fits and levy special paving tax against the pellants except Mrs. M. Waltzenbach, Mrs. owners of property in one district for purpose I. L. Cowen, Mrs. V. Fernandez and James of paying the paving contractor for paving B. Wells. The cause was tried before the court without a jury. streets in another district. 4. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS m449(2) STREET IMPROVEMENTS - SPECIAL TAX"TAX." Cities incorporated under Vernon's Sayles' Ann. Civ. St. 1914, arts. 1006-1017, cannot levy a special tax for local improvements evidenced by paving certificates unless the ordinance levying the tax be consented to by twothirds of the aldermen elected; the words "no tax," as used in article 931, providing that no tax shall be levied unless by consent of two-thirds of aldermen elected, not being limited to tax for general revenue. [Ed. Note.-For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Tax.] 5. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS 898 PAV CEPTIONS AND OBJECTIONS. Where no exception was taken to findings and no request made for additional findings, the assignment complaining of findings will be overruled in view of Vernon's Sayles' Ann. Civ. St. 1914, art. 1989, providing that judge shall at the request of either of the parties state in writing the facts found by him separately from the conclusions of law, which conclusión shall be filed with the clerk and constitute part of the record. On January 11, 1913, a number of the above-named appellants filed an original petition in suit No. 2415 against the appellee for the purpose, among others, of having the paving certificates against them and their property canceled. On October 27, 1913, the city of Brownsville filed original petitions in independent suits against each of appellants who at that time were plaintiffs in the suit No. 2415. On April 8, 1914, appellants filed their first amended original petition in cause No. 2415. On November 20, 1916, the city of Brownsville filed its first amended original answer in said cause No. 2415. of all parties entered an order consolidating On June 6, 1916, the court upon agreement all the pending suits involving the paving certificates with suit No. 2415 and ordered the consolidated suits to be carried upon the docket of the district court under the style of "Augustine Celaya et al. v. The City of Brownsville et al.," and numbered 2415. On November 20, 1916, appellants filed their first supplemental petition in the consolidated cause No. 2415. On the same day, November 20, 1916, an original answer was Appeal from District Court, Cameron Coun- filed in cause No. 2415 for such of the beforety; W. B. Hopkins, Judge. Consolidated suits between Augustine Celaya and others and the City of Brownsville. From the judgment rendered, certain of the former appeal. Reversed. Harbert Davenport and Joseph K. Wells, both of Brownsville, for appellants. Graham, Jones & George, of Brownsville, for appellee. named appellants as had not appeared in any of the pleadings previously filed. On the same day, November 20, 1916, the city of Brownsville filed the first supplemental answer in cause No. 2415. The issues alleged by the city of Brownsville were: That it was a municipal corporation organized under the general laws of the state of Texas as a city of less than 10,000 inhabitants; that on August 2, 1910, in accordance with a majority vote, the qualified voters of the city accepted and adopted the power of assessing abutting property and the owners thereof, and street car companies and railroad companies and their property, for benefits received from street paving, as authorized by and contained in chapter 11, tit. 22, of the Revised Civil Statutes of 1911, which chapter thereupon became a part of the charter of the city of Brownsville; that on February 6, 1911, the city council of the city of Brownsville declared a necessity for the issuance and sale of bonds in an amount not to exceed $80,000, for the purpose of raising funds with which to pay the city's portion of the expense of paving certain streets in a defined territory embraced in what was later designated as paying districts Nos. 1, 2, and 3. On the same day, February 6, 1911, the city, by ordinance, ordered the bond election. The election was held March 14, 1911, as ordered, and resulted The judgment foreclosed liens against spe- in favor of the issuance of the bonds as cific property belonging to all the above ap-shown by canvass of returns by the city coun SWEARINGEN, J. This is an appeal from a judgment decreeing personal liability on paving certificates in favor of the city of Brownsville, appellee, against the following appellants: Mrs. H. M. King, James B. Wells, Daniel Yturria, as independent executor of the estate of F. Yturria, deceased, G. Rendall, Ysabel Garcia, M. A. Garcia, Mrs. F. Yturria, William Kelly, as independent executor of the estate of Robert Dalzell, deceased, Mrs. I. L. Cowen, L. B. Puente, J. A. Maltby, H. A. Maltby, Pablo Fernandez, Manuel Fernandez, Jose Fernandez, Aug. Celaya, Mrs. M. E. Vivier, P. J. Vivier, A. Bollack, Mrs. V. Fernandez, H. J. Wallis, Maggie I. Wallis, Jose Celaya, Juana Ch. Fernandez, M. M. Waltzenbach, J. Wormser, B. G. Stegman, Merchants' National Bank, Mrs. M. Fernandez, Basilio Garcia, M. Besteiro, Mrs. F. Fernandez, A. P. Barreda, C. P. Barreda, and W. H. Mason. cil on March 20, 1911, when the council thereafter, on the same day, declared the result of the election in favor of the issuance of bonds. On March 27, 1911, the city council passed a general street paving ordinance describing the form of bonds and interest coupons, fixing the amount and numbers of said bonds and providing that a tax be levied for interest and sinking fund as required by law (article 846). On June 5, 1911, an ordinance was passed levying a tax for the year 1911 and succeeding years looking to the payment of interest and creating a sinking fund for the payment of the bonds. On August 28, 1911, the city council entered into a written contract with the Creosoted Wood Block Paving Company for the construction of 23,650 square yards of paving within the territory for the pavement of which the bonds, were authorized on March 27, 1911. also made provision for the mode and manner of paving and for the apportionment of the expense of the improvement. On November 7, 1912, the city council by ordinance corrected certain mistakes and irregularities incident to any paving undertaken, and also created paving district No. 3, which included a portion of the territory designated in the general street paving ordinance of March 27, 1911. The said ordinance passed November 7, 1912, also made further provision for paving districts Nos. 1 and 2, including material and apportionment of the expense. On November 11, 1912, the city council by ordinance amended section 7 of the street paving ordinance of October 23, 1911, and at the same meeting, acting under the apprehension that some irregularities might have existed as to the paving of district No. 1, and to provide more fully for the contemplated improvements in said districts Nos. 2 and 3, a reassessment as to districts Nos. 1, 2, and 3, was declared, and due and legal notices ordered, published, and personal notices given in all respects as provided by said ordinance and said chapter 11 of a hearing for the benefit of all concerned in the im Thereafter, on October 23, 1911, the city council passed an ordinance making provision for apportionment of assessments against owners of property along and on the streets where the paving might thereafter be constructed in accordance with the contract ex-provements done and to be done in said pavecuted August 28, 1911, and in accordance with the general paving ordinance of March 27, 1911. ing districts Nos. 1, 2, and 3, said hearing to be had on December 14, 1912; and at the same meeting a resolution or ordinance was On March 11, 1912, the city council by ordi- duly and legally passed adopting a form of nance created paving district No. 1, which assessment certificates as to said paving dis(contained the 23,650 square yards described trict No. 1 which is itself in all things in in the executed contract, and in the same or- accordance with the contract for paving said dinance designated the style of pavement and district and the laws of the state, the ordiapportioned the expense of the improve-nance referring to the matter and the proviments between the city, the abutting property sions of said chapter No. 11; and in said owners, and railways and street railways ordinance or resolution the mayor and city secretary were authorized and directed to owning franchises on said streets. issue said certificates. Thereafter, on April 29, 1912, an ordinance was passed further providing for paving dis-lished and sent as ordered in the meeting of In pursuance of the notices ordered pubtrict No. 1 and apportioning the expense the city council of date November 11, 1912, thereof. On May 27, 1912, the city council directed said notices as to the paving done and to On May 27, 1912, the city council directed be done as to paving districts Nos. 1, 2, and that notices be given to all owners of abutting be done as to paving districts Nos. 1, 2, and 3 were in all things fully complied with as property to appear before the city council on June 17, 1912, to make known any objec- required by said ordinance or resolution and tions they might desire to urge against the as required by said chapter No. 11, and for the length of time as required by said ordiassessment of benefits against them. nance and said chapter 11; and thereafter, on December 14, 1912, at a meeting of the On June 17, 1912, in pursuance of the notices issued, the city council met in regular city council duly and legally held, a hearing session, and gave a hearing to all the owners of all persons and corporations interested, of the abutting property, to be assessed for as a result of the paving done and to be benefits received in district No. 1, contain-done in said paving districts Nos. 1, 2 and 3, ing the 23,650 square yards described in the in all respects as provided by law and the paving contract, and after said hearing of objections by said property owners the council passed an ordinance apportioning the expense of the said improvements in district No. 1. On October 3, 1912, the city council created paving district No. 2, which embraced a portion of the territory contained in the area designated in the first general street paving ordinance of March 27, 1911. This ordinance ordinances of said city of Brownsville bearing on said question, and as required by said chapter 11, was afforded, at which time and meeting the attorneys for a portion of the plaintiffs and a portion of the defendants herein appeared and announced that they desired a postponement or continuance of said hearing to December 18, 1912, which request was by the said city council granted, and a recess was ordered taken to December 18, 1912, for the purpose of hearing such complaints, if any, as said plaintiffs and said defendants might desire to make; that on December 18, 1912, said city council, again being duly and legally in session, again offered to hear and determine such complaints, if any, as said plaintiffs and said defendants desired to make, when again said plaintiffs and said defendants, acting by and through their attorneys, who now appear of record for them in this cause, requested a further postponement until December 20, 1912, which request was again granted by said city council; that on December 20th, which again being duly and legally in session for that purpose, again offered to hear and determine 'such complaints, if any, as said plaintiffs and said defendants saw fit to make, when and at which meeting said plaintiffs and said defendants, acting by and through the attorneys who now appear of record for them, and each of them, in this cause, informed said city council that, while the most of the said plaintiffs and said defendants did not intend to acquiesce in the proceedings that said council had had referring to the paving of said districts Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and the assessments against them, the said plaintiffs and said defendants, none of them, desired to offer or introduce any evidence before the council on the matter, but would take such steps as they felt their interest required in and before the proper court or courts; whereupon, and at said meeting on December 20, 1912, said city council, by vote in open meeting, declared the hearing closed as to said plaintiffs and said defendants, and proceeded to assess and apportion the expense for paving and improving said districts Nos. 1, 2, and 3, as per the reports of the city engineer, which have been embodied in said notices for the hearing of December 14, 1912, and being a resolution or ordinance duly and legally passed at a meeting duly and legally held December 23, 1912, ratifying and confirming what had already been done in open council meeting on December 20, 1912. The appellants in their pleadings admitted the passage of all the ordinances or resolutions set out in the pleadings of the city of Brownsville, but answered that the $80,-000 bonds authorized by the qualified voters of the city of Brownsville was sufficient to pay for all the streets within the boundaries of paving districts Nos. 1, 2, and 3, answered that when the paving contract was executed with the paving company no provision was made for assessing any portion of the cost of the paving against the owners of the property abutting on said streets, and further answered that prior to December 23, 1912, the paving contractor finished paving the streets, and were paid in full for the work by the city out of the proceeds of the $80,000 bonds issued for that purpose or out of other funds of the city of Brownsville; that on that date, December 23, 1912, the city council passed the ordinance imposing the tax represented by the certificates sued upon, and alleged that this ordinance was not passed by the two-thirds of the aldermen elected as members of the city council, and was therefore void; that the paving ceruicates have never been issued, but are being held by the city; that the proceeds of the certificates, if sold, could not be paid for the improvement to appellant's property, because that had all been paid for before December 23, 1912, and that the proceeus would be diverted to other purposes. It was further alleged that the extended contract for paving of the additional 17,500 feet which was in paving district No. 2 was void, among other reasons, because by its terms the contractors were to receive in payment for work in district No. 2 the paving certificates against the owners of property in district No. 1, and because the said certificates were by said agreement to be discounted ten per cent. of their par value. Other issues were made by the pleadings, but have been waived. [1] As the statement of undisputed facts made by counsel for appellants is unchallenged by appellee, and the facts therein stated are in accord with the record, we adopt the statement as our findings of fact: "(1) The city of Brownsville, for all purposes of this suit, was and is a municipal corporation, duly incorporated under the general laws of this state providing for the incorporation of cities of less than 10,000 inhabitants. It was further alleged by the city of Brownsville that as a result of all the foregoing ordinances and contract and to secure the moneys therein specified the city of Brownsville did on the 31st day of December, 1912, and on the 21st day of March, 1913, cause to be executed and signed by its mayor "(2) By an election duly and legally held on and attested by its secretary all the certifi- August 2, 1910, the city of Brownsville adoptcates with coupons attached, herein sued up-ed, as part of its charter, the provisions of on. And the city further alleged that it was the owner of all the certificates sued upon; that the certificates were past due and unpaid. The exact amount due by each of the appellants was alleged. The city prayed for judgment against each of the appellants and for foreclosure of the special paving assessment liens. The appellants generally and specially excepted to the sufficiency of the allegations chapter 11, tit. 22, Revised Civil Statutes of Texas. "(3) At an election duly and legally held on March 14, 1911, the qualified voters of the city of Brownsville authorized the city council of the city of Brownsville to issue bonds of for the purpose of improvement and pavement said city in any amount not to exceed $80,000, of Elizabeth street from Fourteenth street to and across Tenth street, and Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth streets between Levee street and Washington street, to the extent and as far as the amount of said bonds can or "(5) On August 28, 1911, the city council of the city of Brownsville entered into a written contract with the Creosoted Wood Block Paving Company for the construction of 23,650 square yards of paving, within the identical area within the city of Brownsville for the pavement and improvement of which said bonds were authorized and issued. The contract provided that the contractor should also construct, under the same terms, conditions, and stipulations, any additional pavement authorized and provided for by said city council while the said 23,650 yards expressly contracted for was in course of construction. said street, and the balance remaining, if any,, tioned, the sum of four dollars and nine cents after paying for the improvement and pave- ($4.09) per front foot on each and every foot ment of other streets of the city of Brownsville, of ground fronting on any of said streets. Tex., to be determined upon by the city council.' There shall also be levied and assessed on all "(4) In pursuance of the authority so grant- lots and fractional lots, and the owners thereed, the city council of the city of Brownsville of, fronting on side streets numbers ten (10), did forthwith issue street paving bonds of the eleven (11), twelve (12), and thirteen (13) withcity of Brownsville of the par value of $80,000, in said paving district No. 1 the sum of two for the purposes specified in the preceding par- dollars and eighty-seven cents ($2.87) per front agraph, sold the same for the par value thereof, foot for each foot of lot or fractional part of and deposited the proceeds in the city treas- lot fronting on each and all of said side streets.' ury, all on or before August 28, 1911. This ordinance further provided that the city tax collector should enter each of said assessments in a book to be kept by him, and proceed to collect same, in installments provided for by said ordinance as same fell due. This ordinance further provided that the city tax collector should 'give notice to the owner, his agent and attorney, of a day set for hearing for each owner, as provided by law, by advertisement at least three times in the official organ of the city of Brownsville, same to be a newspaper published in said city, the first publication thereof to be made at least ten days before the day set for such hearing, and in addition thereto he shall issue personal notices to the owners of such property, their agents or attorneys, for at least ten days before the date of such hearing by placing same in the postoffice at Brownsville, Texas, properly addressed to such owner, his agent or attorney, at their last known address, notifying him of the date for such hearing, and after the expiration of said period of notice and hearing said collector shall levy upon any property in said Paving District Number One, on which assessments and interest have not been paid, as will be sufficient to pay the same.' This ordinance also expressly repealed 'all ordinances and parts of ordinances in conflict therewith." "(6) The 23,650 square yards of pavement provided for by the contract of August 28, 1911, was constructed by the Creosoted Wood Block Paving Company within the area designated in conformity with the terms of said contract, and it was accepted by the city of Brownsville, and paid for by it out of the proceeds of said bond The final estimate was approved and so paid by the city council of said city on July 1, 1912. "(10) On May 27, 1912, the city council of the city of Brownsville directed the city attorney to publish a notice in the official organ of the city to property owners living in paving district No. One (1) to come and appear before the city council on the 17th day of June, 1912, at 10 a. m. to show cause, should any they have, why their property abutting on the streets of said paving district should not be assessed one-third of cost of paving said district. "(7) On October 23, 1911, the city council of the city of Brownsville adopted an ordinance 'providing for the manner of determining, after notice, and by due process of law, the amount of special benefits to lots or parcels of abutting property, and to railroads and street railroads and to the owners thereof, upon any streets ordered to be paved in the city of Brownsville, and to provide for the assessment of the cost of such improvements, or of a part thereof, against such owners and their property, and for the collection and improvement thereof.' This was the first ordinance adopted by the city council to enable the city to exercise the charter powers derived from the adoption of the provi- "(11) On June 17, 1912, the city council of sions of chapter 11, tit. 22, Revised Civil the city of Brownsville, after reciting publicaStatutes, by the qualified voters of the city of tion of notice of hearing 'to the owners of propBrownsville at the election of August 2, 1910. erty in paving district No. 1 of said city, citing This ordinance provided detailed procedure for the owners of property to appear before said making of assessments, including notice to prop- meeting for the purpose of raising such objecerty owners by publication of copy of resolu- tion as they might have to the assessment tion of city council prescribing the time and against them and their said property of a share place of hearing as to benefits, etc., in some tive issues of the Brownsville Weekly Herald, of the cost of such paving,' in three consecunewspaper in the city of Brownsville, once in the official organ of the city of Brownsville, on each week for four successive weeks, and by the 1st, 8th and 15th days of June, respectivemailing a copy of such resolution, duly authenticated, to each property owner at his last-y, and after reciting that the city secretary known address. On March 18, 1912, the city council of the city of Brownsville, by a vote of seven 'Ayes' and no 'Nays,' adopted an ordinance creating 'paving district No. 1,' including the identical area described in the ordinance providing for the issuance of bonds, as stated in paragraphs 2 and 3 above, and the identical area then being paved under and by virtue of the contract of August 28, 1911, which contract was, by said ordinance creating 'paving district No. 1,' expressly approved and confirmed. Said ordinance further ordered that onethird of the cost of said paving should be assessed against the abutting property (on either side of the street) and the owners thereof. "(9) On April 29, 1912, the city council of the city of Brownsville passed an ordinance providing: "There shall be levied and assessed against all lots and fractional lots and the owners thereof, lying, and being on each side of Washington, Elizabeth and Levee streets, in said paving district No. 1, as above men had on the 4th day of June, 1912, 'executed and mailed to each of the owners of property abutting on said paving district, at his lastknown address,' a copy of the published notice, adopted a resolution which purported to assess against various persons named in said resolution, including all of appellants who are property owners on the streets abutting on said $4.09 per front foot of property abutting on paving district No. 1, an amount equal to Levec, Elizabeth and Washington streets, and $2.87 per front foot of property abutting on Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth streets. "(12) On August 20, 1912, the city council. of the city of Brownsville adopted a resolution extending the contract of August 28, 1911, between said city and the Creosoted Wood Block Paving Company to provide for 17,500 additional square yards of paving: Provided that said Creosoted Wood Block Paving Company 'shall accept as payment for such additional pavement paving certificates of paving district No. 1 of said city, at the rate of 90 per cent. of their full face value, for each estimate of work done.' "(13) On October 3, 1912, the city council of the city of Brownsville by a record vote of three to two (seven members shown to be present) adopted an ordinance creating paving district No. 2 of the city of Brownsville, and ordering it paved with creosoted wood blocks in conformity with the resolution of the city council of the city of Brownsville of date August 20, 1912, extending the contract of August 28, 1911, and ordered that one-third of the cost of said paving be assessed against 'abutting property and the owners thereof. "(14) November 7, 1912, the city council of the city of Brownsville adopted an ordinance changing the boundaries of paving district No. 2, as created by the ordinance of October 3, 1912, dividing same into 'paving district No. 2' and 'paving district No. 3.' "(15) On November 7, 1912, the city council of the city of Brownsville passed an ordinance providing a mode of procedure for 'reassessments' to cure mistakes, irregularities, or errors in any proceedings with reference to any improvement undertaken or made under the provisions of chapter 11, tit. 22, Revised Statutes of Texas. "(16) On November 11, 1912, the city council of the city of Brownsville adopted an amendment to section 7 of the general paving ordinance of October 23, 1911, and ordered notices to issue to all abutting property owners in paving districts Nos. 1, 2, and 3 to appear before said council on December 14, 1912, for the purpose of presenting protests against assessments to be made against property abutting on streets in said districts. "(17) Notices of said meeting of the city council were published as prescribed by the ordinances of the city of Brownsville. At the meeting of said council on December 14, 1912, several property owners, including most of the appellants, appeared to contest said assessments, and requested a postponement of the hearing until December 18, 1912, whereupon the council declared the hearing closed as to all property owners except those who had asked for postponement of hearing and adjourned to December 18, 1912. "(18) On December 18, 1912, the city council of the city of Brownsville, without action adjourned until December 20, 1912, and on December 20, 1912, said council, by a record vote of three 'Ayes' and no 'Nays,' five members of the council being present, declared the hearing closed. No evidence was offered by any of the parties at either of said meetings of the council held on the 14th, 18th, and 20th days of De cember. "(19) On December 23, 1912, by a record vote of four aldermen to two (one alderman present, and not voting), the city council of the city of Brownsville adopted three separate ordinances. identical in form, relating, respectively, to the assessments against the abutting property owners in paving districts Nos. 1, 2, and 3. These ordinances each recite that the assessments are made in compliance with the provisions of the general paving ordinance of October 23, 1911, and recite facts sufficient to show such compliance. These ordinances assessed against each property owner in said paving districts the amount per abutting front foot, shown by the engineer's report to be one-third of the average cost per lineal foot of constructing such paving, under the terms of the contract of August 28, 1911, between the city of Brownsville and Creosoted Wood Block Paving Company ($4.09 per front foot on Elizabeth and parallel streets, $2.87 per front foot on the numbered cross streets, and proportionately for market square), declared the amount of each assessment to be a personal liability of the owner of the abut sessment should constitute a valid first lien upon such tract or lot of land superior to all other liens and claims except state, county, and municipal taxes. "(20) The assessment ordinances of December 23, 1912, further provided that each assessment should be evidenced by negotiable certificates against the assessed property owners, drawn payable to the city of Brownsville, or its order bearing interest at 6 per cent. per annum from January 1, 1913, until paid, and providing for the payment of 10 per cent. addition as attorney's fees, in the event such certificates be not paid at maturity and placed in the hands of an attorney for collection. "(21) In pursuance of said ordinances of December 23, 1912, mayor and city secretary of the city of Brownsville, on or about December 31, 1912, executed paving certificates against each abutting property owner (including each of appellants) in said three paving districts declaring said property owners to be indebted to the city of Brownsville in the amount of said assessment. Said paving certificates recite that same are executed by virtue of the ordinance and assessment of December 23, 1912, and declare the amount of the assessment, together with interest and attorney's fees, to be a first and paramount lien upon the property described in said certificate. The certificates issued against property owners in paving district No. 1 recite that the paving for which the assessment was made had been completed and accepted by the city council July 1, 1912. The assessments are also declared by the certificates to be a personal liability of the owner of the property. "(22) The said paving certificates against appellants were never 'issued' in the sense of being delivered by the city of Brownsville to any person, but were retained by the officers of said city, and are sued on in this case by said city of Brownsville. (23) At the time of the execution of said certificates (on or about December 31, 1912) the paving in paving district No. 2, had not been completed, accepted, or paid for by the city of Brownsville. Thereafter, on January 6, 1913, a portion of said paving in paving district No. 2 was accepted by the city council as completed. On May 13, 1912, after the institution of this suit, the contract between the city of Brownsville and the Creosoted Wood Block Paving Company for the construction of paving in paving districts Nos. 2 and 3 was canceled, and an agreed settlement was had between said city and said Creosoted Wood Block Paving Company as to payment for the completed portion of said paving, and the amount of the payment so agreed upon has since been made by said city to said Creosoted Wood Block Company." The first assignment contends that the court erred in rendering judgment against the appellants, and in support thereof six propositions are submitted which seem to us to very clearly and correctly dispose of the question presented by the assignment. The first of these propositions is: "The city council of the city of Brownsville was wholly without authority to levy an assessment against the owners of property abutting on streets within paving district No. 1 of the city of Brownsville, to be used, not to pay for the pavement and improvement of said streets, but to reimburse said city for one-third of the cost of pavement and improvement of said streets, already completed, accepted by said city, and paid for by it, out of a fund lawfully provided for that purpose." It was alleged by the city of Brownsville that the proceeds from the $80,000 bonds |