when they joined the league of the Cherusci. The Germans were defeated on that occasion in two great battles, at Istavisus, and at a point a little more to the south. (Tacit. Ann. ii. 8, 22, 41.) About A. D. 100, when the Cheruscan league was broken up, the Angrivarii, in conjunction with the Chamavi, attacked the neighbouring Bructeri, and made themselves masters of their country, so that the country bearing in the middle ages the name of Angaria (Engern), became part of their territory. (Tacit. Germ. 34; comp. Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 162, foll.; Ledebur, Landu. Volk der Bructerer, pp. 121, 240, foll.) [L. S.] ANGULUS ('AYyouλós: Eth. Angulanus), a city of the Vestini, mentioned both by Pliny and Ptolemy, as well as in the Itin. Ant. (p. 313), where the name is written Angelum, a corruption which appears to have early come into general use, and has given rise to a curious metamorphosis, the modern town retaining its ancient name as that of its patron saint: it is now called Civita Sant Angelo. It is situated on a hill, about 4 miles from the Adriatic, and S. of the river Matrinus (la Piomba) which separated the Vestini from the territory of Adria and Picenum. The Itinerary erroneously places it S. of the Aternus, in which case it would have belonged to the Frentani. (Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Ptol. iii. 1. § 59; Cluver. Ital. p. 751; Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 254.) [E.H.B.] ANIGRAEA. [ARGOS.] ANI'GRUS (Arypos: Mavro-potamó, i. e. Black River), a small river in the Triphylian Elis, called Minyeius (Mavhios) by Homer (Il. xi. 721), rises in Mt. Lapithas, and before reaching the Ionian sea loses itself near Samicum in pestilential marshes. Its waters had an offensive smell, and its fish were not eatable. This was ascribed to the Centaurs having washed in the water after they had been wounded by the poisoned arrows of Heracles. Near Samicum were caverns sacred to the nymphs Anigrides ('Avrypides or Aviypiádes), where persons with cutaneous diseases were cured by the waters of the river. General Gordon, who visited these caverns in 1835, found in one of them water distilling from the rock, and bringing with it a pure yellow sulphur. The Acidas, which some persons regarded as the Lardanus of Homer, flowed into the Anigrus. (Strab. pp. 344-347; Paus. v. 5. §§ 3, 7, seq. v. 6. § 3; Ov. Met. xv. 281; Leake, Morea, vol. i. pp. 54, 66, seq., Peloponnesiaca, pp. 108, 110; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, vol. i. p. 105.) ANINE'TUM ('Avívnтov), a town in Lydia of uncertain site, the seat of a bishopric, of which coins are extant, bearing the epigraph 'Avivnoiwv. (Hierocl. p. 659, with Wesseling's note; Sestini, p. 105.) A'NIO or A'NIEN (the latter form is the more ancient, whence in the oblique cases ANIENIS, ANIENE, &c. are used by all the best writers: but the nominative ANIEN is found only in Cato, ap. Priscian. vi. 3. p. 229, and some of the later poets. Stat. Silv. i. 3. 20, 5. 25. Of the Greeks Strabo has 'Avicov, Dionysius uses 'Avins,-ntos). A celebrated river of Latium, and one of the most considerable of the tributaries of the Tiber, now called the Teverone. It rises in the Apennines about 3 miles above the town of Treba (Trevi) and just below the modern. village of Filettino. (Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Frontin. de Aquaeduct. § 93; Strabo erroneously connects its sources with the Lake Fucinus, v. p. 235.) From thence it descends rapidly to Subiaco (Sublaqueum), immediately above which it formed in ancient times a small lake or rather a series of lakes, which were probably of artificial construction, as all trace of them has now disappeared. [SUBLAQUEUM.] It flows from thence for about 10 miles in a NW. direction, through a deep and narrow valley between lofty mountains, until just below the village of Roviano, where it turns abruptly to the SW. and pursues its course in that direction until it emerges from the mountains at Tibur (Tivoli), close to which town it forms a celebrated cascade, falling at once through a height of above 80 feet. The present cascade is artificial, the waters of the river having been carried through a tunnel constructed for the purpose in 1834, and that which previously existed was in part also due to the labours of Pope Sixtus V.; but the Anio always formed a striking water-fall at this point, which we find repeatedly mentioned by ancient writers. (Strab. v. p. 238; Dionys. v. 37; Hor. Carm. i. 7. 13; Stat. Silv. i. 3. 73, 5. 25; Propert. iii. 16. 4.) After issuing from the deep glen beneath the town of Tivoli, the Anio loses much of the rapidity and violence which had marked the upper part of its current, and pursues a winding course through the plain of the Campagna till it joins the Tiber about 3 miles above Rome, close to the site of the ancient Antemnae. During this latter part of its course it was commonly regarded as forming the boundary between Latium and the Sabine territory (Dionys. l. c.), but on this subject there is great discrepancy among ancient authors. From below Tibur to its confluence the Anio was readily navigable, and was much used by the Romans for bringing down timber and other building materials from the mountains, as well as for transporting to the city the building stone from the various quarries on its banks, especially from those near Tibur, which produced the celebrated lapis Tiburtinus, the Travertino of modern Italians. (Strab. v. p. 238; Plin iii. 5. s. 9.) The Anio receives scarcely any tributaries of importance: the most considerable is the DIGENTIA of Horace (Ep. i. 18. 104) now called the Licenza which joins it near Bardella (Mandela) about 9 miles above Tivoli. Six miles below that town it receives the sulphureous waters of the ALBULA. Several other small streams fall into it during its course through the Campagna, but of none of these have the ancient names been preserved. The waters of the Anio in the upper part of its course are very limpid and pure, for which reason a part of them was in ancient times diverted by aqueducts for the supply of the city of Rome. The first of these, called for distinction sake Anio Vetus, was constructed in B. C. 271 by M. Curius Dentatus and Fulvius Flaccus: it branched off about a mile above Tibur, and 20 miles from Rome, but on account of its necessary windings was 43 miles in length. The second, constructed by the emperor Claudius, and known as the Anio Novus, took up the stream at the distance of 42 miles from Rome, and 6 from Sublaqueum: its course was not less than 58, or according to another statement 62 miles in length, and it preserved the highest level of all the numerous aqueducts which supplied the city. (Frontin. de Aquaeduct. §§ 6, 13, 15; Nibby, Dintorni, vol. i. pp. 156-160.) [E. H. B.] ANITORGIS, or ANISTORGIS, a town in Spain of uncertain site, mentioned only by Livy (xxv. 32), supposed by some modern writers, but without sufficient reason, to be the same as Conistorsis. [CONISTORSIS.] ANNAEA or ANAEA ('Avvala, 'Avala: Eth. 'Avalos, Avairns), is placed by Stephanus (s. v. 'Avaía) in Caria, and opposite to Samos. Ephorus says that it was so called from an Amazon Anaea, who was buried there. If Anaea was opposite Samos, it must have been in Lydia, which did not extend south of the Maeander. From the expressions of Thucydides (iii. 19, 32, iv. 75, viii. 19), it may have been on or near the coast, and in or near the valley of the Maeander. Some Samian exiles posted themselves here in the Peloponnesian war. The passage of Thucydides (iv. 75) seems to make it a naval station, and one near enough to annoy Samos. The conclusion, then, is, that it was a short distance north of the Maeander, and on the coast; or if not on the coast, that it was near enough to have a station for vessels at its command. [G. L.] A'NNIBI MONTES (тà “Avvisa opn, Ptol. vi. 16), ANNIVA (Ammian. xxiii. 6), one of the principal mountain chains of Asia, in the extreme NE. of Scythia, and running into Serica: corresponding, apparently, to the Little Altai or the NE. part of the Altai chain. [P.S.] and Hadrian are still extant. The site of Antaeopolis is now occupied by a straggling village Gou el-Kebéer. A few blocks near the river's edge are all that remains of the temple of Antaeus. One of them is inscribed with the names of Ptolemaeus Philopator and his queen Arsinoe. Its last vertical column was carried away by an inundation in 1821. But the ruins had been previously employed as materials for building a palace for Ibrahim Pasha. The worship of Antaeus was of Libyan origin. (Dictionary of Biography, s. v.) [W. B. D.] ANTANDRUS ("Αντανδρος: Eth. Αντάνδριος: Antandro), a city on the coast of Troas, near the head of the gulf of Adramyttium, on the N. side, and W. of Adramyttium. According to Aristotle (Steph. B. s. v. "Avтavôpos), its original name was Edonis, and it was inhabited by a Thracian tribe of Edoni, and he adds "or Cimmeris, from the Cimmerii inhabiting it 100 years." Pliny (v. 30) appears to have copied Aristotle also. It seems, then, that there was a tradition about the Cimmerii having seized the place in their incursion into Asia, of which ANOPAEA. [THERMOPYLAE.] tradition Herodotus speaks (i. 6). Herodotus (vii. ANSIBA'RII or AMPSIVA'RII, that is," sailors 42) gives to it the name Pelasgis. Again, Alcaeus on the Ems" (Emsfahrer), a German tribe dwelling (Strab. p. 606) calls it a city of the Leleges. From about the lower part of the river Amisia (Ems). these vague statements we may conclude that it was During the war of the Romans against the Cherusci, a very old town; and its advantageous position at the Ansibarii, like many of the tribes on the coast the foot of Aspaneus, a mountain belonging to Ida, of the German ocean, supported the Romans, but where timber was cut, made it a desirable possession. afterwards joined the general insurrection called Virgil makes Aeneas build his fleet here (Aen. iii. forth by Arminius, and were severely chastised for 5). The tradition as to its being settled from Anit by Germanicus. In A. D. 59, the Ansibarii, ac- dros (Mela, i. 18) seems merely founded on a ridicucording to Tacitus (Ann. xiii. 55, 56), were ex-lous attempt to explain the name. It was finally an pelled from their seats by the Chauci, and being now homeless they asked the Romans to allow them to settle in the country between the Rhine and Yssel, Antandros was taken by the Persians (Herod. v. which was used by the Romans only as a pasture land 26) shortly after the Scythian expedition of Darius. for their horses. But the request was haughtily re- In the eighth year of the Peloponnesian war it was jected by the Roman commander Avitus, and the betrayed by some Mytilenaeans and others, exiles Ansibarii now applied for aid to the Bructeri and from Lesbos, being at that time under the supreTenchteri; but being abandoned by the latter, they macy of Athens; but the Athenians soon recovered applied to the Usipii and Tubantes. Being rejected it. (Thuc. iv. 52, 75.) The Persians got it again by these also, they at last appealed to the Chatti and during the Peloponnesian war; but the townspeople, Cherusci, and after long wanderings, and enduring fearing the treachery of Arsaces, who commanded all manner of hardships, their young men were cut the garrison there for Tissaphernes, drove the Perto pieces, and those unable to bear arms were dis-sians out of the acropolis, B. c. 411. (Thuc. viii. tributed as booty. It has been supposed that a rem- 108.) The Persians, however, did not lose the place. nant of the Ansibarii must have maintained them- (Xen. Hell. i. 1. § 25.) [G. L.] selves somewhere and propagated their race, as Ammianus Marcellinus (xx. 10) mentions them in the reign of Julian as forming a tribe of the Franks; but the reading in Amm. Marcellinus is very uncertain, the MSS. varying between Attuarii, Ampsivarii, and Ansuarii. It is equally uncertain as to whether the tribe mentioned by Strabo (p. 291, 292) as Aμfavor and Kaufiavol are the same as the Ansi-| barii or not. (Comp. Ledebur, Land u. Volk der Bructerer, p. 90, foll.) [L. S.] ANSOBA. [AUSOBA.] ANTAEOPOLIS ('Ανταίου πόλις, Ptol. iv. 5. § 71; Steph. B. 8. v.; Plin. v. 9. §§ 9, 38; Plut. de Solert. Anim. 23; It. Anton. p. 731: Eth. 'AvraioTOλITηs), was the capital of the Antaeopolite nome in Upper Egypt. It stood upon the eastern bank of the Nile, in lat. 27° 11' N. The plain below Antaeopolis was the traditional scene of the combat between Isis and Typhon, in which the former avenged herself for the murder of her brother-husband Osiris. (Diod. i. 21.) Under the Christian emperors of Rome, Antaeopolis was the centre of an episcopal Medals struck at this city in the age of Trajan see. Aeolian settlement (Thuc. viii. 108), a fact which is historical. ANTA'RADUS ('Avτápados, Ptol. v. 15. § 16; Hierocles, p.716: Tartus), a town of Phoenicia, situ ated at its northern extremity, and on the mainland over against the island of Aradus, whence its name. According to the Antonine Itinerary and Peutinger Table, it was 24 M. P. from Balanea, and 50 M. P. from Tripolis. The writer in Ersch and Grüber's Encyclopädie (s. v.) places Antaradus on the coast about 2 miles to the N. of Aradus, and identifies it with Carne (Steph. B. s. v.) or Carnos, the port of Aradus, according to Strabo (xvi. p. 753; comp. Plin. v. 18). It was rebuilt by the emperor Constantius, A. D. 346, who gave it the name of Constantia. (Cedren. Hist. Comp. p. 246.) It retained, however, its former name, as we find its bishops under both titles in some councils after the reign of Constantius. In the crusades it was a populous and well fortified town (Guil. Tyr. vii. 15), and was known under the name of Tortosa (Tasso, Gerusa lem. Liberata, i. 6; Wilken, Die Kreuzz, vol. i. p. 255, ii. p. 200, vii. p. 340,713). By Maundrell and others the modern Tartus has been confounded with Arethusa, but incorrectly. It is now a mean village of 241 taxable Moslems and 44 Greeks, according to the American missionaries. (Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. v. p. 247.) The walls, built of heavy berelled stones, are still remaining - the most imposing specimen of Phoenician fortification in Syria. (Mémoires sur les Pheniciens par l'Abbé Mignot, Acad. des Belles Lettres, vol. xxxiv. p. 239; Edrisi, par Jaulert, p. 129, 130.) [E. B. I.] ANTEMNAE ('Arréuva: Eth. Antemnas, atis), a very ancient city of Latium situated only three miles from Rome, just below the confluence of the Anio with the Tiber. It derived its name from this position, ante amnem. (Varr. de L. L. v. § 28; Fest. p. 17; Serv. ad Aen. vii. 631.) All authors agree in representing it as a very ancient city. Virgil mentions the "tower-bearing Antemnae" among the five great cities which were the first to take up arms against the Trojans (Aen. vii. 631), and Silius Italicus tells us that it was even more ancient than Crustumium (prisco Crustumio prior, viii. 367). Dionysius calls it a city of the Aborigines, and in one passage says expressly that it was founded by them: while in another he represents them as wresting it from the Sienli (i. 16, ii. 35). From its proximity to Rome it was naturally one of the first places that came into collision with the rising city; and took up arms together with Caenina and Crustumerium to avenge the rape of the women. They were however unsuccessful, the city was taken by Romulus, and part of the inhabitants removed to Rome, while a Roman colony was sent to supply their place. (Liv. i. 10, 11; Dionys. ii. 32-35; Plut. Romul. 17.) Plutarch erroneously supposes Antemnae to have been a Sabine city, and this view has been adopted by many modern writers; but both Livy and Dionysius clearly regard it as of Latin origin, and after the expulsion of the kings it was one of the first Latin cities that took up arms against Rome in favour of the exiled Tarquin (Dionys. v. 21). But from this time its name disappears from history as an independent city: it is not found in the list of the 30 cities of the Latin league, and must have been early destroyed or reduced to a state of complete dependence upon Rome. Varro (l. c.) speaks of it as a decayed place; and though Dionysius tells us it was still inhabited in his time (i. 16) we learn from Strabo (v. p. 230) that it was a mere village, the property of a private individual. Pliny also enumerates it among the cities of Latium which were utterly extinct (iii. 5. s. 9). The name is however mentioned on occasion of the great battle at the Colline Gate, B. C. 82, when the left wing of the Samnites was pursued by Crassus as far as Antemnae, where the next morning they surrendered to Sulla. (Plut. Sull. 30.) At a much later period we find Alaric encamping on the site when he advanced upon Rome in A. D. 409. This is the last notice of the name, and the site has probably continued ever since in its present state of desolation. Not a vestige of the city now remains, but its site is so clearly marked by nature as to leave no doubt of the correctness of its identification. It occupied the level summit of a hill of moderate extent, surrounded on all sides by steep declivities, which rises on the left of the Via Salaria, immediately above the flat meadows which extend on each side of the Anio and the Tiber at their confluence. (Gell's Topogr. of Rome, p. 65; Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. p. 163; Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. p. 64.) [E. H. B.] ANTHEDON (Ανθηδών: Eth. 'Ανθηδόνιος, Αnthedonius), a town of Boeotia, and one of the cities of the League, was situated on the Euripus or the Euboean sea at the foot of Mt. Messapius, and was distant, according to Dicaearchus, 70 stadia from Chalcis and 160 from Thebes. Anthedon is mentioned by Homer (I. ii. 508) as the furthermost town of Boeotia. The inhabitants derived their origin from the sea-god Glaucus, who is said to have been originally a native of the place. They appear to have been a different race from the other people of Boeotia, and are described by one writer (Lycophr. 754) as Thracians. Dicaearchus informs us that they were chiefly mariners, shipwrights and fishermen, who derived their subsistence from trading in fish, purple, and sponges. He adds that the agora was surrounded with a double stoa, and planted with trees. We learn from Pausanias that there was a sacred grove of the Cabeiri in the middle of the town, surrounding a temple of those deities, and near it a temple of Demeter. Outside the walls was a temple of Dionysus, and a spot called "the leap of Glaucus." The wine of Anthedon was celebrated in antiquity. The ruins of the town are situated 1 mile from Lukisi. (Dicaearch. Bíos 'EXλádos, p. 145, ed. Fuhr; Strab. pp. 400, 404, 445; Paus. ix. 22. § 5, ix. 26. § 2; Athen. pp. 31, 296, 316, 679; Steph. B. s. v.; Ov. Met. vii. 232, xiii. 905; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 272.) ANTHEDON (Ανθηδών: Eth. Ανθηδονίτης), a city on the coast of Palestine, 20 stadia distant from Gaza (Sozomen. Hist. Eccles. v. 9), to the south-west. Taken and destroyed by Alexander Jannaeus. (Joseph. Ant. xiii. 13. § 3; comp. 15. §4.) Restored by Gabinius (xiv. 5. §3). Added to the dominions of Herod the Great by Augustus (xv. 7. § 3). Its name was changed to Agrippias by Herod. (Joseph. Ant. xii. 13. §3.) In the time of Julian it was much addicted to Gentile superstition and idolatry (Sozomen. I. c.), particularly to the worship of Astarté or Venus, as appears from a coin of Antoninus and Caracalla, given by Vaillant (Numism. Colon. p. 115). [G.W.] ANTHEIA ("Aveia: Eth. 'Avoeus). 1. A town in Messenia, mentioned by Homer (Il. ix. 151), who gives it the epithet Babuλeluar, supposed by later writers to be the same as Thuria, though some identified it with Asine. (Strab. viii. p. 360; Paus. iv. 31. § 1; Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 453.) 2. A town in Troezene, founded by Anthes. (Paus. ii. 30. § 8; Steph. B. s. v.) 3. [PATRAE.] 4. A town on the Hellespont, founded by the Milesians and Phocaeans. (Steph. B. s. v.; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 743, 22.) ANTHELA. [THERMOPYLAE.] ANTHEMUS ('Ανθεμούς, -οῦντος: Eth. Ανθε uovios), a town of Macedonia of some importance, belonging to the early Macedonian monarchy. It appears to have stood SE. of Thessalonica and N. of Chalcidice, since we learn from Thucydides that its territory bordered upon Bisaltia, Crestonia and Mygdonia. It was given by Philip to the Olynthians. Like some of the other chief cities in Macedonia, it gave its name to a town in Asia. (Steph. B. s. v.) It continued to be mentioned by writers under the Roman empire. (Herod. v. 94; Thuc. ii. 99, 100; Dem. Phil. ii. p. 70, ed. Reisk.; Diod. xv. 8; Plin. iv. 10. s. 17. § 36; Liban. Declam. xiii.; Aristid. ii. 224; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 450.) ANTHEMU'SIA. [MYGDONIA.] ANTHEMU'SIA ('Ανθεμουσία, Ανθεμούς: Eth. 'Avbeμovσios), a town of Mesopotamia. Strabo (p. 347) speaks of the Aborras (Khabur) flowing around or about Anthemusia, and it seems that he must mean the region Anthemusia. Tacitus (Ann. vi. 41) gives the town what is probably its genuine Greek name, Anthemusias, for it was one of the Macedonian foundations in this country. According to Isidore of Charax, it lies between Edessa (Orfa) and the Euphrates, 4 schoeni from Edessa. There is another passage in Strabo in which he speaks of Anthemusia as a place (TÓжOs) in Mesopotamia, and he seems to place it near the Euphrates. In the notes to Harduin's Pliny (v. 24), a Roman brass coin of Anthemusia or Anthemus, as it was also called, is mentioned, of the time of Caracalla, with the epigraph Aveeμuovoiwv. [G. L.] ANTHE'NE ('Avonvn, Thuc.; 'Av0áva, Steph. B. 8. v.; 'Aoýun, Paus.: Eth. 'voavsús, Steph. B.), a town in Cynuria, originally inhabited by the Aeginetans, and mentioned by Thucydides along with Thyrea as the two chief places in Cynuria. Modern travellers are not agreed respecting its site. (Thuc. v. 41; Paus. iii. 38. § 6; Harpocr. s. v.; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 494; Boblaye, p. 69; Ross, Peloponnes, p. 163.) ANTHYLLÁ (Avvλλa, Herod. ii. 97; 'Av Tʊλλa, Athen. i. p. 33; Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. 'AvOuλλaîos), was a considerable town upon the Canobic branch of the Nile, a few miles SE. of Alexandreia. Its revenues were assigned by the Persian kings of Egypt to their queens, to provide them, Herodotus says, with sandals; Athenaeus says, with girdles. From this usage, Anthylla is believed by some geographers to be the same city as Gynaecopolis, which, however, was further to the south than Anthylla. (Mannert. Geogr. der Gr. und Rom. vol. x. p. 596.) [ANDROPOLIS]. Athenaeus commends the wine of Anthylla as the best produced by Egyptian vineyards. [W. B. D.] ANTICINO'LIS. [CINOLIS, or CIMOLIS.] ANTICIRRHA. [ANTICYRA.] ANTI'CRAGUS. [CRAGUS.] ANTICYRA ('AvTiKippa, Dicaearch., Strab., perhaps the most ancient form; next 'Avrikuppa, Eustath. ad II. ii. 520; Ptol. iii. 15. § 4; and lastly 'AUTíkupa, which the Latin writers use: Eth. 'AvTiκυρεύς, Αντικυραίος). 1. (Aspra Spitia), a town in Phocis, situated on a peninsula (which Pliny and A. Gellius erroneously call an island), on a bay (Sinus Anticyranus) of the Corinthian gulf. It owed its importance to the excellence of its harbour on this sheltered gulf, and to its convenient situation for communications with the interior. (Dicaearch. 77; Strab. p. 418; Plin. xxv. 5. s. 21; Gell. xvii. 13; Liv. xxxii. 18; Paus. x. 36. § 5, seq.) It is said to have been originally called Cyparissus, a name which Homer mentions (Il. ii. 519; Paus. l. c.) Like the other towns of Phocis it was destroyed by Philip of Macedon at the close of the Sacred War (Paus. x. 3. § 1, x. 36. § 6); but it soon recovered from its ruins. It was taken by the consul T. Flamininus in the war with Philip B. C. 198, on account of its convenient situation for military purposes (Liv. l. c.) It continued to be a place of importance in the time both of Strabo and of Pausanias, the latter of whom has described some of its public buildings. Anticyra was chiefly cele brated for the production and preparation of the best hellebore in Greece, the chief remedy in antiquity for madness. Many persons came to reside at Anticyra for the sake of a more perfect cure. (Strab. l. c.) Hence the proverb 'AvTikippas σe deî, and Naviget Anticyram, when a person acted foolishly. (Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 83, 166; comp. Ov. e Pont. iv. 3. 53; Pers. iv. 16; Juv. xiii. 97.) The hellebore grew in great quantities around the town: Pausanias mentions two kinds, of which the root of the black was used as a cathartic, and that of the white as an emetic. (Strab. 1. c.; Paus. x. 36. § 7.) There are very few ancient remains at Aspra Spitia, but Leake discovered here an inscription containing the name of Anticyra. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 541, seq.) 2. A town in Thessaly in the district Malis at the mouth of the Spercheus. (Herod. vii. 198; Strab. pp. 418, 434.) According to Stephanus (s. v. 'AvTíkuρai) the best hellebore was grown at this place, and one of its citizens exhibited the medicine to Heracles, when labouring under madness in this neighbourhood. 3. A town in Locris, which most modern commentators identify with the Phocian Anticyra. [No. 1.] Livy, however, expressly says (xxvi. 26) that the Locrian Anticyra was situated on the left hand in entering the Corinthian gulf, and at a short distance both by sea and land from Naupactus; whereas the Phocian Anticyra was nearer the extremity than the entrance of the Corinthian gulf, and was 60 miles distant from Naupactus. Moreover Strabo speaks of three Anticyrae, one in Phocis, a second on the Maliac gulf (p. 418), and a third in the country of the western Locri, or Locri Ozolae (p. 434). Horace, likewise, in a well-known passage (Ars Poët. 300) speaks of three Anticyrae, and represents them all as producing hellebore. (Leake, Ibid. p. 543.) ANTIGONEIA (Αντιγόνεια, Αντιγονία, Antigonea, Liv.: Eth. 'Avtiyoveús, Antigonensis). 1. A town of Epirus in the district Chaonia, on the Aous and near a narrow pass leading from Illyria into Chaonia. (Τὰ παρ' Αντιγόνειαν στενὰ, Pol. ii. 5, 6; ad Antigoneam fauces, Liv. xxxii. 5.) The town was in the hands of the Romans in their war with Perseus. (Liv. xliii. 23.) It is mentioned both by Pliny (iv. 1) and Ptolemy (iii. 14. § 7). 2. A town of Macedonia in the district Crusis in Chalcidice, placed by Livy between Aeneia and Pallene. (Liv. xliv. 10.) It is called by Ptolemy (iii. 13. § 38) Psaphara (Yapapá) probably in order to distinguish it from Antigoneia in Paeonia. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 460.) 3. A town of Macedonia in Paeonia, placed in the Tabular Itinerary between Stena and Stobi. (Scymnus, 631; Plin. iv. 10 s. 17; Ptolem. iii. 13. § 36.) 4. The later name of Mantineia. [MANTINEIA.] 5. A city in Syria on the Orontes, founded by Antigonus in B. c. 307, and intended to be the capital of his empire. After the battle of Ipsus, B. c. 301, in which Antigonus perished, the inhabitants of Antigoneia were removed by his successful rival Seleucus to the city of Antioch, which the latter founded a little lower down the river. (Strab. xvi. p. 750; Diod. xx. 47; Liban. Antioch. p. 349; Malala, p. 256.) Diodorus erroneously says that the inhabitants were removed to Seleucia. Antigoneia continued, however, to exist, and is mentioned in the war with the Parthians after the defeat of Crassus. (Dion Cass. xl. 29.) 6. An earlier name of Alexandreia Troas. [ALEXANDREIA TROASs, p. 102, b.] 7. An earlier name of Nicaea in Bithynia. [NI CAEA.] ANTILI'BANUS ('AVTINíbavos: Jebel eshShurki), the eastern of the two great parallel ridges exhibited the Graeco-Roman architecture of Trajan's age in immediate contrast with the Egyptian style. Its ruins, which the Copts call Enséneh, at the village of Sheik-Abadeh, attest, by the area which they fill, the ancient grandeur of the city. The di One at least of them, which ran from north to south, had on either side of it a corridor supported by columns for the convenience of foot-passengers. The walls of the theatre near the southern gate, and those of the hippodrome without the walls to the east, are still extant. At the north-western extremity of the city was a portico, of which four columns remain, inscribed to "Good Fortune," and bearing the date of the 14th and last year of the reign of Alexander Severus, A. D. 235. As far as can be ascertained from the space covered with mounds of masonry, Antinoopolis was about a mile and a half in length, and nearly half a mile broad. Near the Hippodrome are a well and tanks appertaining to an ancient road, which leads from the eastern gate to a valley behind the town, ascends the mountains, and, passing through the desert by the Wadee Tarfa, joins the roads to the quarries of the Mons Porphyrites. (Wilkinson, Topography of Thebes, p. 382.) of mountains which enclose the valley of Coele-Syria | Proper. (Strab. xvi. p. 754; Ptol. v. 15. § 8; Plin. v. 20.) The Hebrew name of Lebanon (AlSavos, LXX.), which has been adopted in Europe, and signifies "white," from the white-grey colours of the limestone, comprehends the two ranges of Li-rection of the principal streets may still be traced. banus and Antilibanus. The general direction of Antilibanus is from NE. by SW. Nearly opposite to Damascus it bifurcates into diverging ridges; the easternmost of the two, the Hermon of the Old Testament (Jebel esh-Sheikh), continues its SW. course, and is the proper prolongation of Antilibanus, and attains, in its highest elevation, to the point of about 10,000 feet from the sea. The other ridge takes a more westerly course, is long and low, and at length unites with the other bluffs and spurs of Libanus. The E. branch was called by the Sidonians Sirion, and by the Amorites Shenir (Deut. iii. 9), both names signifying a coat of mail. (Rosenmüller, Alterth. vol. ii. p. 235.) In Deut. (iv. 9) it is called Mt. Sion," an elevation." In the later books (1 Chron. v. 23; Sol. Song, iv. 8) Shenir is distinguished from Hermon, properly so called. The latter name in the Arabic form, Sunir, was applied in the middle ages to Antilibanus, north of Hermon. (Abulf. Tab. Syr. p. 164.) The geology of the district has not been thoroughly investigated; the formations seem to belong to the upper Jura formation, oolite, and Jura dolomite; the poplar is characteristic of its vegetation. The outlying promontories, in common with those of Libanus, supplied the Phoenicians with abundance of timber for ship-building. (Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. iii. p. 358; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. ii. p. 434; Raumer, Palästina, pp. 29-35; Burkhardt, Travels in Syria; Robinson's Researches, vol. iii. pp. 344, 345.) [E. B. J.] ΑΝΤΙΝΟΌΡOLIS, ΑNTINOE (Αντινόου πόAts, Ptol. iv. 5. § 61; Paus. viii. 9; Dion Cass. lxix. 11; Amm. Marc. xix. 12, xxii. 16; Aur. Vict. Caesar, 14; Spartian. Hadrian. 14; Chron. Pasch. p. 254, Paris edit.; It. Anton. p. 167; Hierocl. p. 730; 'Artióeia, Steph. B. s. v. 'Adpiavoúñoλis: Eth. 'APTIOEUs), was built by the emperor Hadrian in A. D. 122, in memory of his favourite Antinous. (Dictionary of Biography, 8. v.) It stood upon the eastern bank of the Nile, lat. 26 N., nearly opposite Hermopolis. It occupied the site of the village of Besa (Bĥooa), named after the goddess and oracle of Besa, which was consulted occasionally even as late as the age of Constantine. Antinoopolis was a little to the south of Besa, and at the foot of the hill upon which that village was seated. A grotto, once inhabited by Christian anchorites, probably marks the seat of the shrine and oracle, and Grecian tombs with inscriptions point to the necropolis of Antinoopolis. The new city at first belonged to the Heptanomis, but was afterwards annexed to the Thebaid. The district around became the Antinoite nome. The city itself was governed by its own senate and Prytaneus or President. The senate was chosen from the members of the wards (puxai), of which we learn the name of one- -'Aonvats · from inscriptions (Orelli, No. 4705); and its decrees, as well as those of the Prytaneus, were not, as usual, subject to the revision of the nomarch, but to that of the prefect (1στρányos) of the Thebaid. Divine honours were paid in the Antinoeion to Antinous as a local deity, and games and chariot-races were annually exhibited in commemoration of his death and of Hadrian's sorrow. (Dictionary of Antiquities, s. v. ’Avtióela.) The city of Antinoopolis The Antinoite nome was frequently exposed to the ravage of invading armies; but they have inflicted less havoc upon its capital and the neigbouring Hermopolis than the Turkish and Egyptian governments, which have converted the materials of these cities into a lime-quarry. A little to the south of Antinoopolis is a grotto, the tomb of Thoth-otp, of the age of Sesortasen, containing a representation of a colossus fastened on a sledge, which a number of men drag by ropes, according to the usual mode adopted by the Egyptian masons. This tomb was discovered by Irby and Mangles. There are only three silver coins of Antinous extant (Akerman, Roman Coins, i. p. 253); but the number of temples, busts, statues, &c. dedicated to his memory by Hadrian form an epoch in the declining art of antiquity. (Origen, in Celsum, iii.; Euseb. Hist. Eccles. iv. 8.) [W. B. D.] ANTI'NUM, a city of the Marsians, still called Cività d'Antino, situated on a lofty hill in the upper valley of the Liris (now called the Valle di Roveto), about 15 miles from Sora and 6 from the Lake Fucinus, from which it is, however, separated by an intervening mountain ridge. It is mentioned only by Pliny (iii. 12. § 17), who enumerates the ATINATES among the cities of the Marsians; but the true form of the name is preserved to us by numerous inscriptions that have been discovered in the modern village, and from which we learn that it must have been a municipal town of considerable importance. Besides these, there remain several portions of the ancient walls, of polygonal construction, with a gateway of the same style, which still serves for an entrance to the modern village, and is called Porta Campanile. The Roman inscriptions confirm the testimony of Pliny as to the city being a Marsic one (one of them has "populi Antinatium Marsorum "); but an Oscan inscription which has been found there is in the Volscian dialect, and renders it probable that the city was at an earlier period occupied by that people. (Mommsen, Unter-Italischen Dialekte, p. 321.) It has been supposed by some writers to be the "castellum ad lacum Fucinum" mentioned by Livy (iv. 57) as conquered from that people in B. c. 408; but this is very doubtful. (Romanelli, |