(Plin. xxxv. 3. s. 15); and the city long remained the home of painting ("diu illa fuit patria picturae," Plin. xxxv. 11. s. 40). Sicyon gave its name to one of the great schools of painting, which was founded by Eupompus, and which produced Pamphilus and Apelles. (Plin. xxxv. 10. s. 36.) Sicyon was likewise the earliest school of statuary in Greece, which was introduced into the city by Dipoenus and Scyllis from Crete about B. C. 560 (Plin. xxxvi. 4); but its earliest native statuary of celebrity was Canachus. Lysippus was also a native of Sicyon. (Dict. of Biogr. s. vv.) The city was thus rich in works of art; but its most valuable paintings, which the Sicyonians had been obliged to give in pledge on account of their debts, were removed to Rome in the aedileship of M. Scaurus, to adorn his theatre. (Plin. xxxv. 11. s. 40.)

Sicyon was likewise celebrated for the taste and skill displayed in the various articles of dress made by its inhabitants, among which we find mention of a particular kind of shoe, which was much prized in all parts of Greece. (Athen. iv. p. 155; Pollux, vii. 93; Hesych. s. v. Zikvwvía; Auctor, ad Herenn. iv. 3, de Orat. i. 54; Lucret. iv. 1121; Fest. s. v. Sicyonia.)

IV. Topography of the City.-Few cities in Greece were more finely situated than Sicyon. The hill on which it stood commands a most splendid view. Towards the west is seen the plain so celebrated for its fertility; towards the east the prospect is bounded by the lofty hill of the Acrocorinthus; while in front lies the sea, with the noble mountains of Parnassus, Helicon, and Cithaeron rising from the opposite coast, the whole forming a charming prospect, which cannot have been without influence in cultivating the love for the fine arts, for which the city was distinguished. The hill of Sicyon is a tabular summit of a triangular shape, and is divided into an upper and a lower level by a low ridge of rocks stretching right across it, and forming an abrupt separation between the two levels. The upper level, which occupies the southern point of the triangle, and is about a third of the whole, was the Acropolis in the time of Pausanias (vov Ακρόπολις, ii. 7. § 5).

the tomb of Eupolis of Athens, the comic poet. After passing some other sepulchral monuments, he entered the city by the Corinthian gate, where was a fountain dropping down from the overhanging rocks, which was therefore called Stazusa (ZráSovoa), or the dropping fountain. This fountain has now disappeared in consequence of the falling in of the rocks. Upon entering the city Pausanias first crossed the ledge of rocks dividing the upper from the lower level, and passed into the Acropolis. Here he noticed temples of Tyche and the Dioscuri, of which there are still some traces. Below the Acropolis was the theatre, the remains of which are found, in conformity with the description of Pausanias, in the ledge of rocks separating the two levels. On the stage of the theatre stood the statue of a man with a shield, said to have been that of Aratus. Near the theatre was the temple of Dionysus, from which a road led past the ruined temple of Artemis Limnaea to the Agora. At the entrance of the Agora was the temple of Peitho or Persuasion: and in the Agora the temple of Apollo, which appears to have been the chief sanctuary in Sicyon. The festival of Apollo at Sicyon is celebrated in the ninth Nemean ode of Pindar; and Aratus, when he delivered his native city from its tyrant, gave as the watchword 'AmóλAV UTEPdégios. (Plut. Arat. 7.) In the time of Polybius (xvii. 16) a brazen colossal statue of king Attalus I., 10 cubits high, stood in the Agora near the temple of Apollo; but this statue is not mentioned by Pausanias, and had therefore probably disappeared. (Paus. ii. 7. §§ 2-9.) Near the temple of Peitho was a sanctuary consecrated to the Roman emperors, and formerly the house of the tyrant Cleon. Before it stood the heroum of Aratus (Paus. ii. 8. § 8), and near it an altar of the Isthmian Poseidon, and statues of Zeus Meilichius and of Artemis Patroa, the former resembling a pyramid, the latter a column. In the Agora were also the council-house (BovλEUTHρtov), and a stos built by Cleisthenes out of the spoils of Cirrha; likewise a brazen statue of Zeus, the work of Lysippus, a gilded statue of Artemis, a ruined temple of Apollo Lyceius, and statues of the daughters of Proetus, of Hercules, and of Hermes Agoraeus. (Paus. ii. 9. §§ 6, 7.) The Poecile Stoa or painted stoa, was probably in the Agora, but is not mentioned by Pausanias. It was adorned with numerous paintings, which formed the subject of a work of Polemon. (Athen. xiii. p. 577).

Pausanias then proceeded to the Gymnasium, which he describes as not far from the Agora. The Gymnasium contained a marble statue of Hercules by Scopas; and in another part a temple of Hercules in a sacred inclosure, named Paedize. From thence a road led to two large inclosures, sacred to Asclepius and Aphrodite, both of which were adorned with several statues and buildings. From the Aphrodisium Pausanias went past the temple of Artemis Pheraea to the gymnasium of Cleinias, which was used for the training of the Ephebi, and which contained statues of Artemis and Hercules. (Paus. ii. 10.) It is evident that this gymnasium was different from the one already described, as Pausanias continues his course towards the sea-side. From thence he turns towards the gate of the city called the Sacred, near which there formerly stood a celebrated temple of Athena, built by Epopeus, one of the mythical kings of Sicyon, but which had been burnt by lightning, and of which nothing then remained but the altar: this temple may perhaps have been

the one sacred to Athena Colocasia, mentioned by Athenaeus (iii. p. 72). There were two adjoining temples, one sacred to Artemis and Apollo, built by Epopeus, and the other sacred to Hera, erected by Adrastus, who was himself worshipped by the people of Sicyon (Herod. v. 68; Pind. Nem. ix. 20). There can be little doubt that these ancient temples stood in the original Acropolis of Sicyon; and indeed Pausanias elsewhere (ii. 5. § 6) expressly states that the ancient Acropolis occupied the site of the temple of Athena. We may place these temples near the northern edge of the hill upon the site of the modern village of Vasiliká; and accordingly the

remarkable opening in the rocks near the village may be regarded as the position of the Sacred Gate, leading into the ancient Acropolis. (Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 372.)

In descending from the Heraeum, on the road to the plain, was a temple of Demeter; and close to the Heraeum were the ruins of the temple of Apollo Carneius and Hera Prodromia, of which the latter was founded by Phalces, the son of Temenus. (Paus. ii. 11. §§ 1, 2.)

The walls of Sicyon followed the edge of the whole hill, and may still be traced in many parts. The direction of the ancient streets may also still be

p. 682; Concil. Const. ii. p. 240.) The chief divinity of this city was Athena, who is therefore seen represented on its coins, holding a pomegranate (vion) in her hand. (Sestini, Num. Vet. p. 392, foll.; comp. Xenoph. Anab. i. 2. § 12; Cicero, ad Fam. iii. 6; Athen. viii. p. 350; Paus. viii. 28. § 2; Ptol. v. 5. § 2, viii. 17. § 31.) The exact site of ancient Side, which is now called Esky Adalia, as well as its remains, have been described by modern travellers. Beaufort (Karamania, p. 146, foll), who gives an excellent plan of the present condition of the place, states that the city stood on a low peninsula, and was surrounded by walls; the part facing the land was of excellent workmanship, and much of it is still perfect. There were four gates, one from the country and three from the sea. The agora, 180 feet in diameter, was surrounded by a double row of columns. One side of the square is at present occupied by the ruins of a temple and portico. The theatre appears like a lofty acropolis rising from the centre of the town, and is by far the largest and best preserved of any seen in Asia Minor. The harbour consisted of two small moles, connected with the quay and principal sea gate. At the extremity of the peninsula were two artificial harbours for larger vessels. Both are now almost filled with sand and stones, which have been borne in by the swell. The earliest coins of Side are extremely ancient; the inscriptions are in very barbarous characters, resembling the Phoenician, and the imperial coins exhibit the proud titles of Aаurроráтn and ěvôogos. (Eckhel, vol. iii. pp. 44, 161; Spanheim, De Usu et Praest. Num. p. 879; Fellows, Asia Minor, p. 201; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 195, foll.) Respecting Side, the ancient name of Polemonium, see POLEMONIUM. [L. S.]

SIDE (Zion), a town on the eastern coast of Laconia, a little N. of the promontory Malea. It was said to have existed before the Dorian conquest, and to have derived its name from a daughter of Danaus. The inhabitants were removed by the Dorian conquerors to the neighbouring town of Boeae. It probably occupied the site of the monastery of St. George, where there is a port. (Scylax, p. 17; Paus. iii. 22. § 11; Boblaye, Recherches, fc. p. 99: Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 297.)

SIDE'NE (hvn). 1. A town of Mysia, on the river Granicus, which was destroyed by Croesus, and was never rebuilt, in consequence of a curse pronounced on the site by the destroyer. (Strab. xiii. pp. 587, 601.)

2. A town in Lycia, mentioned only by Stephanus B. (s. v.) on the authority of the Lydiaca of Xanthus.

3. A district on the coast of Pontus, about the mouth of the river Sidenus, which derived its name from the town of Side, afterwards called Polemonium. The greater part of the district was formed by the deposits of the river (Strab. i. p. 52, ii. p. 126, xii. pp. 547, 548, 556; Plin. vi. 4.) [L. S.]

SIDE'NI (dnvoi), a people of Arabia Felix, placed by Ptolemy between the Thamyditae on the north, and the Darrae on the south, on the Elanitic gulf (vi. 7. § 4). Mr. Forster identifies them with the Djeheyne tribe of Burckhardt, in the north of the Hedjaz, extending along the coast from Jebel Hassane (certainly identical with the Hippos Mons -both meaning Horse-mountain-of Ptolemy), to Yembo. "All the circumstances, of name, locality, and neighbourhood," he says, "concur to prove their identity." (Arabia, vol. i. p. 126.) [G. W.]

SIDE'NI (Σιδεινοί, Σειδινοί, Σιδηνοί), a German tribe on the coast of the Baltic, between the mouth of the river Suebus and that of the Viadus. (Ptol. ii. 11. § 14.) It is possible that Sibini (šivol) is only a corrupt form of the name of this same tribe. (Zeuss, Die Deutschen, p. 154.) [L. S.]

SIDE'NUS, a small river of Pontus, having its sources in Mount Paryadres, and flowing through the district of Sidene into the Euxine; at its mouth was the town of Side or Polemonium (Plin. vi. 4), from which the river is now called Pouleman Chai. (Comp. Hamilton, Researches, i. p. 270.) [L. S.]

SIDERIS, a river of Hyrcania, mentioned by Pliny (vi. 16. s. 18), which flowed into the Caspian sea. It cannot be now determined to which river he refers, but he states from it the Caspian sea was called the Hyrcanian. [V.]

SIDE'RUS (Zidnpoûs), according to Scylax (p. 39) a promontory and a port-town on the coast of Lycia. The same place seems to be meant in Stephanus B. (s. v. Zidapoûs), when he calls Sidarus a town and harbour. Col. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 189) has shown that the town of Siderus is in all probability no other than Olympus, on the south of Phaselis. [L. S.]

SIDICI'NI (Zidikîvoi), a people of Central Italy bordering on the Samnites and Campanians. In the time of the geographers they had disappeared as a people, or become absorbed into the general appellation of Campanians (Strab. v. p. 237), but at an earlier period they appear as a wholly independent people. Their chief city was Teanuin, on the E. slope of the volcanic mountain group of Rocca Monfina: but they had at one time extended their power considerably further to the N. and up the valley of the Liris, as the territory of Fregellae is said to have been subject to them, before they were dispossessed of it by the Volscians (Liv. viii. 22). It is clear however that this extension of their limits was of short duration, or at all events had ceased before they first appear in history. Strabo tells us expressly that they were an Oscan tribe (l. c.), and this is confirmed by the coins of Teanum still extant, which have Oscan inscriptions. They were therefore closely allied to the neighbouring tribes of the Campanians on the S. and the Aurunci and Ausones on the W. Hence Virgil associates the inhabitants of the Sidicinian plains (“Sidicina aequora,” Aen. vii. 727) with the Auruncans and the inhabitants of Cales. The last city is assigned by Silius Italicus to the Sidicini, but this is opposed to all other authorities (Sil. Ital. viii. 511). The name of the Sidicini is first mentioned in history in B. c. 343, when they were attacked by the Samnites, who had been long pressing upon their neighbours the Volscians. Unable to contend with these formidable assailants, the Sidicini had recourse to the Campanians, who sent an army to their assistance, but were easily defeated (Liv. vii. 29, 30), and being in their turn threatened by the whole power of the Samnites, invoked the assistance of Rome. During the war which followed (the First Samnite War), we lose sight altogether of the Sidicini, but by the treaty which put an end to it (in B. c. 341) it was particularly stipulated that the Samnites should be at liberty to pursue their ambitious designs against that people (Id. viii. 1, 2). Thus abandoned by the Romans to their fate the Sidicini had recourse to the Latins (who were now openly shaking off their connection with Rome) and the Campanians and the Samnites were a second time drawn off from

:

their special attack on this petty people to oppose a more powerful coalition (Ib. 2, 4, 5). It is clear that the Sidicini took part as allies of the Latins and Campanians in the war that followed: but we have no account of the terms they obtained in the general settlement of the peace in B. C. 338. It is certain, however, that they retained their independence, as immediately afterwards we find them engaging in a war on their own account with their neighbours the Auruncans. The Romans espoused the defence of the latter people, but before they were able to take the field, the Auruncans were compelled to abandon their ancient city, which was destroyed by the Sidicini, and withdraw to Suessa. (Liv. viii. 15.) The Ausonians of Cales had on this occasion been induced to make common cause with the Sidicini, but their combined forces were easily defeated by the Roman consuls. Cales soon after fell into the hands of the Romans but though the territory of the Sidicini was overrun by the consuls of B. c. 332, who established their winter-quarters there to watch the movements of the Samnites, their city of Teanum still held out (Ib. 16, 17). Nor do we know at what time it fell into the power of the Romans, or on what terms the Sidicini were ultimately received to submission. But it is probable that this took place before B. c. 297, when we are told that the consul Decius Mus advanced to attack the Samnites "per Sidicinum agrum" in a manner that certainly implies the district to have been at that time friendly, if not subject, to Rome (Liv. x. 14).

After this the name of the Sidicini never appears in history as that of a people, but their territory (the Sidicinus ager") is mentioned during the Second Punic War, when it was traversed and ravaged by Hannibal on his march from Capua to Rome (Liv. xxvi. 9). The Sidicini seem to have gradually come to be regarded as a mere portion of the Campanian people, in common with the Ausonians of Cales and the Auruncans of Suessa, and the name still occurs occasionally as a municipal designation equivalent to the Teanenses (Liv. xxvi. 15; Cic. Phil. ii. 41). Strabo speaks of them in his time as an extinct tribe of Oscan race: and under the Roman Empire the only trace of them preserved was in the epithet of Sidicinum, which still continued to be applied to the city of Teanum. (Strab. v. p. 237; Plin. iii. 5. s.

9; Ptol. iii. 1. § 68; Sil. Ital. v. 551, xii. 524.) [TEANUM.] [E. H. B.]

Arrian, Ind.

SIDODO'NE (Σιδωδώνη or Σισιδώνη, c. 37), a small place on the coast of Carmania, noticed by Arrian in Nearchus's voyage. Kempthorne thinks that it is represented by a small fishing village called Mogou; but Müller suggests, what seems more probable, that is the present Duan. (Geogr. Graec. Minor. p. 359, ed. Müller. Paris, 1855.)

[V.] SIDOLOCUS or SIDOLEUCUS, in Gallia, is mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus when he is speaking of Julian's march from Augustodunum to Autissiodurum. Sidolocum is supposed to be Saulieu [CHORA.] [G. L.]

SIDON (Zidúv: Eth. Zidúvios,), a very ancient and important maritime city of Phoenicia, which, according to Josephus, derived its origin and name from Sidon, the firstborn son of Canaan (Gen. x. 15; Joseph. Ant. i. 6. § 2), and is mentioned by Moses as the northern extremity of the Canaanitish settlements, as Gaza was the southernmost (Gen. x. 19); and in the blessing of Jacob it is said of Zebulun “his border shall be unto Sidon" (xlix.

13).

At the time of the Eisodus of the children of Israel, it was already distinguished by the appellation of "the Great" (Josh. xi. 8; compare in LXX. ver. 2), and was in the extreme north border which was drawn from Mount Hermon (called Mount Hor in Num. xxxiv. 7) on the east to Great Sidon, where it is mentioned in the border of the tribe of Asher, as also is "the strong city of Tyre." (Josh. xix. 28, 29.) It was one of several cities from which the Israelites did not disposses the old inhabitants. (Judg. i. 31.)

As the origin of this ancient city, and the vexed question of its priority and precedency of Tyre, its commercial importance, even in the Homeric age, its political government, its religious and civil history, and its manufactures, have all been noticed under PHOENICIA, it only remains in this place to speak of its geographical position and relations so far as they either serve to illustrate, or are illustrated by, its history.

It is stated by Josephus to have been a day's journey from the site of Dan, afterwards Paneas (Ant. v. 3. § 1). Strabo places it 400 stadia S. of Berytus, 200 N. of Tyre, and describes it as situated on a fair haven of the continent. He does not attempt to settle the questions between the rival cities, but remarks that while Sidon is most celebrated by the poets (of whom Homer does not so much as name Tyre), the colonists in Africa and Spain, even beyond the Pillars of Hercules, showed more honour to Tyre (xvi. 2. §§ 22, 24). Herodotus's account of the origin of the race has been given under PHOENICIA [p. 607, b.], and is shown to be in accordance with that of other writers. Justin follows it, but gives a different etymology of the name: "Condita urbe, quam a piscium uberitate Sidona appellaverunt, nam piscem Phoenices Sidon vocant;" but this is an error corrected by Michaelis and Gesenius (Lex. s. v. who derive it from 73, "to hunt or snare" game, birds, fish, &c., indifferently, so that the town must have derived its fishers, and not from the abundance of fish; and name from the occupation of the inhabitants as Ritter refers to the parallel case of Beth-saida on the sea of Tiberias. (Erdkunde, Syrien, vol. iv. p. 43.) Pliny, who mentions it as "artifex vitri Thebarumque Boeotiarum parens," places" Sarepta et Ornithon

י( צִידוֹן

oppida" between it and Tyre (v. 19). It is reckoned XXX. M. P. from Berytus, xxiv. from Tyre, in the Hierosolymitanum reckons it xxviii. from Berytus, Itinerary of Antoninus (p. 149). But the Itinerarium Seylax mentions the closed harbour of Sidon (Au placing Heldua and Parphirion between (p. 584). KXerós, p. 42, ed. Hudson), which is more fully described by a later writer, Achilles Tatius (cire. A. D. 500), who represents Sidon as situated on the Assyrian sea, itself the metropolis of the Phoe Thebans. A double harbour shelters the sea in a nicians, whose citizens were the ancestors of the wide gulf; for where the bay is covered on the right hand side, a second mouth has been formed, through which the water again enters, opening into what this inner basin, the vessels could lie securely during may be regarded as a harbour of the harbour. In the winter, while the outer one served for the suminner port Reland conjectures, with great probability, mer. (Cited by Reland, Palaes. p. 1012). This is the closed port of Scylax, and to be identified with the second harbour described by Strabo at Tyre, where he says there was one closed and another open harbour, called the Egyptian. The best account of