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ticed by Strabo without mentioning its name) is called by Pliny LACUS PANTANUS: it is now known as the Lago di Lesina, from a small town of that name. (Plin. ii. 11. s. 16.) The more extensive lake to the S. of Garganus, between Sipontum and the mouth of the Aufidus, was named, from the neighbouring city of Salapia, the SALAPINA PALUS (Lucan. v. 377), and is still called the Lago di Salpi.

Opposite to the headland of Garganus, about 15 geog. miles from the mouth of the Frento, lie the two small islands named INSULAE DIOMEDEAE, now the Isole di Tremiti.

The towns in Apulia, mentioned by ancient writers, are the following, beginning from the northern frontier: 1. Between the Tifernus and the Frento stood LARINUM and CLITERNIA, besides the two small fortresses or "castella" of GERUNIUM and CALELA. 2. Between the Frento and the Aufidus were the important towns of TEANUM, surnamed Apulum, to distinguish it from the city of the same name in Campania, LUCERIA, AECAE, and ASCULUM, on the hills, which form the last off-shoots of the Apennines towards the plains; while in the plain itself were ARPI, SALAPIA, and HERDONIA; and SIPONTUM on the sea-shore, at the foot of Mt. Garganus. The less considerable towns in this part of Apulia were, VIBINUM (Bovino) among the last ranges of the Apennines, AcCUA, near Luceria, COLLATIA (Collatina) at the western foot of Mt. Garganus, CKRAUNILIA (Cerignola), near the Aufidus: and ERGITIUM, on the road from Teanum to Sipontum (Tab. Peut.), supposed by Holstenius to be the modern S. Severo. Around the promontory of Garganus were the small towns of Merinum, Portus Agasus, and Portus Garnae [GARGANUS], as well as the HYRIUM, or URIUM, of Strabo and Ptolemy. Along the coast, between Sipontum and the mouth of the Aufidus, the Tabula places ANXANUM, now Torre di Rivoli, and Salinae, probably a mere establishment of salt-works, but more distant from the mouth of the Aufidus than the modern Saline. 3. East of the Aufidus was the important city of CANUSIUM, as well as the small, but not less celebrated town, of CANNAE; on the road from Canusium to Egnatia we find in succession, RUBI, BUTUNTUM, CAELIA, AZETIUM, and NORBA. The NETIUM of Strabo must be placed somewhere on the same line. Along the coast, besides the important towns of BARIUM and EGNATIA, the following small places are enumerated in the Itineraries: Bardulum, 6 M. P. E. of the mouth of the Aufidus, Dow Barletta, Turenum (Trani), Natiolum (Bisceglie), and Respa, according to Romanelli Molfetta, more probably Giovenazzo, about 13 M. P. from Bari. E. of that city we find Arnestum (probably a corruption of APANESTAE), and Dertum, which must be placed near Monopoli. NEAPOLIS, a name not found in any ancient author, but clearly established by its coins and other remains, may be placed with certainty at Polignano, 6 M. P. west of Monopoli. 4. In the interior of Apulia, towards the frontiers of Lucania, the chief place was VENUSIA, with the neighbouring smaller towns of ACHERONTIA, BANTIA, and FERENTUM. On the

* In the following list no attempt has been made to preserve the distinction between the Daunians and Peucetians; it is clear from Strabo, that no such distinction really subsisted in the time when the geographers wrote.

Via Appia, leading from Venusia to Tarentum, were SILVIUM, Plera (supposed to be the modern Gravina), and Lupatia (Altamura). S. of this line of road, towards the river Bradanus, Mateola (Mateolani, Plin. iii. 11. s. 16) was evidently the modern Matera, and Genusium (Genusini, Id. l. c.; Lib. Colon. p. 262) still retains the name of Ginosa, (For the discussion of these obscure names, see Holsten. Not. in Cluv. pp. 281, 290; Pratilli, Via Appia, iv. 7; Romanelli, vol. ii. pp. 180-188.)

Several other towns mentioned by Pliny (l. c.) which probably belong to this region, are otherwise wholly unknown; but the names given in his list are so confused, that it is impossible to say with certainty, which belong to Apulia, and which to Calabria, or the Hirpini. Among those to which at least a conjectural locality may be assigned, are: the Grumbestini, supposed to be the inhabitants of Grumum, now Grumo, a village about 9 miles S. of Bitonto; the Palionenses, or people of Palio, probably Palo, a village half way between Grumo and Bitonto; the Tutini, for which we should, perhaps, read Turimi, from Turum or Turium, indicated by the modern Turi, about 16 miles S. E. of Bari; the Strapellini, whose town, Strapellum, is supposed to be Rapolla, between Venusia and the Pons Aufidi. The Borcani, Corinenses, Dirini, Turmentini, and Ulurtini, of the same author, are altogether unknown.

Apulia was traversed by the two great branches of the Appian Way, which separated at Beneventum, and led, the one direct to Brundusium, the other to Tarentum. The first of these, called the Via Trajana, from its reconstruction by that emperor, passed through Aecae, Herdonia, Canusium, and Butuntum, to the sea at Barium, and from thence along the coast to Brundusium*; while a nearly parallel line, parting from it at Butuntum, led by Caelia, Azetium, and Norba, direct to Egnatia. The other main line, to which the name of Via Appia seems to have properly belonged, entered Apulia at the Pons Aufidi (Ponte Sta. Venere), and led through Venusia, Silvium, and Plera, direct to Tarentum. (For the fuller examination of both these lines, see VIA APPIA.)

Besides these, the Tabula records a line of road from Larinum to Sipontum, and from thence close along the sea-shore to Barium, where it joined the Via Trajana. This must have formed an important line of communication from Picenum and the northern parts of Italy to Brundusium. [E. H. B.]

APULUM (ATOυλov, Ptol. iii. 8. § 8; Orell. Inscr. Nos. 3563, 3826; in all the other inscriptions the name is abbreviated AP. or APUL., Nos. 991, 1225, 2171, 2300, 2695, 3686), or APULA (Tab. Peut.), or COLONIA APULENSIS (Ulpian. de Censibus, Dig. 1. tit. 15. § 1), an important Roman colony, in Dacia, on the river Marissa (Marosch), on the site of the modern Carlsburg or Weissenburg, in Transylvania, where are the remains of an aqueduct and other ruins. If the reading of one inscription given by Gruter,-Alba Julia,-be correct, the place has preserved its ancient name, Alba― Weissenburg. [P.S.]

AQUA FERENTINA. [FERENTINAE LUCUS.]
AQUA VIVA. [SORACTE.]
AQUAE, the name given by the Romans to

*It is this line of road, or at least the part of it along the coast, that is erroneously called by Italian topographers the Via Egnatia. [EGNATIA.]

many medicinal springs and bathing-places. The most important are mentioned below in alphabetical order.

AQUAE ALBULAE. [ALBULA.]

AQUAE APOLLINA'RES, was the name given to some warm springs between Sabate and Tarquinii, in Etruria, where there appears to have been a considerable thermal establishment. They are evidently the same designated by Martial (vi. 42. 7) by the poetical phrase of "Phoebi vada." The Tab. Peut. places them on the upper road from Rome to Tarquinii at the distance of 12 miles from the latter city, a position which accords with the modern Bagni di Stigliano. Cluverius confounds them with the AQUAE CAERETANAE, now Bagni del Sasso, which were indeed but a few miles distant. (Holsten. not. ad Cluver. p. 35.) [E. H. B.]

AQUAE CALIDAE (Ύδατα Θερμὰ Κολωνία, Ptol. Hammam Meriga, large Ru. and hot springs), in Mauretania Caesariensis, almost due S. of Caesarea, at the distance of 25 M. P. It was important, not only for its hot springs, but for its commanding the pass of the Lesser Atlas, from Caesarea, and other cities on the coast, to the valley of the Chinalaph. This explains its having acquired the rank of a colony in the time of Ptolemy, while in the Antonine Itinerary it is called simply Aquae. Its ruins are fully described by Shaw (p. 64, 1st ed.). [P.S.]

AQUAE CA'LIDAE (Hammam Gurbos, with hot springs), in Zeugitana, on the gulf of Carthage, directly opposite to the city: probably identical with CARPIS. (Liv. xxx. 24; Tab. Peut., ad Aquas; Shaw, p. 157, or p. 87, 2nd ed.; Barth, WanderAQUAE AURÉ'LIAE or COLO'NIA AURE'LIA | ungen, fc. p. 128.) There are also hot springs at AQUENSIS (Baden-Baden), a watering place in a Hamman l'Enf, near the bottom of the Gulf, which lovely valley of the Black Forest, is not mentioned may be those mentioned by Strabo as near Tunes by ancient writers, but is stated in a doubtful in- (xvii. p. 834). [P.S.] scription of A. D. 676, to have been built by Hadrian, but it did not acquire celebrity till the time of Alexander Severus. [L. S.] AQUAE BILBITANO'RUM. [AQUAE HISPANICAE.]

AQUAE BORMO'NIS (Bourbon l'Archambault). The site of these hot springs is marked in the Theodosian Table by the square figure or building which indicates mineral waters, and by the name Bormo, which D'Anville erroneously would have altered to Borvo. It is also marked as on a road which communicates to the NW. with Avaricum (Bourges), and to the NE. with Augustodunum (Autun). The hot springs of Bourbon are a few miles from the left bank of the Allier, an affluent of the Loire.

At Bourbonne-les-Bains, in the department of Haute Marne, there are also hot springs, and the Theodosian Table indicates, as D'Anville supposes, this fact by the usual mark, though it gives the place no name. D'Anville (Notice, &c.) gave it the name of Aquae Borvonis, founding the name on an inscription discovered there; but the correct reading of the inscription, according to more recent authorities, is BORBONI THERMARUM DEO MAMMONAE, &c. It is probable that Bormo may have been the deity of both places, as the modern names are the Thus the god of the hot springs gave his name to the place, and the place gave a name to a family which, for a long time, occupied the throne [G. L.]

same.

of France.

AQUAE CAESARIS (prob. Ukus, Ru.), 7 M. P. south west of Tipasa, in Numidia, and evidently, from the way in which it is marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana, a much frequented place. [P. S.] AQUAE CAERETA'NAE. [CAERE.] AQUAE CA'LIDAE. The position of this place is marked in the Theodosian Table by its being on the road between Augustonemetum (Clermont) in the Auvergne and Rodumna (Rouanne). The distance from Augustonemetum to Aquae Calidae is not given; but there is no doubt that Aquae Calidae is Vichy on the Allier, a place now frequented for its mineral waters.

D'Anville (Notice, &c.) remarks, that De Valois confounds the Aquae Calidae with the Calentes Aquae mentioned by Sidonius Apollinaris, which are Chaudes-aigues (hot-waters) in the department of Cantal. The whole of the mountain region of the Auvergne abounds in mineral waters. [G. L.]

AQUAE CA'LIDAE, in Britain. [AQUAE SOLIS.]

AQUAE CONVENA'RUM. These waters are placed by the Anton. Itin. on the road from Aquae Tarbellicae to Tolosa (Toulouse), and on this side of Lugdunum Convenarum. Some geographers identify the place with Bagnères-de-Bigorre in the department of Hautes Pyrénées, a place noted for its mineral springs; but D'Anville fixes the site at Capbern. Walckenaer, however, places it at Bagnères. Strabo (p. 190), after mentioning Lugdunum, speaks of the warm springs of the Onesii (Twv 'Ovnoiŵv), for which unknown name Wesseling and others would read Kovovevwv. Xylander (Holzmann) proposed to read Movnoiwv, and Pliny (iv. 19) mentions the Monesi, whose name seems to be preserved in that of the town of Moneins on the Baise, in the department of Hautes Pyrénées. Grosskurd (Translation of Strabo, vol. i. p. 327) assumes that Aquae Convenarum is Bagnères in Comminges. Bagnères de Bigarre is proved by an inscription on the public fountain to be the Aquensis Vicus of the Romans, the inhabitants of which were named Aquenses; which seems to confirm the opinion that Aquae Convenarum was a different place. [G. L.] AQUAE CUTILIAE. [CUTILIAE.]

AQUAE DACICAE, in the interior of Mauretania Tingitana, between Volubilis and Gilda. (Itin. Ant. p. 23.). [P.S.]

AQUAE GRATIA'NAE, in the territory of the Allobroges, appear, from inscriptions, to be the mineral waters of Aix, north of Chambery, in the duchy of Savoy, and a little east of the lake of Bourget, at an elevation of about 823 English feet above the sea. The people were also called Aquenses. [G. L.]

AQUAE HISPA'NICAE. (1.) BILBITANORUM (Alhama), a town with baths, in Hispania Tarraco. nensis, about 24 M. P. west of BILBILIS. (It. Ant.) There were numerous other bathing places in Spain, but none of them require more than a bare mention: (2) AQ. CELENAE, CILENAE, or CELINAE (Caldas del Rey); (3) FLAVIAE (Chaves on the Tamega, with a Roman bridge of 18 arches; (4) LAEVAE (Tdara λaiά, Ptol.; (5) ORIGINIS (Bannos de Bande or Orense); (6) CERCERNAE, QUERQUERNAE, or QUACERNORUM (Rio Caldo? or Andres de Zarracones?); (7) VOCONAE (Caldes de Mala vella). [P.S.]

AQUAE LABANAE (τà Aaßavà idara), are mentioned by Strabo (v. p. 238) as cold sulphureous

waters analogous in their medical properties to those of the Albula, and situated near Nomentum: they are clearly the same now called Bagni di Grotta Marozza about 3 miles N. of Mentana, the ancient Nomentum. (Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. ii. p. 144.) [E. H. B.] AQUAE LESITA'NAE. [LESA.] AQUAE MATTIACAE or FONTES MATTIACI, a watering place with hot springs, in the country of the Mattiaci, that is, the district between the Maine and the Lahn. (Plin. xxxi. 17; Amm. Marcell. xxix. 4.) The place generally believed to be the same as the modern Wiesbaden, where remains of Roman bath-buildings have been discovered. (See Dahl in the Annalen des Vereins fur Nassauische Alterthumskunde, vol. i. part 2, p. 27, seq.) [L. S.]

AQUAE NEAPOLITA'NAE. [NEAPOLIS.] AQUAE NERI. So the name is written in the Theodosian Table; for which we ought probably to write Aquae Nerae, as D'Anville suggests. It appears to correspond to Neris, which Gregory of Tours calls Vicus Nereensis. Néris is in the department of Allier. [G. L.]

AQUAE NISINEII, is designated in the Theodosian Table by the square figure or building which indicates mineral waters [AQUAE BORMONIS], and is placed on the road between Decetia (Décise) and Augustodunum (Autun). This identifies the place with Bourbon-l'Anci, where there are Roman constructions.

[G. L.]

AQUAE PA'SSERIS, one of the numerous places in Etruria frequented for its warm baths, which appear to have been in great vogue in the time of Martial (vi. 42. 6). It is placed by the Tab. Peut. on the road from Volsinii to Rome, between the former city and Forum Cassii: and was probably situated at a spot now called Bacucco, about 5 miles N. of Viterbo, where there is a large assemblage of ruins, of Roman date, and some of them certainly baths, while the whole neighbourhood abounds in thermal springs. (Cluver. Ital. p. 561; Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. pp. 202. 211.)

An inscription published by Orioli (Ann. d. Inst. vol. i. p. 174-179) writes the name AQUAE PAS[E. H. B.]

SERIANAE.

AQUAE PATAVINAE. [APONI FONS.] AQUAE POPULO'NIAE. [POPULONIUM.] AQUAE RE'GIAE (Hammam Truzza, or the Ru. on the river Mergaleel, S. of Truzza, Shaw), a place of considerable importance, near the centre of Byzacena, on the high road leading SW. from Hadrumetum. (Itin. Ant. pp. 47, 53, 54, 55, 56; Tab. Peut.; Notit. Eccl. Afr.) [P.S.]

But

AQUAE SEGESTA'NAE. [SEGESTA.] AQUAE SEGESTE, a place denoted in the Peutinger Table as the site of mineral waters. D'Anville (Notice, &c.) places it at Ferrières, which lies nearly in a direct line between Orléans and Sens, on which route it was, according to the Table. There are chalybeate springs at Ferrières. the distances in the Table do not agree with the actual distances, unless we change xxii., the distance between Fines, the first station from Orléans (Genabum), and Aquae Segesta, into xv. The distance of xxii. from Aquae Segesta to Sens (Agedincum) also requires to be reduced to xv., on the supposition of Ferrières being the true site. Ukert and others place Aquae Segesta at Fontainebleau, which seems to lie too far out of the direct road between Orléans and Sens. [G. L.]

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AQUAE SEGETE, the name of a place in the Theodosian Table, which may possibly be corrupt. It is designated as the site of mineral waters, and in the neighbourhood of Forum Segusianorum, or Feur, in the department of Haute Loire. The exact site of the place does not appear to be certain. D'Anville fixes it at Aissumin, on the right bank of the Loire: others place it near Montbrison. [G. L.] AQUAE SELINU'NTIAE. [SELINUS.]

AQUAE SEXTIAE (Air), in the department of Bouches du Rhône, is 18 Roman miles north of Massilia (Marseille). In B. C. 122, the proconsul C. Sextius Calvinus, having defeated the Salyes or Saluvii, founded in their territory the Roman colony of Aquae Sextiae, so called from the name of the Roman general, and the springs, both hot and cold, which he found there. (Liv. Ep. lib. 61; Vell. i. 15.) These hot springs are mentioned by Strabo (pp. 178, 180: тà Dépμa idara тà Zéştia) and by other ancient writers. Strabo observes that it was said that some of the hot springs had become cold. The temperature of the hot springs is now only a moderate warmth.

In the neighbourhood of Aix was fought, B. c. 102, the great battle, in which the Roman consul C. Marius defeated the Cimbri and Teutones with immense slaughter. (Plut. Mar. c. 18; Florus, iii. 3.) Plutarch states that the people of Massilia made fences for their vineyards with the bones of the barbarians, and that the soil, which was drenched with the blood of thousands, produced an unusual crop the following year. D'Anville observes that the battle field is supposed to have been near the Lar, about four leagues above Aix; but Fauris de St. Vincent (quoted by Forbiger) fixes the site of the battle at Meiragues, two leagues from Marseille, which was called in the middle ages Campus de Marianicis. Fragments of swords and spears, and bones, are still found on this spot.

There are Roman remains at Aix; and its identity with Aquae Sextiae appears from the ancient Itineraries and an inscription, which shows it to have been a Roman colony, with the title Julia. Strabo's words, indeed, show that it was a Roman colony from the first. Yet Pliny (iii. 4) places "Aquae Sextiae Salluviorum" among the Oppida Latina of Gallia Narbonensis, or those which had the Jus Latium; in which he is certainly mistaken. Ptolemaeus also calls it a colonia. [G. L.]

AQUAE SICCAE, a name which the Anton. Itin. places between Calagorris and Vernosole, on the road from Aquae Tarbellicae to Tolosa. The site is uncertain. If Seiches near Toulouse be the place, the distances in the Itinerary require correction. (D'Anville, Notice.) Walckenaer calls the place Ayguas-Sec. [G. L.]

AQUAE SINUESSA'NAE. [SINUESSA.] AQUAE SULIS (Bath), in Britain, mentioned under this name in the Itinerarium Antonini, in Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 28), as "Toara Sepuá. [R. G. L.]

AQUAE STATIELLAE ('Ακούαι Στατιέλλαι, Strab.), a city of Liguria, situated on the N. side of the Apennines in the valley of the Bormida: now called Acqui. Its name sufficiently indicates that it owed its origin to the mineral springs which were found there, and Pliny notices it (xxxi. 2) as one of the most remarkable instances where this circumstance had given rise to a considerable town. It is probable that it did not become a place of any importance until after the Roman conquest of Liguria nor do we find any actual mention of it under the

40 M. P. SW. of the latter. (Ant. Itin. p. 42; Tab.
Peut.) It formed an episcopal see. (Optat. c. Donat.
i. 14.) Remains of large baths, of Roman workman-
ship, are still found at Hammam Meskoutin.
(Shaw, p. 121, 1st ed.; Barth, Wanderungen, fc.,
p. 71.)
[P.S.]

Republic, but it was already a considerable town in | Hippo Regius, 54 M. P. E. of the former, and the days of Strabo, and under the Roman Empire became one of the most flourishing and important cities of Liguria, a position which we find it retaining down to a late period. The inhabitants bear on an inscription the name "Aquenses Statiellenses." It was the chief place of the tribe of the STATIELLI, and one of the principal military stations in this part of Italy. (Strab. v. p. 217; Plin. iii. 5. s. 7; Orell. Inscr. 4927; Inscr. ap. Spon. Misc. Ant. p. 164; Notit. Dign. p. 121.) It is still mentioned by Paulus Diaconus among the chief cities of this province at the time of the Lombard invasion: and Liutprand of Cremona, a writer of the tenth century, speaks of the Roman Thermae, constructed on a scale of the greatest splendour, as still existing there in his time. (P. Diac. ii. 16; Liutprand, Hist. ii. 11.) The modern city of Acqui is a large and flourishing place, and its mineral waters are still much frequented. Some remains of the ancient baths, as well as portions of an aqueduct, are still visible, while very numerous inscriptions, chiefly sepulchral, have been discovered there, as well as innumerable urns, lamps, coins, and other relics of antiquity.

We learn from the Itineraries that a branch of the Via Aurelia quitted the coast at Vada Sabbata (Vado) and crossed the Apennines to Aquae Statiellae, from whence it communicated by Dertona with Placentia on the Via Aemilia. The distance from Vada Sabbata to Aquae is given as 52 R. miles. (Itin. Ant. p. 294; Tab. Peut.) [E. H. B.]

AQUAE TACAPITA'NAÉ (El Hammat-elKhabs), so called from the important town of TACAPE, at the bottom of the Syrtis Minor, from which it was distant 18 M. P. to the SW. (Ant. Itin. pp. 74, 78.)

[P.S.]

AQUAE TARBE'LLICAE (Dax or Dacqs) or AQUAE TARBELLAE, as Ausonius calls it (Praef. Tres, Syragrio). Vibius Sequester has the name Tarbella Civitas (p. 68, ed. Oberlin). In the Not. Gall. the name is Aquensium Civitas. The word Aquae is the origin of the modern name Aqs or Acs, which the Gascons made Daqs or Dax, by uniting the preposition to the name of the place. Ptolemy is the only writer who gives it the name of Augustae (übara Avyoúσra). This place, which is noted for its mineral waters, is on the road from Asturica (Astorga) to Burdigala (Bordeaux), and on the left bank of the Aturus (Adour). There are or were remains of an aqueduct near the town, and Roman constructions near the warm springs in the town. The mineral springs are mentioned by Pliny (xxxi. 2). [G. L.]

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AQUAE VOLATERRA'NAE. [VOLATERRAE. AQUENSIS VICUS. [AQUAE Convenarum. AQUILA'RIA, a place on the coast of Zeugitana, 22 M. P. from Clupea, with a good summer roadstead, between two projecting headlands, where Curio landed from Sicily before his defeat and death, B. C. 49. (Caes. B. C. ii. 23.) The place seems to correspond to Alhowareah, a little SW. of C. Bon (Pr. Mercurii), where are the remains of the great stonequarries used in the building of Utica and Carthage. These quarries run up from the sea, and form great caves, lighted by openings in the roof, and supported by pillars. They are doubtless the quarries at which Agathocles landed from Sicily (Diod. xx. 6); and Shaw considers them to answer exactly to Virgil's description of the landing place of Aeneas. (Aen. i. 163; Shaw, pp. 158, 159; Barth, Wanderungen, fc., pp. 132, 133.) [P.S.]

AQUILEIA ('Áкvλnta, Strab. et alii; 'AxoviAnia, Ptol.: Eth. 'Akuλhios, Steph. B., but 'AxʊAhotos, Herodian.; Aquilleiensis), the capital of the province of Venetia, and one of the most important cities of Northern Italy, was situated near the head of the Adriatic Sea, between the rivers Alsa and Natiso. Strabo tells us that it was 60 stadia from the sea, which is just about the truth, while Pliny erroneously places it 15 miles inland. Both these authors, as well as Mela and Herodian, agree in describing it as situated on the river Natiso; and Pliny says, that both that river and the Turrus (Natiso cum Turro) flowed by the walls of Aquileia. At the present day the river Torre (evidently the Turrus of Pliny) falls into the Natisone (a considerable mountain torrent, which rises in the Alps and flows by Cividale, the ancient Forum Julii), about 13 miles N. of Aquileia, and their combined waters discharge themselves into the Isonzo, about 4 miles NE. of that city. But from the low and level character of the country, and the violence of these mountain streams, there is much probability that they have changed their course, and really flowed, in ancient times, as described by Strabo and Pliny. An artificial cut, or canal, communicating from Aquileia with the sea, is still called Natisa. (Strab. v. p. 214; Plin. iii. 18. s. 22; Mela, ii. 4; Herodian, viii. 2, 5; Cluver. Ital. p. 184.)

All authors agree in ascribing the first foundation AQUAE TAURI, another of the numerous wa- of Aquileia to the Romans; and Livy expressly tells tering-places of Etruria, situated about three miles us that the territory was previously uninhabited, NE. of Centumcellae (Civita Vecchia). They on which account a body of Transalpine Gauls who are now called Bagni di Ferrata. The thermal had crossed the mountains in search of new abodes, waters here appear to have been in great vogue endeavoured to form a settlement there; but the among the Romans of the Empire, so that a town Romans took umbrage at this, and compelled them must have grown up on the spot, as we find the to recross the Alps. (Liv. xxxix. 22, 45, 54, 55.) Aquenses cognomine Taurini " mentioned by It was in order to prevent a repetition of such an Pliny (iii. 5. s. 8) among the separate communities attempt, as well as to guard the fertile plains of of Etruria. The baths are described by Rutilius, Italy from the irruptions of the barbarians on its who calls them Tauri Thermae, and ascribes their NE. frontier, that the Romans determined to estaname to their accidental discovery by a bull. (Rutil.blish a colony there. In B. C. 181, a body of 3000 Itin. i. 249-260; Tab. Peut.; Cluver. Ital. p. colonists was settled there, to which, 12 years later 486.) [E. H. B.] (B. c. 169), 1500 more families were added. (Liv. xl. 34, xliii. 17; Vell. Pat. i. 15.) The new colony, which received the name of Aquileia from the accidental omen of an eagle at the time of its

AQUAE TIBILITA'NAE (Hammam Meskoutin, or perhaps Hammam-el-Berda), in Numidia, near the river Rubricatus, on the high road from Cirta to

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foundation (Julian. Or. II. de gest. Const.; Eustath. ad Dion. Per. 378), quickly rose to great wealth and prosperity, and became an important commercial emporium; for which it was mainly indebted to its favourable position, as it were, at the entrance of Italy, and at the foot of the pass of Mount Ocra, which must always have been the easiest passage from the NE. into the Italian plains. The accidental discovery of valuable gold mines in the neighbouring Alps, in the time of Polybius, doubtless contributed to its prosperity (Pol. ap. Strab. iv. p. 208); but a more permanent source of wealth was the trade carried on there with the barbarian tribes of the mountains, and especially with the Illyrians and Pannonians on the Danube and its tributaries. These brought slaves, cattle and hides, which they exchanged for the wine and oil of Italy. All these productions were transported by land carriage as far as Nauportns, and thence by the Save into the Danube. (Strab.iv. p. 207, v. p. 214.) After the provinces of Illyria and Pannonia had been permanently united to the Roman Empire, the increased intercourse between the east and west necessarily added to the commercial prosperity of Aquileia. Nor was it less important in a military point of view. Caesar made it the head-quarters of his legions in Cisalpine Gaul, probably with a view to operations against the Illyrians (Caes. B. G. i. 10), and we afterwards find it repeatedly mentioned as the post to which the emperors, or their generals, repaired for the defence of the NE. frontier of Italy, or the first place which was occupied by the armies that entered it from that quarter. (Suet. Aug. 20, Tib. 7, Vesp. 6; Tac. Hist. ii. 46, 85, iii. 6, 8.) The same circumstance exposed it to repeated dangers. Under the reign of Augustus it was attacked, though without success, by the Iapodes (Appian. Illyr. 18); and at a later period, having had the courage to shut its gates against the tyrant Maximin, it was exposed to the first brunt of his fury, but was able to defy all his efforts during a protracted siege, which was at length terminated by the assassination of the emperor by his own soldiers, A. D. 238. (Herodian. viii. 2—5; Capitol. Maximin. 21-23.) At this time Aquileia was certainly one of the most important and flourishing cities of Italy, and during the next two centuries it continued to enjoy the same prosperity. It not only retained its colonial rank, but became the acknowledged capital of the province of Venetia; and was the only city of Italy, besides Rome itself, that had the privilege of a mint. (Not. Dign. ii. p. 48.) Ausonius, about the middle of the fourth century, ranks Aquileia as the ninth of the great cities of the Roman empire, and inferior among those of Italy only to Milan and Capua. (Ordo Nob. Urb. 6.) Though situated in a plain, it was strongly fortified with walls and towers, and seems to have enjoyed the reputation of an impregnable fortress. (Amm. Marc. xxi. 12.) During the later years of the empire it was the scene of several decisive events. Thus, in A. D. 340, the younger Constantine was defeated and slain on the banks of the river Alsa, almost beneath its walls. (Victor. Epit. 41. § 21; Eutrop. x. 9; Hieron. Chron. ad ann. 2356.) In 388 it witnessed the defeat and death of the usurper Maximus by Theodosius the Great (Zosim. iv. 46; Victor. Epit. 48; Idat. Chron. p. 11; Auson. l. c.); and in 425, that of Joannes by the generals of Theodosius II. (Procop. B. V. i. 2; Philostorg. xii. 14.) At length in A. D. 452 it was besieged by Attila, king of the

Huns, with a formidable host, and after maintaining an obstinate defence for above three months, was finally taken by assault, plundered, and burnt to the ground. (Cassiod. Chron. p. 230; Jornand. Get. 42; Procop. B. V. i. 4. p.330; Marcellin. Chron. p. 290; Hist. Miscell. xv. p. 549.) So complete was its destruction, that it never rose again from its ashes; and later writers speak of it as having left scarcely any ruins as vestiges of its existence. (Jornand. l. c.; Liutprand. iii. 2.) But these expressions must not be construed too strictly; it never became again a place of any importance, but was at least partially inhabited; and in the sixth century was still the residence of a bishop, who, on the invasion of the Lombards, took refuge with all the other inhabitants of Aquileia in the neighbouring island of Gradus, at the entrance of the lagunes. (Cassiodor. Var. xii. 26; P. Diac. ii. 10.) The bishops of Aquileia, who assumed the Oriental title of Patriarch, continued, notwithstanding the decay of the city, to maintain their pretensions to the highest ecclesiastical rank, and the city itself certainly maintained a sickly existence throughout the middle ages. Its final decay is probably to be attributed to the increasing unhealthiness of the situation. At the present day Aquileia is a mere straggling village, with about 1400 inhabitants, and no public buildings except the cathedral. No ruins of any ancient edifice are visible, but the site abounds with remains of antiquity, coins, engraved stones, and other minor objects, as well as shafts and capitals of columns, fragments of friezes, &c., the splendour and beauty of which sufficiently attest the magnificence of the ancient city. Of the numerous inscriptions discovered there, the most interesting are those which relate to the worship of Belenus, a local deity whom the Romans identified with Apollo, and who was believed to have co-operated in the defence of the city against Maximin. (Orell. Inscr.1967, 1968, &c.; Herodian. viii. 3; Capitol. Maximin. 22; Bertoli, Antichità di Aquileia, Venice, 1739, p. 86-96.)

Besides its commercial and military importance, Aquileia had the advantage of possessing a territory of the greatest fertility; it was especially noted for the abundance of its wine. (Herodian. viii. 2.) Nor was the situation, in ancient times, considered unhealthy, the neighbouring lagunes, like those of Altinum and Ravenna, being open to the flux and reflux of the tides, which are distinctly sensible in this part of the Adriatic. (Vitruv. i. 4. §11; Strab. v. p. 212; Procop. B. G. i. 1. p. 9.) Strabo speaks of the river Natiso as navigable up to the very walls of Aquileia (v. p. 214); but this could never have been adapted for large vessels, and it is probable that there existed from an early period a port or emporium on the little island of Gradus, at the mouth of the river, and entrance of the lagunes, We even learn that this island was, at one time, joined to the mainland by a paved causeway, which must certainly have been a Roman work. But the name of Gradus does not occur till after the fall of the Western Empire (P. Diac. ii. 10, iii. 25, v. 17), when it became, for a time, a considerable city, but afterwards fell into decay, and is now a poor place, with about 2000 inhabitants; it is still called Grado. [E. H. B.]

AQUILO'NIA ('Aroviλwvía, Ptol.). The exist ence of two cities of this name, both situated in Saninium, appears to be clearly established; though they have been regarded by many writers as iden

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