which branches off from the Via Clodia at Baccanas | That of Amestratus, in addition to the testimony of (Baccano) and leads through Nepe and Falerii to Ameria and thence to Tuder: this can be no other than the Via Amerina mentioned in an inscription of the time of Hadrian (Orell. 3306). The distances, as given in the Table, make Ameria distant 57 M. P. from Rome by this route, which agrees very closely with a casual statement of Cicero (pro Sex. Rosc. 7. § 18) that it was 56 miles from the one to the other. The Castellum Amerinum placed by the Table at 9 M. P. from Ameria on the road to Falerii is otherwise unknown. [E. H. B.] AMERI'OLA, a city of ancient Latium, mentioned by Livy among those reduced by force of arms by the elder Tarquin (i. 38). It is here enumerated among the "Prisci Latini," and doubtless at this period was one of the thirty cities of the league: but its name is not found in the later list given by Dionysius (v. 61), nor does it again occur in history; and it is only noticed by Pliny (iii. 5. s. 9) among the extinct cities of Latium. From the names with which it is associated in Livy we may probably infer that it was situated in the neighbourhood of the Corniculan Hills: and it has been conjectured by Gell and Nibby that some ruins still visible on the northernmost of the three hills, about a mile north of Mte S. Angelo, may be those of Ameriola. They consist of some remnants of walls, of irregular polygonal construction, running round a defensible eininence, and indicating the site of a small town. But the distance from Mte S. Angelo (on the summit of which there was certainly an ancient city, whether Corniculum or Medullia) is however so small as to render it improbable that another independent town should have existed so close to it. (Gell, Top. of Rome, p. 52; Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 138; Abeken, Mittel-Italien, p. 78.) [E. H. B.] AME'SELUM (ò 'Aμýσeλov) a town of Sicily, mentioned only by Diodorus (xxii. Exc. Hoesch. p.499), from whom we learn that it was situated between Centuripi and Agyrium, in a position of great natural strength. It was taken, in B. C. 269, by Hieron king of Syracuse, who destroyed the city and fortress, and divided its territory between its two neighbours the Centuripini and Agyrians. Its exact site is [E. H. B.] unknown. AME'STRATUS ('Aμheтparos, Steph. B.: Eth. Amestratinus: Mistretta), a city of Sicily, noticed only by Cicero and Steph. B. From the circumstance mentioned by the former, that Verres compelled the inhabitants of Calacte to deliver their tithes of corn at Amestratus instead of at Calacte itself, it is clear that it was not very far from that city: and this fact, coupled with the resemblance of the name, enables us to fix its site at Mistretta, now a considerable town, situated on a hill about 5 miles from the N. coast of Sicily near Sto. Stefano, and 10 from Caronia (Calacte). According to Fazello, considerable remains of antiquity were still visible there in his time; but the place is not described by any recent traveller. We learn from Cicero that it was a small and poor town, though enjoying municipal privileges. (Cic. in Verr. iii. 39, 43, 74; Steph. B. s. v.; Fazell. de Reb. Sicul. x. p. 415; Cluver. Sicil. p. 383.) It is probably the same place as the Amastra of Silius Italicus (xiv. 267), but there is no foundation for identifying it (as has been done by Cluverius and most subsequent geographers) with the Mytistratus of Polybius and Pliny: both names being perfectly well authenticated. [MYTISTRATUS.] Cicero and Stephanus, is fully supported by the evidence of its coins, which have the name at foll, AMHETPATINON. (Castell. Sicil. Vet. Num. pl. 15; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 197.) [E. H. B.] A'MIDA ("Aμida: Eth. 'Aμidŋvós, Amidensis: Diyar-Bekr). The modern town is on the right bank of the Tigris. The walls are lofty and substantial, and constructed of the ruins of ancient edifices. As the place is well adapted for a commercial city, it is probable that Amida, which occupied the site of Diyar-Bekr, was a town of considerable antiquity. It was enlarged and strengthened by Constantius, in whose reign it was besieged and taken by the Persian king Sapor, A. D. 359. The historian Ammianus Marcelinus, who took part in the defence of the town, has given us a minute account of the siege. (Amm. Marc. xix. 1, seq.) It was taken by the Persian king Cabades in the reign of Anastasius, A. D. 502 (Procop. B. Pers. i. 7, seq.); but it soon passed again into the hands of the Romans, since we read that Justinian repaired its walls and fortifications. (Procop. de Aedif. iii. 1.) Ammianus and Procopius consider it a city of Mesopotamia, but it may be more properly viewed as belonging to Armenia Major. [G. L.] AMILUS CAλos: Eth. 'Aμíλios), a village of Arcadia in the territory of Orchomenus, and on the road from the latter to Stymphalus. (Paus. viii. 14. § 5; Steph. B. s. v.) AMI'SIA, a place on the left bank of the river Amisia (Ems), in Germany. (Tacit. Ann. ii. 8.) This place, which is not mentioned by any other ancient author, is perhaps the same as the town of 'Auάoeia noticed by Ptolemy (ii. 11), and the Auo o a mentioned by Stephanus Byzantinus as a town of Germany. (Comp. Ledebur, Land u. Volk der Bructerer, p. 180, foll.) [L. S.] In AMI'SIA or AMI'SIUS ('Audotos or 'Auaria, the Ems), a river in northern Germany, rising in the hills of the Weser, and emptying itself into the German Ocean near the town of Emden. The river was well known to, and navigated by the Romans. B. C. 12, Drusus fought on it a naval battle against the Bructeri. (Mela, iii. 3; Plin. H. N. iv. 14, who calls the river Amisius; Tacit. Ann. i. 60, 63, 70, ii. 23, who calls it Amisia; Strab. p. 290; Ptolem. ii. 11; comp. Ledebur, Land u. Volk der Bructerer, p. 180.) [L. S] AMISUS ('Αμισός : Eth. 'Αμισηνός, Αμίσιος, Amisenus: Eski Samsun), a city of Pontus in Asia Minor, situated on the west side of the bay called Amisenus, about 900 stadia from Sinope according to Strabo (p. 547). The ruins of Amisus are on a promontory about a mile and a half NNW. of the modern town. On the east side of the promontory was the old port, part of which is now filled up. The pier which defended the ancient harbour may still be traced for about 300 yards, but it is chiefly under water: it consists of very large blocks of stone. On the summit of the hill where the acropolis stood there are many remains of walls of rubble and mortar, and the ground is strewed with fragments of Roman tiles and pottery. On the south end of the brow of the hill which overlooks the harbour there are traces of the real Hellenic walls. (Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, vol.i. p.290.) The origin of Amisus appears to be uncertain. Hecataeus (Strab. p. 553) supposed it to be the Enete of Homer (Il. ii. 852). Theopompus, quoted by Strabo, says that it was first founded by the great antiquity. It was situated in the upper valley of the river Aternus, from which, according to Varro (L. L. v. 28), it derived its name, and at the foot of the loftiest group of the Apennines, now known as the Gran Sasso d'Italia. Its ruins are still visible at San Vittorino, a village about 5 miles N. of Aquila. According to Cato and Varro (ap. Dionys. i. 14, ii. 49), this elevated and rugged mountain district was the original dwelling-place of the Sabines, from whence they first began to turn their arms against the Aborigines in the neighbourbood of Reate. Virgil also mentions Amiternum among the most powerful cities of the Sabines: and both Strabo and Pliny enumerate it among the cities still inhabited by that people. Ptolemy, on the contrary, assigns it to the Vestini, whose territory it must certainly have adjoined. (Virg. Aen. vii. 710; Sil. Ital. viii. 416; Strab. v. p. 228; Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Ptol. iii. 1. § 59.) Livy speaks of Amiternum as captured by the Romans in B. C. 293 from the Samnites (x. 39), but it seems impossible that the Sabine city can be the one meant; and either the name is corrupt, or there must have been some obscure place of the same name in Samnium. Strabo speaks of it as having suffered severely from the Social and Civil Wars, and being in his time much decayed; but it was subsequently recolonised, probably in the time of Augustus (Lib. Colon. p. 228; Zumpt, de Coloniis, p. 356. not.), and became a place of considerable importance under the Roman empire, as is proved by the existing ruins, among which those of the amphitheatre are the most conspicuous. These are situated in the broad and level valley of the Aternus, at the foot of the hill on which stands the village of S. Vittorino; but some remains of polygonal walls are said to exist on that hill, which probably belong to an earlier period, and to the ancient Sabine city. It continued to be an episcopal see as late as the eleventh century, but its complete decline dates from the foundation of the neighbouring city of Aquila by the emperor Frederic II., who removed thither the inhabitants of Amiternum, as well as several other neighbouring towns. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 330; Giustiniani, Diz. Geogr. vol. i. p. 230; Craven, Abruzzi, vol. i. pp 217 Milesians; then settled by a Cappadocian king; and Amisus, in Strabo's time, possessed a good terri- AWEXY COIN OF AMISUS. AMITERNUM (AuíTepvov, Strab.; 'AuíTepva, Dionys.: Amiterninus), a city of the Sabines of Numerous inscriptions have been discovered there, of which the most important is a fragment of an ancient calendar, which is one of the most valuable relics of the kind that have been preserved to us. It has been repeatedly published; among others, by Foggini (Fast. Rom. Reliquiae, Romae, 1779), and by Orelli (Inscr. vol. ii. c. 22). Amiternum was the birthplace of the historian Sallust. (Hieron. Chron.) [E. H. B.] AMMONITAE ('Auμaviтai, LXX. and Joseph.), the descendants of Ben-ammi, the son of Lot by his incestuous connection with his younger daughter (Gen. xix. 38). They exterminated the Zamzummims and occupied their country (Deut. ii. 20, 21), which lay to the north of Moab between the Arnon (Mojeb) and the Jabbok (Zerka), the eastern part of the district now called Belka. [AMORITES]. Their country was not possessed by the Israelites (Deut. ii. 19), but was conterminous with the tribe of Gad. (Joshua, xiii. 25, properly explained by Reland, Palaest. p. 105.) Their capital was Rabbath or Rabbah, afterwards called PHILADELPHIA, now Amman. They were constantly engaged in confederations with other Bedouin tribes against the Israelites (Ps. lxxxiii. 6-8), and were subdued by Jephthah (Judges xi.), Saul (1 Sam. xi., xiv. 47), were settled in Minoa and Aegiale, and that they formed in the latter town a separate community. (Böckh, Corp. Inscr. vol. ii. No. 2264; Ross, Inscr. Gr. Ined. vol. ii. No. 112, 120-122.) The island contains at present 3,500 inhabitants. (Tournefort, Voyage, &c. vol. ii. p. 182, seq.; Fiedler, Reise, &c. vol. ii. p. 325, seq.; and more especially Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vol. i. p. 173, seq., vol. ii. p. 39, seq.) David (2 Sam. viii. 12, x. xi. 1. xii. 26, &c.), Je- | We learn from several inscriptions that Milians hoshaphat (2 Chron. xx.), Uzziah (ib. xxvi. 8), and Jotham (xxvii. 5), and subsequently by Nebuchadnezzar. (Jerem. xxvii. 1, &c.) They renewed their opposition to the Jews after the captivity (Nehem. iv. 3, 7, 8), and were again conquered by Judas Maccabaeus. (1 Macc. v. 6, &c.) Justin Martyr speaks of a great multitude of Ammonites existing in his day (Dial. p. 272); but Origen shortly after speaks of the name as being merged in the common appellation of Arabs, under which the Idumaeans and the Moabites were comprehended together with the Ishmaelites and Joctanites. (Orig. in Jobum, lib. i.) [G. W.] AMMONIUM. [OASIS.] A'MNIAS ('Auvias, "Aμvelos), a river in Pontus. In the broad plain on the banks of this stream the generals of Mithridates defeated Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, and the ally of the Romans, B. c. 88. (Appian. Mithridat. c. 18; Strab. p. 562.) The plain through which the river flowed is called by Strabo Domanitis. Hamilton (Researches, &c. vol. i. p. 362) identifies the Amnias with an affluent of the Halys, now called Costambol Chai, and sometimes Giaour Irmak. It appears that the river is also called Kara Sú. [G. L.] AMNI'SUS ('Auvioós), a town in the N. of Crete, and the harbour of Cnossus in the time of Minos, was situated at the mouth of a river of the same name (the modern Aposelemi). It possessed a sanctuary of Eileithyia, and the nymphs of the river, called 'Auvioiádes and 'Auvioides, were sacred to this goddess. (Hom. Od. xix. 188; Strab. p. 476; Apoll. Rhod. iii. 877; Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 15; Steph. B. s. v.) AMORGOS ('Aμopyós: Eth. 'Auopyivos, also 'Aμópyιos, 'Aμoрyírns: Amorgo), an island of the Sporades in the Aegean sea, SE. of Naxos. It is rarely mentioned in history, and is chiefly celebrated as the birthplace of the iambic poet Simonides. (Strab. p. 487.) There was in Amorgos a manufactory of a peculiar kind of linen garments, which bore the name of the island, and which were dyed red. (Steph. B. s. v.; Eustath. ad Dionys. 526; Pollux, vii. 16.) In dyeing them use appears to have been made of a kind of lichen, which is still found in the island, and of which Tournefort has given an account. The soil of Amorgos is fertile. It produces at present corn, oil, wine, figs, tobacco, and cotton, all of good quality. Hence it was considered under the Roman empire one of the most favourable places for banishment. (Tac. Ann. iv. 30.) We learn from Scylax (p. 22) that Amorgos contained three towns, the names of which, according to Stephanus (s. v. 'Aμopyós), were Minoa (Mivwa, Mivvia, Ptol. v. 2. § 33), the birthplace of Simonides, Arcesine ('Apkeσin), and Aegiale (Aiyıάλn, Beyiaλís, Ptol.). Remains of all these cities have been discovered, and a minute description of them is given by Ross, who spent several days upon the island. They are all situated on the western side of the island opposite Naxos, Aegiale at the N., and Arcesine at the S., while Minoa lies more in the centre, at the head of a large and convenient harbour, now called Ta Katapola, because it is Karà Thy Tóλw. It appears, from the inscriptions found in the island, that it possessed other demes besides the above-mentioned towns. It is probable that Melania (Meλavía), which Stephanus in another passage (s. v. 'Apkeσívn) mentions as one of the three towns of Amorgos in place of Aegiale, may have been one of these demes. | AMORITES, one of the seven Canaanitish tribes (Gen. x. 16) who held possession of the Promised Land, during the times of the Patriarchs, until the coming in of the Children of Israel. It appears to have been one of the most powerful tribes, and the name is used as a general term for all the Canaanites. (Gen. xv. 16.) Their original seat was at the south-west of the Dead Sea, between the AMALEKITAE and the Vale of Siddim, and their principal city was Hazezon-Tamar, or Engedi ('Ain-Jidi). (Gen. xiv. 7, and 2 Chron. xx. 2.) At the time of the exodus, however, they had seized and occupied the country on the east side of the Dead Sea and of the Valley of the Jordan, where they had established two powerful kingdoms, the capitals of which were HESHBON and BASAN. Heshbon, the southern part of this extensive country, had been taken from the Moabites and Ammonites by Sihon, and extended from the Arnon (Mojeb) to the Jabbok (Zerka) (Numb. xxi. 26), and this was the plea on which the Ammonites grounded their claim to that country in the days of Jephthah. (Judges, xi.) This district comprehended Mount Gilead, and was settled by the Tribes of Reuben and Gad. The northern division of Basan, of which Og was the king, extended from the Jabbok to the northern extremity of the Promised Land, to Mount Hermon, which the Ammonites named Shenir. This country was given to the half tribe of Manasseh. (Numb. xxi.; Deut. ii. iii.; 1Chron. v. 23.) All this region was comprehended in PERAEA. The Amorites are also found on the western coast of Palestine, in the vicinity of the Tribe of Dan (Judges, i. 34), and in the borders of the Tribe of Ephraim (v. 35). Still the southeastern extremity of Canaan is recognised as their proper seat (v. 36; comp. Numb. xxxiv. 4, and Joshua, xv. 3), and the practice of using this name as a general designation of all the Canaanitish tribes renders it difficult to determine their exact limits. [G.W.] AMORIUM ('Αμόριον: Eth. 'Αμοριεύς), & city of Phrygia, according to Strabo (p. 576). Its probable position can only be deduced from the Peutinger Table, which places it between Pessinus (Bala Hissar) and Laodicea. Hamilton (Researches, &c. vol. i. p. 451) identifies it with Hergan Kaléh, where there are the ruins of a large city; but the present remains appear to belong to the fourth or fifth centuries of our aera. This determination would place Amorium in Galatia. [G. L.] ΑΜΡΕ (Αμπη: Eth. 'Αμπαῖος), a place where Darius settled the Milesians who were made prisoners at the capture of Miletus, B. C. 494. (Herod. vi. 20.) Herodotus describes the place as on the Erythraean sea (Persian Gulf); he adds that the Tigris flows past it. This description does not enable us to fix the place. It has been supposed to be the Iamba of Ptolemy, and the Ampelone of Pliny (vi. 28), who calls it " Colonia Milesiorum." Tzetzes has the name Ampe. (Harduin's note on Plin. vi. 28.) [G. L.] AMPELOS (Auweλos), a promontory at the extremity of the peninsula Sithonia in Chalcidice in Macedonia, called by Herodotus the Toronaean promontery. It appears to correspond to the modern C. Kartáli, and Derrhis, which is nearer to the eity of Torone, to C. Dhrépano. (Herod. vii. 122; Steph. B. &. v.; Ptol. iii. 13. § 12.) Kokala. (Paus. iv. 5. § 9; Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 461; Boblaye, Recherches, p. 109.) AMPHIALE. [AEGALEOS.] AMPHICAEA or AMPHICLEIA ('Aμpikaia, Herod., Steph. B.; 'Aμpírλeia, Paus.: Eth. 'Aupikaleús, 'Aμpikλeleús), a town in the N. of Phocis, distant 60 stadia from Lilaea, and 15 stadia from Tithronium. It was destroyed by the army of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece. Although Herodotus calls it Amphicaea, following the most ancient traditions, the Amphictyons gave it the name of Amphicleia in their decree respecting rebuilding the town. It also bore for some time the name of OPHITEIA ('Opiтeía), in consequence of a legend, which Pausanias relates. The place was celebrated in the which an inscription refers, found at Dhadhi, the site of the ancient town. (Herod. viii. 33; Paus. x. 3. § 2, x. 33. § 9, seq.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. pp. 75, 86.) AMPHI'DOLI ('Aμ¢ídoλoɩ), a town in Pisatis in Elis, which gave its name to the small district of Amphidolis or Amphidolia ('Aμpidoλís, 'Aμpidoxía). The town of Marganeae or Margalae was situated in this district. The site of Amphidoli is uncertain, but its territory probably lay to the west of Acroreia. [ACROREIA.] (Xen. Hell. iii. 2. § 30; Strab. pp. 341, 349; Leake, Pelponnesiaca, p. 219.) ÂMPELU'SIA, or COTES PROM. (ai Kúrets, Strab. p. 825; Kúтns aкрov, Ptol. iv. 1. § 2: apparently also the Cotta of Plin. xxxii. 2. s. 6: C. Spartel, or Espartel, a corruption of the Arabic Achbertil, or Chbertil; also Ras- or Tarf- eshShakhar), the NW. headland of Mauretania Tingitana and of the whole continent of Africa; about 10 miles W. of Tingis (Tangier). Cotes was its native name, of which the Greek Ampelusia (vine-time of Pausanias for the worship of Dionysus, to cled) was a translation (Strab. 1. c.; Plin. v. 1; Mela. i. 5). It is a remarkable object; a precipitous rock of grey freestone (with basaltic columns, according to Drummond Hay, but this is doubtful), pierced with many caves, among which one in particular was shown in ancient times as sacred to Hercules (Mela, Z. c.); from these caves mill-stones were and still are obtained. Its height is 1043 feet above the sea. Strabo describes it as an offset (rporous) of M. Atlas; and it is, in fact, the western point, as ABYLA is the eastern, of the end of that great NW. spur of the Atlas, which divides the Atlantic from the Mediterranean. The two hills form the extremities of the S. shore of the Fretum Gaditanum (Straits of Gibraltar), the length of the Strait from the one to the other being 34 miles. The W. extremity of the Strait on the European shore, opposite to Ampelusia, at a distance of 22 miles, was Junonis Pr. (C. Trafalgar). Mela is very explicit in drawing the line of division between the Atlantic and the Straits through these points (i. 5, ii. 6, iii. 10; his last words are, Ampelusia in nostrum jam fretum vergens, operis hujus atque Atlantici litoris terminus; so Plin. v. 1, Promon-tend far inland. It is a mountainous district, and torium Oceani extimum Ampelusia). The erroneous notion of the ancients respecting the shape of this part of Africa (see LIBYA) led them to make this promontory the W. extremity of the continent. (Strab. Lc.) Scylax (p. 52, p. 123, Gronov.) mentions a large bay called Cotes, between the Columns of Hercules and the promontory of Hermaeum; but whether his Hermaeum is our Ampelusia, or a point further S. on the W. coast, is doubtful. Gosselin (ep. Bredow, ii. 47), and Ritter (Erdkunde, vol. i. p. 336), regard Ampelusia as identical with the Soloris of Herodotus (ii. 32) and Hanno (Peripl. p. 2). [P. S.] AMPHAXI'TIS ('Aupagîris), the maritime part of Mygdonia in Macedonia, on the left bank of the Axius, which, according to Strabo, separated Bottimea from Amphaxitis. The name first occurs in Polybius. No town of this name is mentioned by ancient writers, though the Amphaxii are found on coins. (Pol. v. 97; Strab. p. 330; Ptol. iii. 13. §§ 10, 14; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 449.) AMPHEIA CAμpeia: Eth. 'Aupeús), a town of Messenia, situated on the frontiers of Laconia, upon a hill well supplied with water. It was surprised and taken by the Spartans at the beginning of the Messenian war, and was made their head-quarters in conducting their operations against the Messenians. Its capture was the first act of open hostilities between the two people. It is placed by Leake at the Hellenic ruin, now called the Castle of Xuria, and by Boblaye on the mountain called AMPHIGENEIA ('Aμpryéveia: Eth. 'Aμpiyeveus), one of the towns belonging to Nestor (Hom. Il. ii, 593), was placed by some ancient critics in Messenia, and by others in Macistia, a district in Triphylia. Strabo assigns it to Macistia near the river Hypsoeis, where in his time stood a temple of Leto. (Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. p. 349.) AMPHILOCHIA (Αμφιλοχία: Eth. Αμφίλο xos), a small district at the eastern end of the Am braciot gulf, bounded on the N. by Ambracia and on the S. by the territory of the Agraei. It did not ex the rocks along the coast rise in some parts to 450 or 500 feet high. The Amphilochi were a non-Hellenic tribe, although they were supposed to have derived their name from the Argive Amphilochus, the son of Amphiaraus. Strabo (p. 326) describes them as an Epirot people, but their country is more usually described as a part of Acarnania. (Steph. B. s. v.; Scyl. p 12.) Their lineage, as Grote remarks, was probably something intermediate between the Acarnanians and Epirots. At the time of the Peloponnesian war the Amphilochi were in close alliance with the Acarnanians. After the death of Alexander the Great the Amphilochi were conquered by the Aetolians; and they were at a later time included in the Roman province of Epirus. The only town in their country was Argos, surnamed Amphilochicum, under which the history of the people is more fully given. There were also a few villages or fortresses, which owe their importance simply to their connection with the history of Argos, and which are therefore described in that article. [ARGOS AMPHILOCHICUM.] AMPHIMALLA ('Aupíuaλa, Strab. p. 475; Plin. iv. 20; 'Aupuáλiov, Steph. B. s. v.), a town in the N. of Crete, situated on the bay named after it ('Aμpiμaλǹs kóλños, Ptol. iii. 17. § 7), which corresponds, according to some, to the bay of Armiro, and, according to others, to the bay of Suda. AMPHIPOLIS (Αμφίπολις: Eth. ΑμφιποXírns, Amphipolites: Adj. Amphipolitanus, Just. xiv. sub fin.), a town in Macedonia, situated upon an eminence on the left or eastern bank of the Strymon, just below its egress from the lake Cercinitis, at the distance of 25 stadia, or about three miles from the sea. (Thuc. iv. 102.) The Strymon flowed almost round the town, whence its name Amphi-polis. Its position is one of the most important in this part of Greece. It stands in a pass, which traverses tne mountains bordering the Strymonic gulf; and it commands the only easy communication from the coast of that gulf into the great Macedonian plains. In its vicinity were the gold and silver mines of Mount Pangaeus, and large forests of ship-timber. It was originally called Ennea Hodoi, or "Nine-Ways" (Evvéa odol), from the many roads which met at this place; and it belonged to the Edonians, a Thracian people. Aristagoras of Miletus first attempted to colonize it, but was cut off with his followers by the Edonians, B. C. 497. (Thuc. l. c.; Herod. v. 126.) The next attempt was made by the Athenians, with a body of 10,000 colonists, consisting of Athenian citizens and allies; but they met with the same fate as Aris. tagoras, and were all destroyed by the Thracians at Drabescus, B. c. 465. (Thuc. i. 100, iv. 102; Herod. ix. 75.) So valuable, however, was the site, that the Athenians sent out another colony in B. C. 437 under Agnon, the son of Nicias, who drove the Thracians out of Nine-Ways, and founded the city, to which he gave the name of Amphipolis. On three sides the city was defended by the Strymon; on the other side Agnon built a wall across, extending from one part of the river to the other. South of the town was a bridge, which formed the great means of communication between Macedonia and Thrace. The following plan will illustrate the preceding account. (Thuc. iv. 102.) Amphipolis soon became an important city, and was regarded by the Athenians as the jewel of their empire. In B. C. 424 it surrendered to the Lacedaemonian general Brasidas, without offering any resistance. The historian Thucydides, who commanded the Athenian fleet off the coast, arrived in time from the island of Thasos to save Eion, the port of Amphipolis, at the mouth of the Strymon, but too late to prevent Amphipolis itself from falling into the hands of Brasidas. (Thuc. iv. 103-107.) The loss of Amphipolis caused both indignation and alarm at Athens, and led to the banishment of Thucydides. In B. c. 422 the Athenians sent a large force, under the command of Cleon, to attempt the recovery of the city. This expedition completely failed; the Athenians were defeated with considerable loss, but Brasidas as well as Cleon fell in the battle. The operations of the two commanders are detailed at length by Thucydides, and his account is illustrated by the masterly narrative of Grote. (Thuc. v. 6-11; Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. vi. p. 634, seq.) From this time Amphipolis continued independent of Athens. According to the treaty made between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians in B. C. 421, it was to have been restored to Athens; but its inhabitants refused to surrender to their former masters, and the Lacedaemonians were unable to compel them to do so, even if they had been so inclined. Amphipolis afterwards became closely allied with Olynthus, and with the assistance of the latter was able to defeat the attempts of the Athenians under Timotheus to reduce the place in B. c. 360. Philip, upon his accession (359) declared Amphipolis a free city; but in the following year (358) he took the place by assault, and annexed it permanently to his dominions. It continued to belong to the Macedonians, till the conquest of their country by the Romans in B. C. 168. The Romans made it a free city, and the capital of the first of the four districts, into which they divided Macedonia. (Dem. in Aristocr. p. 669; Diod. xvi. 3. 8; Liv. xlv. 29; Plin. iv. 10.) The deity chiefly worshipped at Amphipolis appears to have been Artemis Tauropolos or Brauronia (Diod. xviii. 4; Liv. xliv. 44), whose head frequently appears on the coins of the city, and the ruins of whose temple in the first century of the Christian era are mentioned in an epigram of Antipater of Thessalonica. (Anth. Pal. vol. i. no. 705.) The most celebrated of the natives of Amphipolis was the grammarian Zoilus. Amphipolis was situated on the Via Egnatia. It has been usually stated, on the authority of an anonymous Greek geographer, that it was called Chrysopolis under the Byzantine empire; but Tafel has clearly shown, in the works cited below, that this is a mistake, and that Chrysopolis and Am PLAN OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF AMPHIPOLIS. phipolis were two different places. Tafel has also 1. Site of Amphipolis. 2. Site of Eion. 3. Ridge connecting Amphipolis with Mt. Pangaeus. 4. Long Wall of Amphipolis: the three marks across indicate the gates. 5. Palisade (oraúpwua) connecting the Long Wall with the bridge over the Strymon. 6. Lake Cercinitis. 7. Mt. Cerdylium. 8. Mt. Pangaeus. pointed out that in the middle ages Amphipolis was called Popolia. Its site is now occupied by a village called Neokhório, in Turkish Jeni-Keui, or "NewTown." There are still a few remains of the ancient city; and both Leake and Cousinery found among them a curious Greek inscription, written in the Ionic dialect, containing a sentence of banishment against two of their citizens, Philo and Stratocles. The latter is the name of one of the two envoys sent from Amphipolis to Athens to request the assistance of the latter against Philip, and he is therefore probably the same person as the Stratocles |