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inches. The shaft, capital, and pedestal are ap- | parently of different ages; the latter are of very inferior workmanship to the shaft. The substructions of the column are fragments of older monuments, and the name of Psammetichus with a few hieroglyphics is inscribed upon them.

The origin of the name Pompey's Pillar is very doubtful. It has been derived from Пoμraios, "conducting," since the column served for a land-mark. In the inscription copied by Sir Gardner Wilkinson and Mr. Salt, it is stated that "Publius, the Eparch of Egypt," erected it in honour of Diocletian. For Publius it has been proposed to read "Pompeius." The Pillar originally stood in the centre of a paved area beneath the level of the ground, like so many of the later Roman memorial columns. The pavement, however, has long been broken up and carried away. If Arabian traditions may be trusted, this now solitary Pillar once stood in a Stoa with 400 others, and formed part of the peristyle of the ancient Serapeion.

Next in interest are the Catacombs or remains of the ancient Necropolis beyond the Western Gate. The approach to this cemetery was through vineyards and gardens, which both Athenaeus and Strabo celebrate. The extent of the Catacombs is remarkable: they are cut partly in a ridge of sandy calcareous stone, and partly in the calcareous rock that faces the sea. They all communicate with the sea by narrow vaults, and the most spacious of them is about 3830 yds. SW. of Pompey's Pillar. Their style of decoration is purely Greek, and in one of the chambers are a Doric entablature and mouldings, which evince no decline in art at the period of their erection. Several tombs in that direction, at the water's edge, and some even below its level, are entitled "Bagni di Cleopatra."

Iskenderun), a town on the east side of the Gulf of Issus, and probably on or close to the site of the Myriandrus of Xenophon (Anab. i. 4), and Arrian (Anab. ii. 6). It seems probable that the place received a new name in honour of Alexander. Stephanus mentions both Myriandrus and Alexandreia of Cilicia, by which he means this place; but this does not prove that there were two towns in his time. Both Stephanus and Strabo (p. 676) place this Alexandreia in Cilicia [AMANUS]. A place called Jacob's Well, in the neighbourhood of Iskenderun, has been supposed to be the site of Myriandrus (London Geog. Journ. vol. vii. p. 414); but no proof is given of this assertion. Iskenderun is about 6 miles SSW. of the Pylae Ciliciae direct distance. [AMANUS] The place is unhealthy in summer, and contained only sixty or seventy mean houses when Niebuhr visited it; but in recent times it is said to have improved. (Niebuhr, Reisebeschreibung, vol. iii. p. 19; London Geog. Journ. vol. x. p. 511.))

6. OXIANA. [SOGDIANA.]

7. In PAROPAMISUS. [PAROPAMISADAE.]

8. TROAS (Aλe§ávdpeia † Tpúas), sometimes called simply Alexandreia, and sometimes Troas (Acts Apost. xvi. 8), now Eski Stambul or Old Stambul, was situated on the coast of Troas, opposite to the south-eastern point of the island of Tenedos, and north of Assus. It was founded by Antigonus, one of the most able of Alexander's successors, under the name of Antigoneia Troas, and peopled with settlers from Scepsis and other neighbouring towns. It was improved by Lysimachus king of Thrace, and named Alexandreia Troas; but both names, Antigoneia, and Alexandreia, appear on some coins. It was a flourishing place under the Roman empire, and had received a Roman colony when Strabo wrote (p. 593), which was sent in the time of Augustus, as the

A more particular account of the Ruins of Alex-name COL. AVG. TROAS on a coin shows. andreia will be found in Sir Gardner Wilkinson's Topography of Thebes, p. 380, seq., and his HandBook for Travellers in Egypt, pp. 71-100, Murray, 1847. Besides the references already given for Alexandreia, its topography and history, the following writers may be consulted: - Strab. p. 791, seq; Ptol. iv. 5. § 9, vii. 5. §§ 13, 14, &c. &c.; Diod. xvii. 52; Pausan. v. 21, viii. 33; Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 1. § 5, seq.; Q. Curtius, iv. 8. § 2, x. 10. §20; Plut. Alex. 26; Mela, i. 9. § 9; Plin. v. 10, 11; Amm. Marc. xxii. 16; It. Anton. pp. 57, 70; Joseph. B. J. ii. 28; Polyb. xxxix. 14; Caesar, B. C. iii. 112. [W. B. D.]

ALEXANDREIA († 'Aλekávôpeιa). Besides the celebrated Alexandreia mentioned above, there were several other towns of this name, founded by Alexander or his successors.

1. In ARACHOSIA, also called Alexandropolis, on the river Arachotus; its site is unknown. (Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6.)

2. In ARIANA († èv 'Aplois, or Alexandreia Arion as Pliny, vi. 17, names it), the chief city of the country, now Herat, the capital of Khorassan, a town which has a considerable trade. The tradition is that Alexander the Great founded this Alexandreia, but like others of the name it was probably only so called in honour of him. (Strab. pp. 514, 516, 723; Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6.)

3. In BACTRIANA, a town in Bactriana, near Bactra (Steph. Byz.).

4. In CARMANIA, the capital of the country, now Kerman. (Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6.)

5. AD ISSUM ( Kar' "Ioσov: Alexandreum,

In

the time of Hadrian an aqueduct several miles in length was constructed, partly at the expense of Herodes Atticus, to bring water to the city from Ida. Many of the supports of the aqueduct still remain, but all the arches are broken. The ruins of this city cover a large surface. Chandler says that the walls, the largest part of which remain, are several miles in circumference. The remains of the Thermae or baths are very considerable, and doubtless belong to the Roman period. There is little marble on the site of the city, for the materials have been carried off to build houses and public edifices at Constantinople. The place is now nearly deserted.

There is a story, perhaps not worth much, that the dictator Caesar thought of transferring the seat of empire to this Alexandreia or to Ilium (Suet. Caes. 79); and some writers have conjectured that Augustus had a like design, as may be inferred from the words of Horace (Carm. iii. 3. 37, &c.). It may be true that Constantine thought of Alexandreia (Zosim. ii. 30) for his new capital, but in the end he made a better selection.

9. ULTIMA ('Αλεξάνδρεια ἐσχάτη, οι Αλεξαν Spéoxara, Appian, Syr. 57), a city founded among the Scythians, according to Appian. It was founded by Alexander upon the Jaxartes, which the Greeks called the Tanais, as a bulwark against the eastern barbarians The colonists were Hellenic mercenaries, Macedonians who were past service, and some of the adjacent barbarians: the city was 60 stadia in circuit. (Arrian, Anab. iv. 1. 3; Curtius, vii. 6.) There is no evidence to determine the exact site, which may be that of Khodjend, as some suppose. [G. L.]

ALEXANDRI ARAE or COLUMNAE (o Ateşárdpov Bwuoi). It was a well-known custom of the ancient conquerors from Sesostris downwards to mark their progress, and especially its furthest limits, by monuments; and thus, in Central Asia, near the river Jaxartes (Sihoun), there were shown altars of Hercules and Bacchus, Cyrus, Semiramis and Alexander. (Plin. vi. 16. s. 18; Solin. 49.) Pliny adds that Alexander's soldiers supposed the Jaxartes to be the Tanaïs, and Ptolemy (iii. 5. § 26) actually places altars of Alexander on the true Tanais (Don), which Ammianus Marcellinus (xxii. 8), carrying the confusion a step further, transfers to the Borysthenes. (Ukert, vol. iii. pt. 2, pp. 38, 40, 71, 191, 196.) Respecting Alexander's altars in India, see HYPHASIS.

[P.S.]

ALGIDUS ("Axyidos), a mountain of Latium, forming part of the volcanic group of the Alban Hills, though detached from the central summit, the Mons Albanus or Monte Cavo, and separated, as well from that as from the Tusculan hills, by an elevated valley of considerable breadth. The extent in which the name was applied is not certain, but it seems to have been a general appellation for the north-eastern portion of the Alban group, rather than that of a particular mountain summit. It is celebrated by Horace for its black woods of holm-oaks (nigrae feraci frondis in Algido), and for its cold and snowy climate (nivali Algido, Carm. i. 21. 6, iii. 23. 9, iv. 4. 58): but its lower slopes became afterwards much frequented by the Roman nobles as a place of summer retirement, whence Silius Italicus gives it the epithet of amoena Algida (Sil. Ital. xii. 536; Martial, x. 30. 6). It has now very much resumed its ancient aspect, and is covered with dense forests, which are frequently the haunts of banditti.

At an earlier period it plays an important part in the history of Rome, being the theatre of numberless conflicts between the Romans and Aequians. It is not clear whether it was-as supposed by Dionysius (x. 21), who is followed by Niebuhr (vol. ii. p. 258) -ever included in the proper territories of the Aequians: the expressions of Livy would certainly lead to a contrary conclusion: but it was continually occupied by them as an advanced post, which at once secured their own communications with the Volscians, and intercepted those of the Romans and Latins with their allies the Hernicans. The elevated plain which separated it from the Tusculan hills thus became their habitual field of battle. (Liv. iii. 2, 23, 25, &c.; Dion. Hal. x. 21, xi. 3, 23, &c.; Ovid, Fast. vi. 721.) Of the exploits of which it was the scene, the most celebrated are the victory of Cincinnatus over the Aequians under Cloelius Gracchus, in B. C. 458, and that of Postumius Tubertus, in B. C. 428, over the combined forces of the Aequians and Volscians. The last occasion on which we find the former people encamping on Mt. Algidus, was in

B. C. 415.

In several passages Dionysius speaks of a town named Algidus, but Livy nowhere alludes to the existence of such a place, nor does his narrative admit of the supposition: and it is probable that Dionysius has mistaken the language of the annalists, and rendered "in Algido" by év wóλeι 'Aλyide. (Dionys. x. 21, xi. 3; Steph. B. s. v. ˇAλyıdos, probably copies Dionysius.) In Strabo's time, however, it is certain that there was a small town (ToMixviov) of the name (Strab. p. 237): but if we can construe his words strictly, this must have

It was

been lower down, on the southern slope of the hill; and was probably a growth of later times. situated on the Via Latina; and the gorge or narrow pass through which that road emerged from the hills is still called la Cava dell' Aglio, the latter word being evidently a corruption of Algidus. (Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 123.)

We find mention in very early times of a temple of Fortune on Mt. Algidus (Liv. xxi. 62), and we learn also that the mountain itself was sacred to Diana, who appears to have had there a temple of ancient celebrity. (Hor. Carm. Saec. 69.) Existing remains on the summit of one of the peaks of the ridge are referred, with much probability, to this temple, which appears to have stood on an elevated platform, supported by terraces and walls of a very massive construction, giving to the whole much of the character of a fortress, in the same manner as in the case of the Capitol at Rome. These remains -which are not easy of access, on account of the dense woods with which they are surrounded, and hence appear to have been unknown to earlier writers -are described by Gell (Topography of Rome, p. 42) and Nibby (Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 121), but more fully and accurately by Abeken (MittelItalien, p. 215). [E. H. B.]

ALINDA ("Αλινδα : Εth. ̓Αλινδεύς), & city of Caria, which was surrendered to Alexander by Ada, queen of Caria. It was one of the strongest places in Caria (Arrian. Anab. i. 23; Strab. p. 657). Its position seems to be properly fixed by Fellows (Discoveries in Lycia, p. 58) at Demmeergee-derasy, between Arab Hissa and Karpuslee, on a steep rock. He found no inscriptions, but out of twenty copper coins obtained here five had the epigraph Alinda. [G. L.]

ALIPHERA ('Axionpa, Paus.; Aliphera, Liv.; ̓Αλίφειρα, Polyb.: Eth. Αλιφηρεύς, Αλιφηραῖος, οι coins AAIPEIPEON, Aliphiraeus, Plin. iv. 6. s. 10. § 22), a town of Arcadia, in the district Cynuria, said to have been built by Alipherus, a son of Lycaon, was situated upon a steep and lofty hill, 40 stadia S. of the Alpheius and near the frontiers of Elis. A large number of its inhabitants removed to Megalopolis upon the foundation of the latter city in B. C. 371; but it still continued to be a place of some importance. It was ceded to the Eleans by Lydiades, when tyrant of Megalopolis; but it was taken from them by Philip in the Social War, B. C. 219, and restored to Megalopolis. It contained temples of Asclepius and Athena, and a celebrated bronze statue by Hypatodorus of the latter goddess, who was said to have been born here. There are still considerable remains of this town on the hill of Neróvitza, which has a tabular summit about 300 yards long in the direction of E. and W., 100 yards broad, and surrounded by remains of Hellenic walls. At the south-eastern angle, a part rather higher than the rest formed an acropolis: it was about 70 yards long and half as much broad. The walls are built of polygonal and regular masonry intermixed. (Paus. viii. 3. § 4, 26. § 5, 27 §§ 4, 7; Polyb. iv. 77, 78; Liv. xxviii. 8; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 72, seq.; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, vol. i. p. 102; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. i. p. 361, seq.)

ALI'SO or ALI'SUM (Ελίσων, "Αλεισον : perhaps Elsen, near Paderborn), a strong fortress in Germany, built by Drusus in B. c. 11, for the purpose of securing the advantages which had been gained, and to have a safe place in which the Romans

might maintain themselves against the Cherusci and Sigambri. It was situated at the point where the Eliso empties itself into the Lupia (Lippe, Dion Cass. liv. 33.) There can be no doubt that the place thus described by Dion Cassius under the name 'EXíowv, is the same as the Aliso mentioned by Velleius (ii. 120) and Tacitus (Ann. ii. 7), and which in A. D. 9, after the defeat of Varus, was taken by the Germans. In A. D. 15 it was reconquered by the Romans; but being, the year after, besieged by the Germans, it was relieved by Germanicus. So long as the Romans were involved in wars with the Germans in their own country, Aliso was a place of the highest importance, and a military road with strong fortifications kept up the connection between Aliso and the Rhine. The name of the place was probably taken from the little river Eliso, on whose bank it stood. The Axelov (in Ptolemy ii. 11) is probably only another form of the name of this fortress. Much has been written in modern times upon the site of the ancient Aliso, and different results have been arrived at; but from the accurate description of Dion Cassius, there can be little doubt that the village of Elsen, about two miles from Paderborn, situated at the confluence of the Alme (Eliso) and Lippe (Lupia), is the site of the ancient Aliso. (Ledebur, Das Land u. Volk der Bructerer, p. 209, foll.; W. E. Giefers, De Alisone Castello Commentatio, Crefeld, 1844, 8vo.)

[L. S.]

A'LIUM. [ACROREIA.] ALLA'RIA (Aλλapia; Eth. 'Aλλapiárns), a city of Crete of uncertain site, of which coins are extant, bearing on the obverse the head of Pallas, and on the reverse a figure of Heracles standing. (Polyb. ap. Steph. B. s. v.)

COIN OF ALLARIA.

MATHIAMA

A'LLIA or A'LIA* (¿ 'Axías, Plut.) a small river which flows into the Tiber, on its left bank, about 11 miles N. of Rome. It was on its banks that the Romans sustained the memorable defeat by the Gauls under Brennus in B. c. 390, which led to the capture and destruction of the city by the barbarians. On this account the day on which the battle was fought, the 16th of July (xv. Kal. Sextiles), called the Dies Alliensis, was ever after regarded as disastrous, and it was forbidden to trans. act any public business on it. (Liv. vi. 1, 28; Virg. Aen. vii. 717; Tac. Hist. ii. 91; Varr. de L. L. vi. § 32; Lucan. vii. 408; Cic. Ep. ad Att. ix. 5; Kal. Amitern. ap. Orell. Inscr. vol. ii. p. 394.) A few years later, B.C. 377, the Praenestines and their allies, during a war with Rome, took up a position on the Allia, trusting that it would prove of evil omen to their adversaries; but their hopes

*According to Niebuhr (vol. ii. p. 533, not.) the correct form is ALIA, but the ordinary form ALLIA is supported by many good MSS., and retained by the most recent editor of Livy. The note of Servius (ad Aen. vii. 717) is certainly founded on ▲ misconception.

were deceived, and they were totally defeated by the dictator Cincinnatus. (Liv. vi. 28; Eutrop. ii. 2.) The situation of this celebrated, but insignificant, stream is marked with unusual precision by Livy: "Aegre (hostibus) ad undecimum lapidem occursum est, qua flumen Allia Crustuminis montibus praealto defluens alveo, haud multum infra viam Tiberino amni miscetur." (v. 37.) The Gauls were advancing upon Rome by the left bank of the Tiber, so that there can be no doubt that the "via" here mentioned is the Via Salaria, and the correctness of the distance is confirmed by Plutarch (Camill.18), who reckons it at 90 stadia, and by Eutropius (i. 20), while Vibius Sequester, who places it at 14 miles from Rome (p. 3), is an authority of no value on such a point. Notwithstanding this accurate description, the identification of the river designated has been the subject of much doubt and discussion, principally arising from the circumstance that there is no stream which actually crosses the Via Salaria at the required distance from Rome. Indeed the only two streams which can in any degree deserve the title of rivers, that flow into this part of the Tiber, are the Rio del Mosso, which crosses the modern road at the Osteria del Grillo about 18 miles from Rome, and the Fosso di Conca, which rises at a place called Conca (near the site of Ficulea), about 13 miles from Rome, but flows in a southerly direction and crosses the Via Salaria at Malpasso, not quite 7 miles from the city. The former of these, though supposed by Cluverius to be the Allia, is not only much too distant from Rome, but does not correspond with the description of Livy, as it flows through a nearly flat country, and its banks are low and defenceless. The Fosso di Conca on the contrary is too near to Rome, where it crosses the road and enters the Tiber; on which account Nibby and Gell have supposed the battle to have been fought higher up its course, above Torre di S. Giovanni. But the expressions of Livy above cited and his whole narrative clearly prove that he conceived the battle to have been fought close to the Tiber, so that the Romans rested their left wing on that river, and their right on the Crustumian hills, protected by the reserve force which was posted on one of those hills, and against which Brennus directed his first attack. Both these two rivers must therefore be rejected; but between them are two smaller streams which, though little more than ditches in appearance, flow through deep and narrow ravines, where they issue from the hills; the first of these, which rises not far from the Fosso di Conca, crosses the road about a mile beyond La Marcigliana, and rather more than 9 from Rome; the second, called the Scolo del Casale, about 3 miles further on, at a spot named the Fonte di Papa, which is just more than 12 miles from Rome. The choice must lie between these two, of which the former has been adopted by Holstenius and Westphal, but the latter has on the whole the best claim to be regarded as the true Allia. It coincides in all respects with Livy's description, except that the distance is a mile too great; but the difference in the other case is greater, and the correspondence in no other respect more satisfactory. If it be objected that the little brook at Fonte di Papa is too trifling a stream to have earned such an immortal name, it may be observed that the very particular manner in which Livy describes the locality, sufficiently shows that it was not one necessarily familiar to his readers, nor does any

mention of the river Allia occur at a later period | of Roman history. (Cluver. Ital. p. 709; Holsten. Adnot. p. 127; Westphal, Römische Kampagne, p. 127; Gell's Top. of Rome, p. 44-48; Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 125; Reichard, The saur. Topogr.) [E. H. B.] ALLIFAE CAλipal, Strab., Diod.; "AAAipa, Ptol., Eth. Allifanus: Alife), a city of Samnium, situated in the valley of the Vulturnus, at the foot of the lofty mountain group now called the Monte Matese. It was close to the frontiers of Campania, and is enumerated among the Campanian cities by Pliny (iii. 5. 9), and by Silius Italicus (viii. 537); but Strabo expressly calls it a Samnite city (p. 238). That it was so at an earlier period is certain, as we find it repeatedly mentioned in the wars of the Romans with that people. Thus, at the breaking out of the Second Samnite War, in B. C. 326, it was one of the first places which fell into the hands of the Romans: who, however, subsequently lost it, and it was retaken by C. Marcius Rutilus in B. c. 310. Again, in B. C. 307, a decisive victory over the Samnites was gained by the proconsul Fabius beneath its walls. (Liv. viii. 25, ix. 38, 42; Diod. xx. 35.) During the Second Punic War its territory was alternately traversed or occupied by the Romans and by Hannibal (Liv. xxii. 13, 17, 18, xxvi. 9), but no mention is made of the town itself. Strabo speaks of it as one of the few cities of the Samnites which had survived the calamities of the Social War: and we learn from Cicero that it possessed an extensive and fertile territory in the valley of the Vulturnus, which appears to have adjoined that of Venafrum. (Pro Planc. 9, de Leg. Agr. ii. 25.) According to the Liber Coloniarum (p. 231), a colony was established there by the triumvirs, and its colonial rank, though not mentioned by Pliny, is confirmed by the evidence of inscriptions. These also attest that it continued to be a place of importance under the empire: and was adorned with many new public buildings under the reign of Hadrian. (Zumpt, de Coloniis, p. 335; Orell. Inser. 140, 3887; Romanelli, vol. ii. pp. 451 -456.) It is placed by the Itineraries on the direct road from Rome to Beneventum by the Via Latina, at the distance of 17 miles from Teanum, and 43 from Beneventum; but the latter number is certainly too large. (Itin. Ant. pp. 122, 304.) The modern Alife is a poor and decayed place, though it still retains an episcopal see and the title of a city: it occupies the ancient site, and has preserved great part of its ancient walls and gates, as well as numerous other vestiges of antiquity, including the remains of a theatre and amphitheatre, and considerable ruins of Thermae, which appear to have been constructed on a most extensive and splendid scale. (Romanelli, l. c.; Craven, Abruzzi, vol. i. p. 21.) [E. H. B.]

ALLO'BROGES ('Aλλó¤piyes, 'Aλλóépʊyes, and 'AMóepoyes, as the Greeks write the name), a Gallic people, whose territory lay on the east side of the Rhone, and chiefly between the Rhone and the Isara (Isère). On the west they were bounded by the Segusiani (Caes. B. G. i. 10). In Caesar's time (B. G. i. 6) the Rhodanus, near its outlet from the lake Lemannus, or the lake of Geneva, was the boundary between the Allobroges and the Helvetii; and the furthest town of the Allobroges on the Helvetic border was Geneva, at which place there was a road over the Rhone into the Helvetic territory by a bridge. The Sequani were the northern neigh

bours of the Allobroges, who seem to have had some territory on the north side of the Rhone above the junction of the Rhone with the Arar (Saone). To the south of the Allobroges were the Vocontii. The limits of their territory may be generally defined in one direction, by a line drawn from Vienna (Vienne) on the Rhone, which was their chief city, to Geneva on the Leman lake. Their land was a wine country. The Allobroges are first mentioned in history as having joined Hannibal B. C. 218 in his invasion of Italy (Liv. xxi. 31). The Aedui, who were the first allies of Rome north of the Alps, having complained of the incursions of the Allobroges into their territory, the Allobroges were attacked and defeated near the junction of the Rhone and the Saone by Q. Fabius Maximus (B. c. 121), who from his victory derived the cognomen Allobrogicus. Under Roman dominion they became a more agricultural people, as Strabo describes them (p. 185); most of them lived in small towns or villages, and their chief place was Vienna. The Allobroges were looked on with suspicion by their conquerors, for though conquered they retained their old animosity; and their dislike of Roman dominion will explain the attempt made by the conspirators with Catiline to gain over the Allobroges through some ambassadors of the nation who were then in Rome (B. C. 63). The ambassadors, however, through fear or some other motive, betrayed the conspirators (Sall. Cat. 41). When Caesar was governor of Gallia, the Allobroges north of the Rhone fled to him for protection against the Helvetii, who were then marching through their country, B. c. 58 (B. G. i. 11). The Allobroges had a senate, or some body that in a manner corresponded to the Roman senate (Cic. Cat. iii. 5). In the division of Gallia under Augustus, the Allobroges were included in Narbonensis, the Provincia of Caesar (B. G. i. 10); and in the late division of Gallia, they formed the Viennensis. [G.L.]

ALMA, ALMUS CAλua, Dion Cass. lv. 30; Aurel. Vict. Epitom. 38, Probus; Eutrop. ix. 17; Vopiscus, Probus, 18), a mountain in Lower Pannonia, near Sirmium. The two robber-chieftains Bato made this mountain their stronghold during the Dalmatian insurrection in A. D. 6-7. (Dict. of Biogr. art. Bato.) It was planted with vines by the emperor Probus about A. D. 280-81, the spot being probably recommended to him by its contiguity to his native town of Sirmium. [W. B. D.]

ALMO, a small river flowing into the Tiber on its left bank, just below the walls of Rome. Ovid calls it "cursu brevissimus Almo" (Met. xiv. 329), from which it is probable that he regarded the stream that rises from a copious source under an artificial grotto at a spot called La Caffarella as the true Almo. This stream is, however, joined by others that furnish a much larger supply of water, one of the most considerable of which, called the Marrana degli Orti, flows from the source near Marino that was the ancient Aqua Ferentina, another is commonly known as the Acqua Santa. The grotto and source already mentioned were long regarded, but certainly without foundation, as those of Egeria, and the Vallis Egeriae was supposed to be the Valle della Caffarella, through which the Almo flows. The grotto itself appears to have been constructed in imperial times: it contains a marble figure, much mutilated, which is probably that of the tutelary deity of the stream, or the god Almo. (Nardini, Roma Antica, vol. i. pp. 157-161, with

Nibby's notes; Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i.
p. 130; Gell, Top. of Rome, p. 48; Burgess, An-
tiquities of Rome, vol. i. p. 107.) From this
spot, which is about half a mile from the church of
S. Sebastiano, and two miles from the gates of
Rome, the Almo has a course of between 3 and
4 miles to its confluence with the Tiber, crossing on
the way both the Via Appia and the Via Ostiensis.
It was at the spot where it joins the Tiber that the
celebrated statue of Cybele was landed, when it was
brought from Pessinus in Phrygia to Rome in B. C.
204; and in memory of this circumstance the sin-
gular ceremony was observed of washing the image
of the goddess herself, as well as her sacred imple-
ments, in the waters of the Almo, on a certain day
(6 Kal. Apr., or the 27th of March) in every year:
a superstition which subsisted down to the final
extinction of paganism. (Ov. Fast. iv. 337-340;
Lucan. i. 600; Martial. iii. 47. 2; Stat. Silv. v. 1.
222; Sil. Ital. viii. 365; Amm. Marc. xxiii. 3. § 7.)
The little stream appears to have retained the name
of Almo as late as the seventh century: it is now
commonly called the Acquataccia, a name which is
supposed by some to be a corruption of Acqua
d'Appia, from its crossing the Via Appia. The spot
where it is traversed by that road was about 14 mile
from the ancient Porta Capena; but the first region
of the city, according to the arrangement of Au-
gustus, was extended to the very bank of the Almo.
(Preller, Die Regionen Roms, p. 2.) [E. H. B.]
ALMO'PIA (Aλuaría), a district in Macedonia
inhabited by the ALMOPES ('AAμŵres), is said to
have been one of the early conquests of the Argive
colony of the Temenidae. Leake supposes it to be
the same country now called Moglena, which bor-
dered upon the ancient Edessa to the NE. Ptolemy
assigns to the Almopes three towns, Horma ("Opua),
Europus (Euporos), and Apsalus (Avaλos).
(Thuc. ii. 99; Steph. B. s. v.; Lycophr. 1238; Ptol.
iii. 13. §24; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 444.)
ALONTA ('AXÓvтa: Terek), one of the chief
rivers of Sarmatia Asiatica, flowing into the W. side
of the Caspian, S. of the Udon (Otdwv, Kouma),
which is S. of the Rha (Volga). This order, given
by Ptolemy (v. 9. § 12), seems sufficient to identify
the rivers; as the Rha is certainly the Volga, and
the Kouma and Terek are the only large rivers that
can answer to the other two. The Terek rises in
M. Elbrouz, the highest summit of the Caucasus,
and after a rapid course nearly due E. for 350 miles,
falls into the Caspian by several mouths near 44°
N. lat.
[P. S.]

they should first meet a fox with its cub. (Steph.
B. s. v.; Scymnus, 29; Liv. xxxi. 16; Pomp. Mela,
ii. 2.) In the time of the Macedonian ascendancy,
it was allied with, and under the protection of
Athens. (Dem. de Coron. p. 256, c. Aristocr.
p. 675.)
[L. S.]

ALO'RUS ("Aλ@pos: Eth. 'Aλwpirns), a town of Macedonia in the district Bottiaea, is placed by Stephanus in the innermost recess of the Thermaic gulf. According to Scylax it was situated between the Haliacmon and Lydias. Leake supposes it to have occupied the site of Paleá-khora, near Kapsokhóri. The town is chiefly known on account of its being the birthplace of Ptolemy, who usurped the Macedonian throne after the murder of Alexander II., son of Amyntas, and who is usually called Ptolemaeus Alorites. (Scyl. p. 26; Steph. B. s. v. ; Strab. p. 330; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 435, seq.; Dict. of Biogr. vol. iii. p. 568.)

ALPE'NI ('Αλπηνοί, Herod. vii. 176; Αλπηνὸς Tóλs, Herod. vii. 216· Eth. 'Aλπηνós), a town of the Epicnemidii Locri at the E. entrance of the pass of Thermopylae. For details, see THERMOPYLAE.

ALPES (ai Aλπes; sometimes also, but rarely rà 'Aλteivà opn and тà ́Aλwia õpŋ), was the name given in ancient as well as modern times to the great chain of mountains-the most extensive and loftiest in Europe,- which forms the northern boundary of Italy, separating that country from Gaul and Germany. They extend without interruption from the coast of the Mediterranean between Massilia and Genua, to that of the Adriatic near Trieste, but their boundaries are imperfectly defined, it being almost impossible to fix on any point of demarcation between the Alps and the Apennines, while at the opposite extremity, the eastern ridges of the Alps, which separate the Adriatic from the vallies of the Save and the Drave, are closely connected with the Illyrian ranges of mountains, which continue almost without interruption to the Black Sea. Hence Pliny speaks of the ridges of the Alps as softening as they descend into Illyricum (" mitescentia Alpium juga per medium Illyricum," iii. 25. s. 28), and Mela goes so far as to assert that the Alps extend into Thrace (Mela, ii. 4). But though there is much plausibility in this view considered as a question of geographical theory, it is not probable that the term was ever familiarly employed in so extensive a sense. On the other hand Strabo seems to consider the Jura and even the mountains of the Black Forest in Swabia, in which the Danube takes its rise, as mere offsets of the Alps (p. 207). The name is probably deΑΠΟΡΕ (Αλόπη: Εth. Αλοπίτης, Αλοπεύς). rived from a Celtic word Alb or Alp, signifying 1. A town of Phthiotis in Thessaly, placed by Ste-height:" though others derive it from an adjective phanus between Larissa Cremaste and Echinus. Alb "white," which is connected with the Latin There was a dispute among the ancient critics Albus, and is the root of the name of Albion. (Strab. whether this town was the same as the Alope in p. 202; and see Armstrong's Gaelic Dictionary.) Homer (Il.ii. 682; Strab. pp. 427,432; Steph. B.s.v.). 2. A town of the Opuntian Locrians on the coast between Daphnus and Cynus. Its ruins have been discovered by Gell on an insulated hill near the shore. (Thuc. ii. 26; Strab. p. 426; Scyl. p. 23; Gell, Itiner. p. 233.)

3. A town of the Ozolian Locrians of uncertain site. (Strab. p. 427.)

ALOPECE. [ATTICA.]

ALOPECONNE’SUS ('Ãλ@πeкóvvnσos), a town on the western coast of the Thracian Chersonesus. It was an Aeolian colony, and was believed to have derived its name from the fact that the settlers were directed by an oracle to establish the colony, where

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It was not till a late period that the Greeks appear to have obtained any distinct knowledge of the Alps, which were probably in early times regarded as a part of the Rhipaean mountains, a general appellation for the great mountain chain, which formed the extreme limit of their geographical knowledge to the north. Lycophron is the earliest extant author who has mentioned their name, which he however erroneously writes Záλwia (Álex. 1361): and the account given by Apollonius Rhodius (iv. 630, fol.), of the sources of the Rhodanus and the Eridanus proves his entire ignorance of the geography of these regions. The conquest of Cisalpine Gaul by the Romans, and still more the passage of Hannibal over the Alps,

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