IABADIUS. JACCETANI. after the battle of Gilboa, " arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, from the wall of Beth-shan, and came to Jabesh and burnt them there; and they took their bones and buried them under a tree at Jabesh, and fasted seven days." (1 Sam. xxxi. 11–13; 2 Sam. ii. 4—7.) It was situated, according to Eusebius, in the hills, 6 miles from Pella, on the road to Gerash; and its site was marked in his time by a large village (s.vv. Aptode and 'Iásis). The writer was unsuccessful in his endeavours to recover its site in 1842; but a tra JABNEH. [IAMNIA.] LABA'DIUS ('labadlov vñoos, Ptol. vii. 2. § 29, viii. 27. § 10), an island off the lower half of the Gelden Chersonesus. It is said by Ptolemy to mean the Island of Barley," to have been very fertile in and gold, and to have had a metropolis called ARGYRE. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the present Jara, which also signifies "barley." Humboldt, on the other hand, considers it to be Sutra (Kritische Unters. i. p. 64); and Mannert, the small island of Banca, on the SE. side of Su[V.] JABBOK ('loŝakkos, Joseph.; 'Iasúx, LXX.), dition of the city is still retained in the name of the a stream on the east of Jordan, mentioned first in the valley that runs into the plain of the Jordan, one hour history of Jacob (Gen. xxxii. 22). It formed, ac- and a quarter south of Wady Mus, in which Pella ording to Josephus, the northern border of the is situated. This valley is still called Wady Yabes, Amorites, whose country he describes as isolated by and the ruins of the city doubtless exist, and will the Jabbok on the north. (Ant. iv. 5. § 2.) He of this valley. the Jordan on the west, the Arnon on the south, and probably be recovered in the mountains in the vicinity further describes it as the division between the [G. W.] deminions of Sihon, king of the Amorites, and Og, when he calls king of Galadene and Gaulonitis JACCA. [JACCETANI; VASCONES.] JACCETA'NI ('lakkeтavoi), the most important (63)-the Bashan of Scripture. In the division of of the small tribes at the S. foot of the Pyrenees, in the land among the tribes, the river Jabbok was Hispania Tarraconensis, E. of the VASCONES, and N. assigned as the northern limit of Gad and Reuben. of the ILERGETES. Their country, JACCETANIA (Deut. ii. 16.) To the north of the river, in the (lakkeтavía), lay in the N. of Arragon, below the country of Bashan, the half tribe of Manasseh had central portion of the Pyrenaean chain, whence it their possession (13,14.) [AMMONITAE ; AMORITES.] extended towards the Iberus as far as the neighbetween Ammon, or Philadelphia, and Gerasa (Ge- of the theatre of war in the contests between Serrash); to Jordan. It is now called El-Zerka, and "divides iii. p. 161; Caes. B. C. i. 60: concerning the reading, that it is 4 miles from the latter. It flows into the Pompey's legates, Afranius and Petreius. (Strab. the district of Moerad from the country called El- see LACETANI; Ptol. ii. 6. § 72.) None of their Belka (Burckhardt's Syria, p. 347.) It was hour and twenty minutes (exactly 4 miles) SW. of name, belonged, in the time of Ptolemy, to the VAS(Jaca, in Biscaya), from which they derived their Gerash, on their way to Es-Szalt. (Travels, p. 319, CONES, among whom indeed Pliny appears to include dump. p. 475.) [G. W.] cities were of any consequence. The capital, JACCA the Jaccetani altogether (iii. 3. s. 4). Their other JABESH (lábeis, LXX.; 'Idens, 'Iabooá, 'Ia- cities, as enumerated by Ptolemy, and identified, Buss, Joseph.), a city of Gilead, the inhabitants of though with no great certainty, by Ukert (vol. ii. which were exterminated, during the early times of the Judges (see xx. 28), for not having joined in Igualeda); CERESUS (Kepeσós, S. Columba de Cethe national league against the men of Gibeah (xxi. ralto); ANABIS ('Avábis, Tarrega); BACASIS to the inhabitants by the invaders roused the indig- ASCERRIS ('Aσkeppis, Sagarra); UDURA (OŬAmmonite king, Nahash, when the hard terms offered called Bages); TELOBIS (Tnλobis, Martorell); pt. 1. p. 425), are the following:-IESPUS ('leσrós, bation of Saul, and resulted in the relief of the town Soupa, Cardona); LISSA or LESA (Ahoa, near Manand the root of the Ammonites. (1 Sam. xi.) It resa); SETELSIS (Zereλois Zeλevols, Solsona); probably in requital for this deliverance that the CINNA (Kivva, near Guisona), perhaps the same inhabitante of Jabesh-Gilead, having heard of the place as the SCISSUM of Livy (xxi. 60, where the indignity offered to the bodies of Saul and his sons FOL. IL MSS. have Scissis, Stissum, Sisa), and the CISSA of Polybius (iii. 76: coins, ap. Sestini, pp. 132, 163; He Fazello assures us that there was a mediaeval for- COIN OF IAETA. Eckhel (vol. ii. p. 152) doubts the evidence of any coins of ladera, though some have been attributed to it by other writers on numismatics. (Sir G. Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro, vol. i. JAEZER (Ἰαζήρ, LΧΧ. ; Ιαζήρ and 'Ασώρ, p. 78; J. F. Neigebaur, Die Sudslaven, pp. 181- Euseb.), a city of Gilead, assigned to the tribe of 191.) [E. B. J.] Gad by Moses. In Numbers (xxxii. 1), “ the land JADO'NI, a people in the extreme NW. of His- of Jazer" is mentioned as contiguous to "the land pania Tarraconensis, mentioned only by Pliny, who of Gilead, and suited to cattle." In Jeremiah (xlviii. places them next to the Arrotrebae. (Plin. iv. 20. 32), "the sea of Jazer" occurs in some versions, as. 8. 34.) [P. S.] in the English; but Reland (s. v. p. 825) justly IAÉTA or IETAE ('Ieraí, Steph. B.: Eth. 'Ieraios, remarks, that this is not certain, as the passage may Id.; but Diodorus has 'lairîvos, and this is confirmed be pointed after the word "sea," and " Jazer," as a by coins, the legend of which is uniformly 'lativwv, vocative, commence the following clause. But as Eckhel, vol. i. p. 216: in Latin, Cicero has Ietini," the land of Jazer" is used for the country south of but Pliny Letenses), a town of the interior of Sicily, in the NW. of the island, not very far from Panormus. It was mentioned by Philistus (ap. Steph. B. s. v.) as a fortress, and it is called by Thucydides also (if the reading 'Ierás be admitted, in vii. 2) a fortress of the Siculians (Teixos TWV ZIKEλ@V), which was taken by Gylippus on his march from Himera through the interior of the island towards Syracuse. It first appears as an independent city in the time of Pyrrhus, and was attacked by that monarch on account of its strong position and the advantages it offered for operations against Panormus; but the inhabitants readily capitulated. (Diod. xxii. 10, p. 498.) In the First Punic War it was occupied by a Carthaginian garrison, but after the fall of Panormus drove out these troops and opened its gates to the Romans. (Id. xxiii. 18, p. 505.) Under the Roman government it appears as a municipal town, but not one of much importance. The Ietini are only noticed in passing by Cicero among the towns whose lands had been utterly ruined by the exactions of Verres; and the Ietenses are enumerated by Pliny among the "populi stipendiarii" of the interior of Sicily. (Cic. Verr. iii. 43; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14.) Many MSS. of Cicero read Letini, and it is probable that the Añrov of Ptolemy (iii. 4. § 15) is only a corruption of the same name. The position of Iaeta is very obscurely intimated, but it appears from Diodorus that it was not very remote from Panormus, and that its site was one of great natural strength. Silius Italicus also alludes to its elevated situation (“celsus Ietas,” xiv. 271). Gilead, so the Dead Sea may be designated "the sea IALYSUS (Ιάλυσος, Ἰάλυσσος, οι ήλυσσος : Eth. 'IaXugoios), one of the three ancient Doric cities in the island of Rhodes, and one of the six towns constituting the Doric hexapolis. It was situated only six stadia to the south-west of the city of Rhodes, and it would seem that the rise of the latter city was the cause of the decay of Ialysus; for in the time of Strabo (xiv. p. 655) it existed only as a village. Pliny (v. 36) did not consider it as an independent place at all, but imagined that Ialysus was the ancient name of Rhodes. Orychoma, the citadel, was situated above Ialysus, and still existed in the time of Strabo. It is supposed by some that Oryboms was the same as the fort Achaia, which is said to have been the first settlement of the Hekadae in the island (Diod. Sic. v. 57; Athen. viii. 360); at any rate, Achaia was situated in the territory of Ialysus, which bore the name Ialysia. (Cump. Hom. I. ii. 656; Pind. Ol. vii. 106; Herod. ii. 182; Thueyd. viii. 44; Ptol. v. 2. § 34; Steph. B. & r.; Scylax, Peripl. p. 81; Dionys. Perieg. 504; Or. Met. vii. 365; Pomp. Mela, ii. 7.) The site of ancient Lalysus is still occupied by a village bearing the name İaliso, about which a few ancient remains are found. (Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vol. iii. p. 98.) [L. S.] On JAMISSA. [THAMESIS.] IAMNA, IAMNO. [BALEARES, p. 374, b.] ΙΑΜΝΙΑ (Ιαβνής, LXX.; Ἰάμνια, Ἰάμνεία Teurad), a city of the Philistines, assigned to the tribe of Judah in the LXX. of Joshua xv. 45 (Fra); but omitted in the Hebrew, which only mentions it in 2 Chron. xxvi. 6 (JABNEH in the English version), as one of the cities of the Philistites taken and destroyed by king Uzziah. It is celebrated by Philo Judaeus as the place where the frst occasion was given to the Jewish revolt under Caligula, and to his impious attempt to profane the temple at Jerusalem. His account is as follows:In the city of Iamnia, one of the most populous of Julaea, a small Gentile population had established itself among the more numerous Jews, to whom they eccasioned no little annoyance by the wanton vioIation of their cherished customs. An unprincipled government officer, named Capito, who had been sent to Palestine to collect the tribute, anxious to pre-occupy the emperor with accusations against the Jews before their well-grounded complaints of his boundless extortion could reach the capital, ordered an altar of mud to be raised in the town for the deifration of the emperor. The Jews, as he had anticipated, indignant at the profanation of the Holy Land, assembled in a body, and demolished the altar. hearing this, the emperor, incensed already at what had lately occurred in Egypt, resolved to resent this insult by the erection of an equestrian statue of himself in the Holy of Holies. (Philo, de Legat. ad Caium, Op. vol. ii. p. 573.) With respect to its site, it is assigned by Josephus to that part of the tribe of Judah occupied by the children of Dan (Ant. v. 1. §22); and he reckons it as an inland city. (Ant. V. 4. § 4, B. J. i. 7. § 7.) Thus, likewise, in the 1st book of Maccabees (x. 69, 71), it is spoken of as situated in the plain country; but the author of the 2nd book speaks of the harbour and fleet of the lamnites, which were fired by Judas Maccataras; when the light of the conflagration was seen at Jerusalem, 240 stadia distant. The apparent discrepancy may, however, be reconciled by the notices of the classical geographers, who make frequent mention of this town. Thus Pliny expressly says, “Iamnes duae: altera intus," and places them between Azotus and Joppa (v. 12); and Ptolemy, having mentioned IaurTwv, "the port of the lamnites, as a maritime town between Joppa and Azotus, afterwards enumerates Iamnia among the erties of Judaea. From all which it is evident that Lamnia had its Majuma, or naval arsenal, as Gaza, Azotus, and Ascalon also had. (Le Quien, Oriens Christ. vol. iii. col. 587, and 622.) The Itinerary of Antoninus places it 36 M. P. from Gaza, and 12 M. P. from Diospolis (or Lydda); and Eusebius (Com. 8. v. Jáurea) places it between Diospolis and Azotus. Its site is still marked by ruins which retain the ancient name Yebna, situated on a small eminence on the west side of Wady Rubin, an hour distant from the sea. (Irby and Mangles, Travels, p. 182.) "The ruins of a Roman bridge," which they noticed, spanning the Nahr-el-Rubin between Yebna and the sea, was doubtless built for the purpose of facilitating traffic between the town and its sea-port. [G. W.] IAMPHORINA, the capital of the Maedi, in Macedonia, which was taken B. C. 211 by Philip, son of Demetrius. (Liv. xxvi. 25.) It is probably represented by Vraniá or Ivorina, in the upper valley of the Moráva. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 473.) [E. B. J.] IANGACAUCA'NI [MAURETANIA.] JANUA'RIA (lavovaρía áкрα), a promontory on the coast of Cilicia, near Serrepolis, between Mallus and Aegaea. (Stadiusm. §§ 149, 150.) It is now called Karadash. [L. S.] IA'PIS ('Iarís), a small stream which formed the boundary between Megaris and the territory of Eleusis. [ATTICA, p. 323, a.] IA'PODES, IA'PYDES (lárodes, Strab. iii. p. 207, vii. p. 313; 'lámudes, Ptol. ii. 16. § 8; Liv. xliii. 5; Virg. Georg. iii. 475; Tibull. iv. 1. 108), an Illyrian people to the N. of Dalmatia, and E. of Liburnia, who occupied IAPYDIA (Plin. iii. 19), or the present military frontier of Croatia, comprised between the rivers Kulpa and Korana to the N. and E., and the Velebich range to the S. In the interior, their territory was spread along MONS ALBIUS (Velika), which forms the extremity of the great Alpine chain, and rises to a great elevation; on the other side of the mountain they reached towards the Danube, and the confines of Pannonia. They followed the custom of the wild Thracian tribes in tattooing themselves, and were armed in the Keltic fashion, living in their poor country (like the Morlacchi of the present day) chiefly on zea and millet. (Strab. vii. p. 315.) In B. C. 129, the consul C. Sempronius Tuditanus carried on war against this people, at first unsuccessfully, but afterwards gained a victory over them, chiefly by the military skill of his legate, D. Junius Brutus, for which he was allowed to celebrate a triumph at Rome (Appian, B. C. i. 19, Illyr. 10; Liv. Epit. lix.; Fasti Capit.) They had a “foedus' with Rome (Cic. pro Balb. 14), but were in B. C. 34 finally subdued by Octavianus, after an obstinate defence, in which Metulum, their principal town was taken (Strab. I. c. ; Appian, Illyr. l. c.). METULUM (METOûλov), their capital, was situated on the river COLAPIS (Kulpa) to the N., on the frontier of Pannonia (Appian, l. c ), and has been identified with Möttling or Metlika on the Kulpa. The Antonine Itinerary has the following places on the road from Senia (Zeugg) to Siscia (Sissek) :AVENDONE (comp. Peut. Tab.; Abendo, Geog. Rav.; Averdeάrai, Appian, Illyr. l. c.; Overdos, Strab. iv. p. 207, vii. p. 314.); ARUPIUM (Arypium, Peut. Tab.; Parupium, Geog. Rav.; 'ApovπÎVOL, App. Illyr. 16., perhaps the same as the 'ApoυKKÍα of Ptolemy, ii. 16. § 9), now Ottochatz. At BIBIUM, which should be read BIVIUM (Wesseling, ad loc.), the road divided, taking a direction towards Pannonia, which the Itinerary follows, and also towards Dalmatia, which is given in the Peutinger Table. Neigebaur (Die Sudslaven, pp. 224-235) has identified from a local antiquary the following sites of the Table : EPIDOTIUM (Uselle); Avcus (Chauke); Au SANCALIO (issuch, near Udbina); CLUMRETAE (Grachatz). [E. B. J.] IAPY'GIA (Ianyía), was the name given by the Greeks to the SE. portion of Italy, bordering on the Adriatic Sea, but the term was used with considerable vagueness, being sometimes restricted to the extreme SE. point or peninsula, called also Messapia, and by the Romans Calabria; at other times extended so as to include the whole of what the Romans termed Apulia. Thus Scylax describes the whole coast from Lucania to the promontory of Drion (Mt. Garganus) as comprised in Iapygia, and even includes under that appellation the cities of Metapontum and Heraclea on the gulf of Tarentum, which are usually assigned to Lucania. Hence he states that their coast-line extended for a space of six days and nights' voyage. (Scyl. § 14. p. 5.) Polybius at a later period used the name in an equally extended sense, so as to include the whole of Apulia (iii. 88), as well as the Messapian peninsula; but he elsewhere appears to use the name of Iapygians as equivalent to the Roman term Apulians, and distinguishes them from the Messapians (ii. 24). This is, however, certainly contrary to the usage of earlier Greek writers. Herodotus distinctly applies the term of Iapygia to the peninsula, and calls the Messapians an Iapygian tribe; though he evidently did not limit it to this portion of Italy, and must have extended it, at all events, to the land of the Peucetians, if not of the Daunians also. (Herod. iv. 99, vii. 170.) Aristotle also clearly identifies the lapygians with the Messapians (Pol. v. 3), though the limits within which he applies the name of Iapygia (Ib. vii. 10) cannot be defined. Indeed, the name of the Iapygian promontory ǎкpa ǹ 'laπvyía), universally given to the headland which formed the extreme point of the peninsula, sufficiently proves that this was considered to belong to Iapygia. Strabo confines the term of Iapygia to the peninsula, and says that it was called by some Iapygia, by others Messapia or Calabria. (Strab. vi. pp. 281, 282.) Appian and Dionysius Periegetes, on the contrary, follow Polybius in applying the name of Iapygia to the Roman Apulia, and the latter expressly says that the Iapygian tribes extended as far as Hyrium on the N. side of Mt. Garganus. (Appian, Ann. 45; Dionys. Per. 379.) Ptolemy, as usual, follows the Roman writers, and adopts the names then in use for the divisions of this part of Italy: hence he ignores altogether the name of Iapygia, which is not found in any Roman writer as a geographical appellation; though the Latin poets, as usual, adopted it from the Greeks. (Virg. Aen. xi. 247; Ovid, Met. xv. 703.) IAPYGIUM PROMONTORIUM (Ακρα Ιαπυyía: Capo Sta. Maria di Leuca), a headland which forms the extreme SE. point of Italy, as well as the extremity of the long peninsula or promontory that divides the gulf of Tarentum from the Adriatic sea. It is this long projecting strip of land, commonly termed the heel of Italy, and designated by the Romans as Calabria, that was usually termed by the Greeks Iapygia, whence the name of the promontory in question. The latter is well described by Strabo as a rocky point extending far out to sea towards the SE., but inclining a little towards the Lacinian promontory, which rises opposite to it, and together with it encloses the gulf of Tarentum. states the interval between these two headlands, and consequently the width of the Tarentine gulf, at its entrance, at about 700 stadia (70 G. miles), which slightly exceeds the truth. Pliny calls the same distance 100 M. P. or 800 stadia; but the real distance does not exceed 66 G. miles or 660 stadia. (Strab. vi. pp. 258, 281; Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Ptol. iii. 1. § 13; Polyb. x. 1.) He The same point was also not unfrequently termed the Salentine promontory (PROMONTORIUM SALENTINUM, Mel. ii. 4. § 8; Ptol. I. c.), from the people of that name who inhabited the country immediately adjoining. Sallust applies the same name to the whole of the Calabrian or Messapian peninsula. (Sall. ap. Serv, ad Aen. iii. 400.) Its modern name is derived from the ancient church of Sta. Maria di (Leuca, situated close to the headland, and which has preserved the name of the ancient town and port of Leuca; the latter was situated immediately on the W. of the promontory, and afforded tolerable shelter for vessels. [LEUCA.] Hence we find the Athenian fleet, in B. c. 415, on its way to Sicily, touching at the Iapygian promontory after crossing from Corcyra (Thuc. vi. 30, 44); and there can be no doubt that this was the customary course in proceeding from Greece to Sicily. [E. H. B.] We have no clue to the origin or meaning of the name of Iapygians, which was undoubtedly given to the people (Lapyges, 'Iáñuyes) before it was applied to the country which they inhabited. Niebuhr (vol. i. p. 146) considers it as etymologically connected with the Latin Apulus, but this is very doubtful. The name appears to have been a general one, including several tribes or nations, among which were the Messapians, Sallentini, and Peucetians: hence Herodotus calls the Messapians, Iapygians (Inuyes Meσσάmio, vii. 170); and the two names are frequently interchanged. The Greek mythographers, as usual, derived the name from a hero, lapyx, whom they represented as a son of Lycaon, a descent probably intended to indicate the Pelasgic origin of the Iapygians. (Anton. Liberal. 31; Plin. iii. 11. s. 16.) For a further account of IA'RDANUS ('lápdavos), a river on the N. coast of Crete, near the banks of which the Cydonians dwelt. (Hom. Od. iii. 292.) It is identified with the rapid stream of the Platania, which rises in the White Mountains, and, after flowing between the Rhizite villages of Thériso and Láki or Lákus, runs through a valley formed by low hills, and filled with lofty platanes; from which it obtains its name. The river of Plataniá falls into the sea, nearly opposite the islet of Haghios Theodhoros, where there is good anchorage. (Pashley, Trav. vol. ii. p. 22; Höck, Kreta, vol. i. pp. 23, 384.) [E. B. J.] IARDANUS, a river of Elis. [PHEIA.] JARZETHA. [LIBYA.] IASI. [IASSII.] JASO'NIUM ('Iaσóviov Ptol. vi. 10. § 3), a town in Margiana, at the junction of the Margus (Murghab) and some small streams which flow into it. (Cf. also Ammian. xxiii. 6.) [V.] JASO'NIUM (Tò 'Iaσóviov, Ptol. vi. 2. § 4; Strab. xi. p. 526), a mountain in Media, which extended in a NW. direction from the M. Parachoatras (M. Elwend), forming the connecting link between the Taurus and the outlying spurs of the Antitaurus. It is placed by Ptolemy between the Orontes and the Coronus. [V.] JASO'NIUM ('laσáviov), a promontory on the |