tuted a day's work. A decreased cost of living was reported by 78 per cent of the manufacturers. One employer reported an increase, and the others no change. Sixty-four per cent reported no change in wages, 24 per cent a decrease, and 12 per cent an increase.

Reports regarding the tobacco manufacturing industry were received. from 45 establishments. Only 8 factories made full time during the year. Of the others, 11 worked less than 150 days, 13 worked from 150 to 200 days, and 8 worked more than 200 days, but not full time. Five did not answer this inquiry. The length of the working day varied from 8 to 13 hours. Eighteen factories reported an improvement in the financial condition of the employees.

TRADES.-Schedules of inquiry were sent to persons engaged in skilled trades throughout the State. Responses were received from 261 persons, representing 53 occupations. Over one-half the number were carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths, machinists, cabinetmakers, tanners, and painters. Of the total number responding, 77.5 per cent received their wages in cash and 22.5 per cent in trade and cash; 7.2 per cent reported an increase in wages, 45 per cent a decrease, and 47.8 per cent reported no change; 48.1 per cent worked full time during the year; 72.3 per cent worked 10 hours per day, 3.7 per cent less than 10 hours, and 24 per cent worked over 10 hours per day; as to cost of living, 7.7 per cent reported an increase, 64.1 per cent a decrease, and 28.2 per cent reported no change; 24.5 per cent reported an improvement in their financial condition.

ORGANIZED LABOR.-Organization among the working people in North Carolina has not made much progress. Only 12 local branches, representing 7 trade unious, are reported by the bureau. The following statement shows the membership of these organizations and the average wages and hours of labor of the members:

MEMBERSHIP OF LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AND WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR OF

Two of the organizations made provision for sick benefits, and all but two for death benefits. No strikes were reported in any of the unions. One local branch reported a wage increase during the year, but all others reported no change. In the case of nine local branches the organizations were regarded favorably by the corporations, in one 1453-No. 13——7

unfavorably, and in the case of the two others this inquiry was not answered.

The total mile

RAILROAD STATISTICS.-The number, occupation, and average wages of employees are shown for each railroad in the State. The number of railroad employees in the State was estimated at 9,417. age was 3,701, or an increase of 85 miles over the preceding year. BUREAUS OF LABOR.-This chapter contains a list of the names of all the bureaus of labor in the United States and of many of the foreign bureaus of statistics and labor, together with the names and titles of their chief officers.

TENNESSEE.

Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor, Statistics, and Mines to the Governor and Fiftieth General Assembly of the State of Tennessee. 1896. A. H. Wood, Commissioner. 318 pp.

The contents of this report may be grouped as follows: Statistics of mines and mine inspection, 231 pages; the phosphate industry, 16 pages; the marble industry, 26 pages; the petroleum field of Tennessee, 6 pages; mine wages and regulations, 15 pages; labor conditions, 15 pages; chronology of labor bureaus, 8 pages.

STATISTICS OF MINES AND MINE INSPECTION.-The report treats mainly of the mineral resources of the State, it being impossible for the bureau to collect statistics of manufactures. The amount and value of mine products are shown, and in some instances comparative figures are presented for Tennessee and other States, and for present and past periods. The statistics relate to the production of coal, coke, iron ore, pig iron, zinc, lead, and copper, and to casualties in coal mines. A description of the location and general condition of the coal mines in the State is also given.

During the year 1896, 58 coal mines were reported in operation. A total of 2,663,714 tons of coal were mined, showing an increase of 343,994 tons over 1895. The coal mines gave employment to an average of 5,858 persons during an average of 202 days in the year. The coke production amounted to 332,746 tons. The other mine products reported for the year were 577,403 tons of iron ore and 109,987 tons of copper ore. Lead and zinc were also mined, but the quantity was not reported. The pig-iron production in 1896 was 246,998 tons, a decline of 1,131 tons over the preceding year. Twenty-seven fatal accidents, or one to every 244 employees, were reported.

THE PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY.-The development of this industry in the State began but a little over three years ago. A description is given of the location of the phosphate deposits, their chemical composition, and a history of their development. During the year 49,047 tons of phosphate were produced.

THE MARBLE INDUSTRY.-Tennessee ranks third among the States

of the Union in the value of marble produced, Georgia being second and Vermont first. The report contains a history of the growth and development of the marble industry, a description of the different varieties found, and an account of the production by counties. During 1896, 210,635 cubic feet of marble were produced in the State.

THE PETROLEUM FIELD OF TENNESSEE.-The drilling of oil wells in the State has thus far been largely experimental. Oil was discovered in considerable quantities in 1894. Of 47 wells that have been started, 32 have been completed, and of these only 6 can be considered producers. Experiments continue to be made, and it is expected that the product will become, at no distant date, an important factor in the commerce of the State.

MINE WAGES AND REGULATIONS.--Under this head are given figures showing the prices paid for mining at each of the coal mines in the State, the thickness of the seam worked, and the nature of the top, together with the prices of mine supplies. Specimens of rules governing work and wage payments adopted by some of the leading mining companies are also given.

LABOR CONDITIONS.-The principal features of this chapter are statistics of wages paid to men employed in the trades in Nashville. and Memphis, a review of the general industrial conditions in the State, a description of some of the leading labor organizations, and labor disputes during the year. During the past two years only three strikes were recorded, namely, the journeymen plumbers in December, 1895, building laborers in July, 1896, and saddle and harness makers in the fall of 1896.

TENTH REPORT ON THE ANNUAL STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES IN MASSACHUSETTS.

The Annual Statistics of Manufactures, 1895. Tenth Report. xxxiii, 293 pp. (Issued by the Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Horace G. Wadlin, Chief.)

The statistics presented in this report are grouped as follows: Introduction, 21 pages; statistics of manufactures, 121 pages; selected industry presentations, 43 pages; analysis, 83 pages; industrial chronology, 1895, 43 pages.

The information contained in this work does not represent all the industrial establishments in the State. It is computed from returns made by 3,629 identical establishments, comprising 76 industries, for the two years 1894 and 1895. The purpose of the presentation is to indicate the trend of business from year to year, and not to give a census of manufacturing industries.

The 3,629 establishments considered were conducted by 2,758 private firms and 835 corporations in 1894. In 1895 the same establishments were conducted by 2,738 firms and 855 corporations. This shows a decrease of 0.73 per cent in the number of private firms and an increase of 2.40 per cent in the number of corporations. As some of the firms and corporations conducted more than one establishment, the number of establishments is greater than the total number of firms and corporations.

The returns showing the number of partners of firms and stockholders of corporations still further illustrate the tendency toward the change from private to corporation ownership. The number of partners in private firms decreased from 4,420 in 1894 to 4,358 in 1895, while the number of stockholders of corporations increased from 38,712 in 1894 to 40,096 in 1895. The average number of partners to a firm was 1.60 in 1894 and 1.59 in 1895. The average number of stockholders to a corporation was 46.36 in 1894 and 46.90 in 1895. Of the partners, 95.53 per cent were males, 2.43 per cent were females, and 2.04 per cent were estates, etc., in 1895, and of the stockholders, 54.70 per cent were males, 33.79 per cent were females, and 11.51 per cent were banks, trustees, etc.

In the following table the items of invested capital, wages, and value of stock used and goods made are compared for the years 1894 and 1895. The 9 leading industries are given in detail, the 67 others being grouped under other industries.

STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES IN 76 INDUSTRIES, 1894 AND 1895.

The total amount of capital reported by the 3,629 establishments was $401,519,949 in 1894 and $375,875,174 in 1895, a decrease of 6.39 per cent in the latter year. Of the 9 leading industries shown in the above table, 3 had an increase and 6 a decrease in the amount of capital invested. The greatest relative increase was 8.35 per cent, in the leather industry, and the greatest relative decrease, 17.46 per cent, in the carpet industry. Of the 76 industries, 24 showed an increase and 52 a decrease in the amount of capital invested.

The total amount of wages paid in all the establishments considered was $101,557,860 in 1894 and $116,483,743 in 1895, an increase of 11.41 per cent. Only 1 of the 9 leading industries shows a decrease in the relative amount of wages paid, namely, the boot and shoe industry, 0.23 per cent. The greatest relative increase in the amount of wages paid was 48.33 per cent, in the worsted-goods industry. The results for all industries show that in 62 there was an increase, and in 14 a decrease, in the amount of wages paid.

The term "stock used” means all materials used or consumed in the manufacture of goods, whether entering into the composition of the fabric or consumed in the process of manufacture. The total cost of stock used in all the establishments was $272,614,919 in 1894 and $290,011,509 in 1895, an increase of 6.38 per cent. The cost of stock