fact that in the the name was ever adopted by the Arabs themselves, Persian sar means "head" and para "division." who would not have been slow to appropriate an (Anquetil, Sur les anc. Langues de la Perse, in honourable appellation, which would identify them Mém. de l'Acad. &c. vol. xxxi. p. 419, quoted in with the great patriarch. That their predatory cha-Kramer's Strab. vol. ii. p. 500; comp. Groskurd's racter had become early established is manifest from Strab. vol. ii. p. 439.) the desperate expedient resorted to by the emperor SARAPIONIS PORTUS. [NICONIS DROMUS.] Decius in order to repress their encroachments. He SARAPIS INS. (Zapáπidos vhoos), an island off is said to have brought lions and lionesses from the South Coast of Arabia, mentioned by the author of Africa and turned them loose on the borders of the Periplus ascribed to Arrian (Geog. Graec. Min. Arabia and Palestine, as far as the Circisium Castrum, | vol. i. p. 19, Hudson) as situated 2000 stadia east

SARANGA (rà Zápayya), a small place on the coast of Gedrosia between the Indus and the Arabis. It was visited by Nearchus in his coast voyage to Persia (Arrian, Ind. c. 22). It has been conjectured by Müller (Geogr. Graec. Min. l. c., ed. Paris) that it is the same as the 'PiCáva of Ptolemy (vi. 21. § 2). [V.]

SARANGAE. [DRANGIANA.]

SARANGES (Zapάyyns), a small tributary of the Hydraotes (Irávati), mentioned by Arrian (Ind. c. 4) in his list of Indian rivers. It is doubtless the Sanscrit Saranga, though it has not been determined to what stream this Indian name applies. [V.]