Bravery-Courage.

Bravery is constitutional; courage is acquired. The one is born with us, the other is the result of reflection. There is no merit in being brave, but much in being courageous. Brave men are naturally careless of danger; the courageous man is aware of danger, and yet faces it calmly. Bravery is apt to degenerate into temerity. Courage is always cool and collected. It may be, perhaps, said with justice, that the French are the braver, and the English the more courageous people.

King Alfred was conspicuous during the early part of his reign, for the with which he resisted the attacks of his enemies, the Danes.

The first check which Xerxes received in his invasion of Greece was from the of Leonidas and his three hundred Spartans, who disputed with him the pass of Thermopyla.

Richard I. of England distinguished himself, during his campaigns in the Holy Land, by acts of the most impetuous

It requires quite as much

- in a minister to guide the state in safety, through all the political storms by which she is beset, as in a general, to insure victory to his country, amidst the difficulties and dangers by which he may be surrounded.

is impetuous;

A proper

is intrepid.

is not confined to objects of personal danger, but is pre

pared to meet poverty and disgrace.

Bonds-Fetters.

Bonds, from the Anglo-Saxon bindan, to bind, means whatever takes away our freedom of action beyond a certain circle. Fetters, from the Saxon fæter, is strictly what binds the feet; what hinders us from moving or walking. Bonds is the generic Fetters are species of bonds.

term.

[Mar. What tributaries follow him to Rome
To grace in captive bonds his chariot-wheels.

Julius Cæsar, i. 1.
King. —we will fetters put upon this fear
Which now goes too free-footed.

Hamlet, iii. 3.

"Let any one send his contemplation to the extremities of the universe, and see what conceivable hopes, what

mass of matter in so close a pressure together." "Doctrine unto fools is as

hand."

The

he can imagine to hold this

on the feet, and manacles on the right

of affection which exists between parent and child can never be broken except by the most unnatural and detestable wickedness. In this case, I am by circumstances, and, however unwillingly,

must remain an inactive spectator of the course of affairs.
"There left me and my man, both bound together.
Till, gnawing with my teeth my

I gained my freedom."

asunder,

His legs were so inflamed by the weight of his

and the length

of time he had worn them, that when they were knocked off his feet, he was too weak to stand, and it was with some difficulty that he was prevented from fainting.

And Paul said: "I would to God, that not only thou, but also all that hear me this day, were both almost, and altogether such as I am, except these

Booty-Prey.

Booty and prey are both objects of plunder: but there is this distinction, that booty may be applied to various purposes, whilst prey is always for consumption. Soldiers carry off their booty. Birds carry off their prey. Avarice or covetousness incites men to take booty. A ravenous appetite urges animals to search for prey. In a secondary sense, things are said to be a prey to whatever consumes them, either physically or morally. Thus :-a house falls a prey to the devouring flames.. The heart is a prey to melancholy. Misfortunes prey on the mind.

[York. So triumph thieves upon their conquered booty.
3 Henry VI., i. 4.

Macb. Whiles night's black agents to their prey do rouse.

Macbeth, iii. 2.

brought with them, set fire to the premises, and quitted the spot. There are men of —, as well as beasts and birds of.

live upon and delight in human blood.

that

The next day, the town was taken by assault; the ferocious assailants vented their rage upon the defenceless inhabitants by massacring them by thousands, and pillaging the churches and treasuries of the place, in which they found an immense

"A garrison supported itself by the hood of Aylesbury."

it took from the neighbur

Velleius Paterculus states that the sum produced by the

Julius Cæsar brought to Rome was above fifty millions of pounds.
"Who, stung by glory, rave, and bound away,
The world their field, and human-kind their

which

Conduct-Behaviour.

Behaviour respects our manner of acting on particular occasions, or in individual cases; Conduct refers to the general tenor of our actions. Behaviour is connected with the circumstances of the case. Conduct is the result of our habits of thinking, and the standard of morals set up in our own minds. Soldiers behave gallantly in an engagement. A good citizen conducts himself on all occasions wisely and temperately. Our morals or temper influence our conduct. Our humour influences our behaviour. The conduct of Charles I. was marked by mild dignity. Queen Elizabeth's behaviour was undignified when she gave Lord Essex a box on the ear.

The

[Bass.

pray thee, take pain
To allay with some cold drops of modesty
Thy skipping spirit; lest through thy wild behaviour
I be misconstrued in the place I go to
And lose my hopes.

Exercise.

Merchant of Venice, ii. 3.]

of the firemen was beyond all praise; they exposed themselves at all points to the raging flames, and exerted themselves to the utmost to subdue the fire, which soon yielded to their combined efforts.

At the end of the half-year, the father received a letter from his son's tutor, expressive of his unqualified praise of his pupil's during the

six months previous.

A state of happiness is not to be expected by those who are conscious of no moral or religious rule for their

in life.

The of the whole school during the master's illness was most exemplary. By common consent, no boisterous or noisy games were allowed, and the pupils all moved about the house as quietly as possible, for fear of disturbing him.

His master parted with him with expressions of much regret, and begged that he would apply to him whenever he should require testimonials of character or

Custom-Habit.

Custom respects things which are done by the majority; Habit, those which are done by individuals. We speak of national customs, and of a man of indolent habits. It is a custom in England to leave town in the summer months. It is a custom to eat hot-cross buns on Good Friday. It is a custom to attend divine service. It is a habit to take snuff, to smoke, &c. Habits will often arise from customs; for instance, the custom of going to church may produce habits of piety. The custom of driving in a carriage may produce habits of indolence. It is of great advantage when the customs of a nation are such as are likely to lead to good habits among the people.

[Ham. Assume a virtue, if you have it not. That monster, custom, who all sense doth eat Of habit's devil, is angel apt in this;

That to the use of actions fair and good

He likewise gives a frock or livery

That aptly is put on.

Hamlet, iii. 4.

Cor. What custom wills, in all things should we do't,

The dust on antique time would lie unswept,
And mountainous error be too highly heaped
For truth to overpeer.

Coriolanus, ii. 3.

Val. How use doth breed a habit in a man!

Consent, or custom ;

Two Gentlemen of Verona, v. 4.

upheld by old repute,

P. L., i. 640.

Full soon thy soul shall have her earthly freight,

And custom lie upon thee with a weight

Heavy as frost, and deep almost as life.

WORDSWORTH. 'Ode-Intimations of Immortality.'

The mild necessity of use compels

To acts of love; and habit does the work

Of reason;

WORDSWORTH.

'The Old Cumberland Beggar."]

Exercise.

of early rising is very conducive to health.

tent as formerly.

of giving money to servants does not prevail to the same ex

Paley has said that "man is a bundle of
In many parts of Germany, it is the

o'clock.

The effects of good example and early conversation.

to dine as early as twelve

are equally visible in his