APOLLONOS HIERON ('ATOλAwvos iepov: Eth. Apollonos hieritae), is mentioned by Pliny (v. 29). It seems to be the same place as Apollonia in Mysia. Mannert conjectures that the name ApolJonia or Apollonos Hieron was afterwards changed into Hierocaesarea, which is mentioned by Tacitus Ann. ii. 47) as one of the towns of Asia that suf- A'PSARUS ("Ayapos, "Avoppos), or ABSARUM fered from the earthquake in the time of Tiberius; | (Plin. vi. 4), a river and a fort, as Pliny calls it, but if this be so, it is not easy to understand why" in faucibus," 140 M. P. east of Trapezus (TrebiPliny does not mention it by that name. [G. L.] A'PONUS, or A'PONI FONS, a celebrated source of mineral and thermal waters, situated near the

where the coast turns north. The distance of 127 miles in the Peutinger Table agrees with Arrian. Accordingly several geographers place Absarum near a town called Gonich. Its name was connected with the myth of Medea and her brother Absyrtus, and its original name was Absyrtus. (Stephan. s. v. 'Aprides.) Procopius (Bell. Goth. iv. 2) speaks of the remains of its public buildings as proving that it was once a place of some importance.

Arrian does not mention a river Apsarus. He places the navigable river Acampsis 15 stadia from Absarum, and Pliny makes the Apsarus and Acampsis two different rivers. The Acampsis of Arrian generally assumed to be the large river Joruk, which rises NW. of Erzerum, and enters the Euxine near Batun. Pliny (vi. 9) says that the Absarus rises in the Paryadres, and with that mountain range forms the boundary in those parts between the Greater and Less Armenia. This description can only apply to the Joruk, which is one of the larger rivers of Armenia, and the present boundary between the Pashalicks of Trebizond and Kars. (Brant, London Geog. Journ. vol. vi. p. 193.) Ptolemy's account of his Apsorrus agrees with that of Pliny, and he says that it is formed by the union of two large streams, the Glaucus and Lycus; and the Joruk consists of two large branches, one called the Joruk and the other the Ajerah, which unite at no great distance above Batun. It seems, then, that the name Acampsis and Apsarus has been applied to the same river by different writers. Mithridates, in his flight after being defeated by Cn. Pompeius, came to the Euphrates, and then to the river Apsarus. (Mithrid. c. 101.) It is conjectured that the river which Xenophon (Anab. iv. 8, 1) mentions without a name, as the boundary of the Macrones and the Scythini, may be the Joruk; and this is probable. [G. L.]

APSILAE, ABSILAE, APSILII (Ava, AiA), a people of Colchis, on the coast of the Euxine, subject successively to the kings of Pontus, the Romans, and the Lazi. They are mentioned by Procopius as having long been Christians. In their territory were the cities of Sebastopolis, Petra, and Tibeleos. (Arrian, Peripl. Pont. Eux.; Steph. B.; Plin. vi. 4; Justinian. Novell. 28; Procop. B. G. iv. 2; Agathias, iii. 15, iv. 15.) [P.S.]

APSINTHII or APSYNTHII ('Αψίνθιοι, Αψύν Bo), a people of Thrace, bordering on the Thracian Chersonesus. (Herod. vi. 34, ix. 119.) The city of Aenus was also called Apsynthus (Steph. B. s. vv. Alvos, "Ayurtos); and Dionysius Periegetes (577) speaks of a river of the same name.

APSUS (Avos), a considerable river of Illyria, rising in Mount Pindus and flowing into the sea between the rivers Genusus on the N. and the Aous on the S. It flows in a north-western direction till it is joined by the Eordaïcus (Devól), after which it takes a bend, and flows towards the coast in a southwestern direction through the great maritime plain of Illyria. Before its union with the Devól, the river is now called Uzúmi, and after its union Beratinós. The country near the mouth of the Apsus is frequently mentioned in the memorable campaign of Caesar and Pompey in Greece. Caesar was for some time encamped on the left bank of the river, and Pompey on the right bank. (Strab. p. 316; Liv. xxxi. 27; Caes. B. C. iii. 13, 19, 30; Dion Cass. xli. 47; Appian, B. C. ii. 56, where the river is erroneously called "Aλapa; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. pp. 336, 342, vol. iv. pp. 113, 123.)

APSYRTIDES. [ABSYRTIDES.] APTA JULIA (Apt), a city of the Vulgientes, on the road from Arelate (Arles), on the Rhone, along the valley of the Durance, to Augusta Taurinorum (Turino). The name Julia implies that it was a colonia, which is proved by inscriptions, though Pliny (iii. 4; and the note in Harduin's edition) calls it a Latin town, that is, a town which had the Jus Latium. The modern town of Apt, on the Calavon or Caulon, a branch of the Durance, contains some ancient remains. [G. L.]

APTERA ('Απτερα, Steph. Β. 8. υ.; Απτερία Ptol. iii. 17. §. 10; Apteron, Plin. iv. 20; Eth. 'ATTEpaios: Palaeókastron), a city of Crete situated to the E. of Polyrrhenia, and 80 stadia from Cydonia (Strab. x. p. 479). Here was placed the scene of the legend of the contest between the Sirens and the Muses, when after the victory of the latter, the Sirens lost the feathers of their wings from their shoulders, and having thus become white cast themselves into the sea,-whence the name of the city Aptera, and of the neighbouring islands Leucae. (Steph. B. s. v.) It was at one time in alliance with Cnossus, but was afterwards compelled by the Polyrrhenians to side with them against that city. (Pol. iv. 55.) The port of Aptera according to Strabo was Cisamos (p. 479; comp. Hierocles, p. 650; and Peutinger Tab.). Mr. Pashley (Travels, vol. i. p. 48) supposes that the ruins of Palaeokastron belong to Aptera, and that its port is to be found at or near Kalyves. Diodorus (v. 64) places Berecynthos in the district of the Apteraeans. (The old reading was emended by Meursius, Creta, p. 84.) This mountain has been identified with the modern Maláxa, which from its granitic and schistose basis complies with the requisite geological conditions for the existence of metallic veins; if we are to believe that bronze and iron were here first discovered, and bestowed on man by the Idaean Dactyls. [E. B. J]

APUA'NI, a Ligurian tribe, mentioned repeatedly by Livy. From the circumstances related by him, it appears that they were the most easterly of the Ligurian tribes, and occupied the upper valley of the Macra about Pontremoli, the tract known in the middle ages as the Garfagnana. They are first mentioned in B.C. 187, when we are told that they were defeated and reduced to submission by the consul C. Flaminius; but the next year they appear again in arms, and defeated the consul Q. Marcius, with the loss of 4000 men and three standards. This disaster was avenged the next year, but after several successive campaigns the consuls for the year 180, P. Cornelius and M. Baebius, had recourse to the expedient of removing the whole nation from their abodes, and transporting them, to the number of 40,000, including women and children, into the heart of Samnium. Here they were settled in the vacant plains, which had formerly belonged to Taurasia (hence called Campi Taurasini), and appear to have become a flourishing community. The next

year 7000 more, who had been in the first instance suffered to remain, were removed by the consul Fulvius to join their countrymen. We meet with them long afterwards among the " populi" of Samnium, subsisting as a separate community, under the name of "Ligures Corneliani et Baebiani," as late as the reign of Trajan. (Liv. xxxix. 2, 20, 32, xl. 1, 38, 41; Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Lib. Colon. p. 235; Henzen. Tab. Alim. p. 57.) There is no authority for the existence of a city of the name of Apua, as assumed by some writers.

[E. H. B.]

of the territory inhabited by the Poediculi, or Peucetians (Lib. Colon. 1. c.), and the extent of Apulia proportionally diminished. But this arrangement does not appear to have been generally adopted. Towards Lucania, the river Bradanus appears to have formed the boundary, at least in the lower part of its course; while on the W., towards the Hirpini and Samnium, there was no natural frontier, but only the lower slopes or underfalls of the Apennines were included in Apulia; all the higher ridges of those mountains belonging to Samnium. On the N. the river Tifernus appears to have been the recognised boundary of Apulia in the time of Mela and Pliny (Mela, l. c.; Plin. iii. 11. s. 16), though the territory of Larinum, extending from the Tifernus to the Frento, was, by many writers, not included in Apulia, but was either regarded as constituting a separate district (Caes. B. C. i. 23), or included in the territory of the Frentani. (Ptol. iii. 1. § 65.) Apulia, as thus defined, comprehended nearly the same extent with the two provinces of the kingdom of Naples now called the Capitanata and Terra di Bari.

The physical features of Apulia are strongly marked, and must, in all ages, have materially influenced its history. The northern half of the province, from the Tifernus to the Aufidus, consists almost entirely of a great plain, sloping gently from the Apennines to the sea, and extending between the mountain ranges of the former-of which only some of the lower slopes and offshoots were included in Apulia, and the isolated mountain mass of Mt. Garganus, which has been not inaptly termed the Spur of Italy. This portion is now commonly known as "Puglia piana," in contradistinction to the southern part of the province, called "Puglia

-

APU'LIA ('Arovxía), a province, or region, in the SE. of Italy, between the Apennines and the Adriatic Sea, which was bounded by the Frentani on the N., by Calabria and Lucania on the S., and by Samnium on the W. It is stated by most modern geographers (Mannert, Cramer, Forbiger) that the name was sometimes applied to the whole SE. portion of Italy, including the peninsula of Messapia, or, as the Romans termed it, Calabria. But though this extension was given in the middle ages, as well as at the present day, to the term of Puglia, it does not appear that the Romans ever used the name with so wide a signification; and even when united for administrative purposes, the two regions preserved their distinct appellations. Thus we find, even under the later periods of the Roman Empire, the "provincia Apuliae et Calabriae" (Lib. Colon. p. 261; Treb. Poll. Tetric. 24), "Corrector Apuliae et Calabriae" (Notit. Dign. ii. p. 64.), &c. The Greeks sometimes used the name of Iapygia, so as to include Apulia as well as Messapia (Herod. iv. 99; Pol. iii. 88); but their usage of this, as well as all the other local names applied to this part of Italy, was very fluctuating. Strabo, after describing the Messapian peninsula (to which he confines the name of Iapygia) as inhabited by the Salentini and Cala-petrosa," from a broad chain of rocky hills, which bri, adds that to the north of the Calabri were the tribes called by the Greeks Peucetians and Daunians, but that all this tract beyond the Calabrians was called by the natives Apulia, and that the appellations of Daunians and Peucetians were, in his time, wholly unknown to the inhabitants of this part of Italy (vi. pp. 277, 283). In another passage he speaks of the "Apulians properly so called," as dwelling around the gulf to the N. of Mt. Garganus; but says that they spoke the same language with the Daunians and Peucetians, and were in no respect to be distinguished from them." (p. 285.) The name of Daunians is wholly unknown to the Roman writers, except such as borrowed it from the Greeks, while they apply to the Peucetians the name of PEDICULI or POEDICULI, which appears, from Strabo, to have been their national appellation. Ptolemy divides the Apulians into Daunians and Peucetians (Απουλοι Δαύνιοι and ̓́Απουλοι ΠευKÉTIOL, iii. 1. §§ 15, 16, 72, 73), including all the southern Apulia under the latter head; but it appears certain that this was a mere geographical arrangement, not one founded upon any national differences still subsisting in his time.

Apulia, therefore, in the Roman sense, may be considered as bounded on the SE. by a line drawn from sea to sea, across the isthmus of the Messapian peninsula, from the Gulf of Tarentum, W. of that city, to the nearest point of the opposite coast between Egnatia and Brundusium. (Strab. vi. p. 277; Mela, ii. 4.) According to a later distribution of the provinces or regions of Italy (apparently under Vespasian), the limits of Calabria were extended so as to include the greater part, if not the whole

branch off from the Apennines, near Venusia, and
extend eastward towards the Adriatic, which they
reach near the modern Ostuni, between Egnatia and
Brundusium. The whole of this hilly tract is, at
the present day, wild and thinly inhabited, great
part of it being covered with forests, or given up to
pasture, and the same seems to have been the case
in ancient times also. (Strab. vi. p. 283.)
But
between these barren hills and the sea, there inter-
venes a narrow strip along the coast extending about
50 miles in length (from Barletta to Monopoli),
and 10 in breadth, remarkable for its fertility, and
which was studded, in ancient as well as modern
times, with a number of small towns.
The great
plains of Northern Apulia are described by Strabo
as of great fertility (πάμφορός τε καὶ πολύφορος,
vi. p. 284), but adapted especially for the rearing
of horses and sheep. The latter appear in all ages
to have been one of the chief productions of Apulia,
and their wool was reckoned to surpass all others
in fineness (Plin. viii. 48. s. 73), but the pastures
become so parched in summer that the flocks can
no longer find subsistence, and hence they are driven
at that season to the mountains and upland vallies
of Samnium; while, in return, the plains of Apulia
afford abundant pasturage in winter to the flocks of
Samnium and the Abruzzi, at a season when their
own mountain pastures are covered with snow.
This arrangement, originating in the mutual ne-
cessities of the two regions, probably dates from a
very early period (Niebuhr, vol. iii. p. 191); it is
alluded to by Varro (de R. R. ii. 1) as customary
in his day; and under the Roman empire became
the subject of legislative enactment — a vectigal, or

tax, being levied on all sheep and cattle thus migrating. The calcareous nature of the soil renders these Apulian plains altogether different in character from the rich alluvial tracts of the North of Italy; the scarcity of water resulting from this cause, and the parched and thirsty aspect of the country in summer, are repeatedly alluded to by Horace (Pauper aquae Daunus, Carm. iii. 30. 11; Siticulosae Apuliae, Epod. 3. 16), and have been feelingly described by modern travellers. But notwithstanding its aridity, the soil is well adapted for the growth of wheat, and under a better system of irrigation and agriculture may have fully merited the encomium of Strabo. The southern portions of the province, in common with the neighbouring region of Calabria, are especially favourable to the growth of the olive.

498.)

pletely blended into one as were the two component elements of the Latin nation. 3. The PEUCETIANS, or POEDICULI (ПEUKéтioi, Strab. et al.: Пoidikλoi, Id.), - two names which, however different in appearance, are, in fact, only varied forms of the same, appear, on the contrary, to have retained a separate nationality down to a comparatively late period. Their Pelasgian origin is attested by the legend already cited; another form of the same tradition represents Peucetius as the brother of Oenotrus. (Pherecyd. ap. Dion. Hal. i. 13; Plin. iii. 11. s. 16.) The hypothesis that the inhabitants of the south-eastern extremity of Italy should have come directly from the opposite coast of the Adriatic, from which they were separated by so narrow a sea, is in itself a very probable one, and derives strong confirmation from the recent investigations The population of Apulia was of a very mixed of Mommsen, which show that the native dialect kind, and great confusion exists in the accounts spoken in this part of Italy, including a portion of transmitted to us concerning it by ancient writers. Peucetia, as well as Messapia, was one wholly disBut, on the whole, we may distinguish pretty clearly tinct from the Sabellian or Oscan language, and three distinct national elements. 1. The APULI, closely related to the Greek, but yet sufficiently or Apulians properly so called, were, in all proba- different to exclude the supposition of its being bility, a member of the great Oscan, or Ausonian, a mere corruption of the language of the Greek race; their name is considered by philologers to colonists. (Die Unter-Italischen Dialekte, pp. 43 contain the same elements with Opicus, or Opscus.-98. Concerning the origin and relations of the (Niebuhr, Vorträge über Länder u. Völker, p. 489). Apulian tribes generally, see Niebuhr, vol. i. pp. 146 It seems certain that they were not, like their-154; Vorträge über Länder u. Völker, p. 489neighbours the Lucanians, of Sabellian race; on the contrary, they appear on hostile terms with the Samnites, who were pressing upon them from the interior of the country. Strabo speaks of them as dwelling in the northern part of the province, about the Sinus Urias, and Pliny (iii. 11. s. 16) appears to indicate the river Cerbalus (Cervaro) as having formed the limit between them and the Daunians, a statement which can only refer to some very early period, as in his time the two races were certainly completely intermixed.* 2. The DAUNIANS were probably a Pelasgian race, like their neighbours the Peacetians, and the other earliest inhabitants of Southern Italy. They appear to have settled in the great plains along the coast, leaving the Apulians in possession of the more inland and mountainous regions, as well as of the northern district already mentioned. This is the view taken by the Greek genealogists, who represent Iapyx, Daunius, and Pencetius as three sons of Lycaon, who settled in this part of Italy, and having expelled the Ausonians gave name to the three tribes of the Iapygians or Messapians, Daunians, and Peucetians. (Nicander ap. Antonin. Liberal. 31.) The same notion is contained in the statement that Daunus came originally from Illyria (Fest. s. v. Daunia), and is confirmed by other arguments. The legends so prevalent among the Greeks with regard to the settlement of Diomed in these regions, and ascribing to him the foundation of all the principal cities, may probably, as in other similar cases, have had their origin in the fact of this Pelasgian descent of the Daunians. The same circumstance might explain the facility with which the inhabitants of this part of Italy, at a later period, adopted the arts and manners of their Greek neighbours. But it is certain that, whatever distinction may have originally existed between the Daunians and Apulians, the two races were, from the time when they first appear in history, as com

*It is, perhaps, to these northern Apulians that Pliny just before gives the name of "Teani," but the passage is hopelessly confused.

We have scarcely any information concerning the history of Apulia, previous to the time when it first appears in connection with that of Rome. But we learn incidentally from Strabo (vi. p. 281), that the Daunians and Peucetians were under kingly government, and had each their separate ruler. These appear in alliance with the Tarentines against the Messapians; and there seems much reason to believe that the connection with Tarentum was not a casual or temporary one, but that we may ascribe to this source the strong tincture of Greek civilization which both people had certainly imbibed. We have no account of any Greek colonies, properly so called, in Apulia (exclusive of Calabria), and the negative testimony of Scylax (§ 14. p. 170), who enumerates all those in Iapygia, but mentions none to the N. of them, is conclusive on this point. But the extent to which the cities of Peucetia, and some of those of Daunia also, especially Arpi, Canusium, and Salapia, had adopted the arts, and even the language of their Greek neighbours, is proved by the evidence of their coins, almost all of which have pure Greek inscriptions, as well as by the numerous bronzes and painted vases, which have been brought to light by recent excavations. The number of these last which has been discovered on the sites of Canusium, Rubi, and Egnatia, is such as to vie with the richest deposits of Campania; but their style is inferior, and points to a declining period of Greek art. (Mommsen, l. c. pp. 89, 90; Gerhard, Rapporto dei Vasi Volcenti, p. 118; Bunsen, in Ann. dell. Inst. 1834, p. 77.)

The first mention of the Apulians in Roman history, is on the outbreak of the Second Samnite War, in B. c. 326, when they are said to have concluded an alliance with Rome (Liv. viii. 25), notwithstanding which, they appear shortly afterwards in arms against her. They seem not to have constituted at this time a regular confederacy or national league like the Samnites, but to have been a mere aggregate of separate and independent cities, among which Arpi, Canusium, Luceria, and Teanum, appear to