For our knowledge of the greater part of the country we are indebted chiefly to Pausanias, who has devoted one of his books to a description of its cities and their remains. The following is a list of the towns of Arcadia. 1. In Tegeatis (Teyeâris), the SE. district, TE. GEA, with the dependent places Manthyrea, Phylace, Garea, Corytheis. 2. In Mantinice (MaνTIVIK), the district N. of Tegeatis, MANTINEIA, with the dependent places, Maera, Petrosaca, Phoezon, Nestane, Melangeia, Elymia. 3. In Stymphalia (Ervμpaλía), the district N. of Mantinice, STYMPHALUS, OLIGYRTUM, ALEA. 4. In Maenalia (Maivaría), so called from Mt. Maenalus [MAENALUS], the district S. and W. of Mantinice, and W. of Tegeatis: on the road from Megalopolis to Tegea, LADOCEIA; Haemoniae (Aiuoviai), probably on the western side of Mt. Tzimbarú (Paus. viii. 3. §3, 44. § 1; Steph. B. SIUM, a little to the right of the road; Aphrodisium (Appodíotov, Paus. viii. 44. § 2); ATHENAEUM; ASEA; PALLANTIUM. On the road from Megalopolis to Maenalus, along the valley of the Helisson, Peraetheis (Пepaileîs, Paus. viii. 3. § 4, 27. § 3, 36. § 7), LYCOA, DIPAEA, SUMATIA, MAENALUS. N. of Maenalus, ANEMOSA and HELISSON. Between Pallantium and Asea EUTAEA. The inhabitants of most of these towns were removed to MEGALOPOLIS, on the foundation of the latter city, which was situated in the SW. corner of Maenalia. The same remark applies to the inhabitants of most of the towns in the districts Maleatis, Cromitis, Parrhasia, Cynuria, Eutresia. from about 40 petty Arcadian townships. [MEGALOPOLIS.] Of the constitution of the new confederation we have very little information. We only know that the great council of the nation, which used to meet at Megalopolis, was called of Múpiei, or the "Ten Thousand." (Xen. Hell. vi. 5. § 3, seq., vii. 1. § 38; Paus. viii. 27; Diod. xv. 59.) This council was evidently a representative assembly, and was not composed exclusively of Megalopolitans; but when and how often it was assembled, and whether there was any smaller council or not, are questions which cannot be answered. (For details, see Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. v. p.88.) A standing army was also formed, called Epariti ('Enápiro), consisting of 5000 men, to defend the common interests of the confederation. (Xen. Hell. vii. 4. § 34, vii. 5. § 3; Diod. xv. 62, 67; Hesych. 8. v. TOPÓNTOL.) Supported by the Thebans, the Arcadians were able to resist all the attempts of the Spartans to prevent the new confederacy from becoming a reality; but they sustained one signals. v.; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 247); ORESTHAdefeat from the Spartans under Archidamus, in B. C. 367, in what is called the "Tearless battle," although the statement that 10,000 of the Arcadians and their Argive allies were slain, without the loss of a single man on the Spartan side, is evidently an exaggeration. (Plut. Ages. 33; Diod. xv. 72; Xen. Hell. vii. 1. § 28, seq.) In B. c. 365, a war broke out between the Arcadians and Eleans, in which the former were not only successful, but took possession of Olympia, and gave to the Pisatans the presidency of the Olympic games (364). The members of the Arcadian government appropriated a portion of the sacred treasures at Olympia to pay their troops; but this proceeding was warmly censured by the Mantineians, who were, for some reason, opposed to the supreme government. The latter was supported by Tegea, as well as by the Thebans, and the Mantineians, in consequence, were led to ally themselves with their ancient enemies the Spartans. (Xen. Hell. vii. 4; Diod. xv. 77, seq.) Thus, the two most powerful cities of Arcadia were again arrayed against each other, and the strength of the new confederation was destroyed almost as soon as it was formed. The disturbed state of Arcadia brought Epaminondas at the head of a Theban army into Peloponnesus, in B. c. 362; and his death at the battle of Mantineia was followed by a general peace among all the belligerents, with the exception of Sparta. In the subsequent disturbances in Greece, we hear little of the Arcadians; and though Megalopolis continued to be an important city, the political confederation lost all real power. After the death of Alexander the Great, we find many of the Arcadian cities in the hands of tyrants; and so little union was there between the cities, that some of them joined the Achaean, and others the Aetolian, league. Thus Megalopolis was united to the Achaean League, whereas Orchomenus, Tegea, and Mantineia, were members of the Aetolian. (Pol. ii. 44, 46.) Subsequently, the whole of Arcadia was annexed to the Achaean League, to which it continued to belong till the dissolution of the league by the Romans, when Arcadia, with the rest of the Peloponnesus, became part of the Roman province of Achaia. [ACHAIA.] Like many of the other countries of Greece, Arcadia rapidly declined under the Roman dominion. Strabo describes it as almost deserted at the time when he wrote; and of all its ancient cities Tegea was the only one still inhabited in his day. (Strab. p. 388.) | 5. In Maleatis (Maλeârīs), a district S. of Maenalia, on the borders of Laconia. The inhabitants of this district, and of Cromitis, are called Aegytae by Pausanias (viii. 27. § 4), because the Lacedae monian town of Aegys originally belonged to Arcadia. MALEA; LEUCTRA, or LEUCTRUM; PHALAESEAE; Scirtonium (Ekipтúvior, Paus. viii. 27. § 4), of uncertain site. 6. In Cromitis (Kpwμîris), a district west of Maleatis, on the Messenian frontier: CROMI, or CROMNUS; GATHEAE; Phaedrias (Þaιopías, Paus. viii. 35. § 1), on the road from Megalopolis to Carnasium, perhaps on the height above Neokhóri. (Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 236.) 7. In Parrhasia (Пappaσikh, Thuc. v. 33), a district on the Messenian frontier, N. of Cromitis and Messenia, occupying the left bank of the plain of the Alpheius: MACAREAE; DAseae; AcaceSIUM; LYCOSURA; THOCNIA; BASILIS; CYPSELA; BATHOS; TRAPEZUS; Acontium and Proseis ('АKÓνтIOν, Проσεis), both of uncertain site. (Paus. viii. 27. § 4.) The Parrhasii (Пappάoto) are mentioned as one of the most ancient of the Arcadian tribes. (Strab. p. 388; Steph. B. s. v. 'AÇavía.) During the Peloponnesian war the Mantineians had extended their supremacy over the Parrhasii, but the latter were restored to independence by the Lacedaemonians, B.C. 421. (Thuc. v. 33.) [MANTINEIA.] Homer mentions a town Parrhasia, said to have been founded by Parrhasus, son of Lycaon, or by Pelasgus, son of Arestor, which Leake conjectures to be the same as Lycosura. (Hom. Il. ii. 608; Plin. iv. 10; Steph. B. s. v. Пapparía.) [LYcOSURA.] The Roman poets frequently us the adjectives Parrhasius and Parrhasis as equivalent to Arcadian. (Virg. Aen. viii. 344, xi. 31; Ov. Met. viii. 315.) Thus we find Parrhasides stellae, i. e. Ursa major (Ov. Fast. iv. 577); Parrhasia dea, i. e. Carmenta (Ov. Fast. i. 618); Parrhasia virgo, i. e. Callisto. (Ov. Trist. ii. 190.) 8. In Phigalice, W. of Parrhasia and N. of Messenia, PHIGALIA. 9. In Cynuria, N. of Phigalice and Parrhasia: Lycaea [see LYCOA]; THEISOA ; BRENTHE; Rhaeteae ('Pairéa), at the confluence of the Gortynius and Alpheius (Paus. viii. 28. § 3); THYRAEUM; HYPSUS; GORTYS or GORTYNA; MARATHA; BUPHAGIUM; ALIPHERA. 10. In Eutresia (Eurpnoia), a district between Parrhasia and Maenalia, inhabited by the Eutresii (Xen. Hell. vii. 1. § 29.), of which the following towns are enumerated by Pausanias (viii. 27. $3): Tricoloni (Tpikóλwvot, viii. 3. § 4, 35. $6); Zoeteium or Zoetia (Zoiretov or Zoría, viii. 35.6); Charisia (Xapiola, viii. 3. § 4, 35. § 5); Ptolederma (IITоλédepua); Cnausum (Kraîoov): Paroreia (Пapúpeta, viii. 35. §6). In Eutresia, there was a village, Scias (kids), 13 stadia from Megalopolis; then followed in order, northwards, Charisia, Tricoloni, Zoeteium or Zoetia, and Paroreia; but the position of the other places is doubtful. Stephanus speaks of a town Eutresii (s. v. Erpnois), and Hesychius of a town Eutre (s. v. Erpm); but in Pausanias the name is only found as that of the people. 11. In Heracatis ('Hpaiaris), the district in the W. on the borders of Elis, HERAEA and MELAE NEAE. 12. In Orchomenia ('Opxoμevía), the district N. of Eutresia and Cynuria, and E. of Hereatis: ORCHOMENUS; AMILUS; METHYDRIUM; PHALANTHUM; THEISOA; TEUTHIS; Nonacris, Callia, and Dipoena, forming a Tripolis, but otherwise unknown. (Paus. viii. 27. § 4.) This Nonacris must not be confounded with the Nonacris in Pheneatis, where the Styx rose. 13. In Caphyatis (Kapuaris), the district N. and W. of Orchomenia: CAPHYAE and Nasi (Nãooi), on the river Tragus. (Paus. viii. 23. §§ 2, 9.) 14. In Pheneatis (Pevearis), the district N. of Caphyatis, and in the NE. of Arcadia, on the frontiers of Achaia: PHENEUS; LYCURIA; CARYAE; PENTELEUM; NONACRIS. ARCA'NUM. [ARPINUM.] ARCHABIS (Apxa6is), a river of Pontus,-or ARCHAEO'POLIS (Αρχαιόπολις), & city of Colchis, on the borders of Iberia, in a very strong position on a rock near the river Phasis. At the time of the Byzantine empire, it was the capital of the Lazic kingdom. (Procop. B. G. iv. 13; Agath. iii. 5, 8, 17.) [P.S.] ARCHANDRO'POLIS ('Apxávopov πóxis, Herod. ii. 97, 98; Steph. B. s.v.: Eth. ApxavdporoXirns), a city in Lower Egypt, between Naucratis and Sais, which derived its name, according to Herodotus, from Archandros of This, the father-in-law of Danaus. He observes that Archandros is not an Egyptian appellation. [ANDROPOLIS.] [W. B. D.] ARCHELA'IS (Apxeλats). 1. In Cappadocia, and on the Halys, as Pliny states (vi. 3); a foundation of Archelaus, the last king of Cappadocia, which 15. In Cleitoria (KAeropía), the district W. of the emperor Claudius made a Colonia. The site is Pheneatis: CLEITOR; LUSI; PAUS; Seirae (Zeipal, assumed to be Ak-serai (Hamilton, Researches, vol. Paus. viii. 23. § 9; nr. Dekhuni, Leake, Pelopon-ii. p. 230; Lond. Geog. Journ. vol. viii. p. 146); but nesiaca, p. 221), on the frontiers of Psophidia; Leucasium (Aeuкάo Lov), Mesoboa (Meσóboa), Nasi (Naaoi), Oryx or Halus (Opv, 'Aλoûs), and Thaliades (axiades), all on the river Ladon. (Paus. viii. 25. § 2; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 229.) 16. CYNAETHA, with a small territory N. of Cleitoria. 17. In Psophidia (Ywpidía), a district W. of Cleitoria, on the frontiers of Elis: PSOPHIS, with the village Tropaea. 18. In Thelpusia (OeλTvoía), the district S. of the preceding, also on the frontiers of Elis: THEL PUSA, and ONCEIUM or ONCAE. The site of the following Arcadian towns, mentioned by Stephanus Byzantinus, is quite unknown: Allante (ANávrn); Anthana (Aváva); Aulon (Avλúr); Derea (Aépea); Diope (Aión); Elis CHAIS); Ephyra (Epupa): Eua (Eva); Eugeia (Ebyela); Hysia (Toia); Nede (Neon); Nestania Ak-serai is not on the Halys, as Leake supposes. 2. A village built by Archelaus, son of Herod (Joseph. Antiq. xvii. 13. § 1), and not far from Phasaelis (xviii. 2. §2). It is placed by the Peutinger Tables 12 M. P. north of Jericho. (Reland, Palaest. p. 576, comp. plate, p. 421.) [E. B. J.] ARCI, a city of Hispania Baetica, and a colony, is identified by coins and inscriptions with the ruins at Arcos on the Guaudalete, E. of Xeres. (Florez, ix. p. 90, x. p. 48.) [P. S.] ARCIDA'VA (Tab. Peut.; 'Apyldava, Ptol. iii. 8. § 9), a city of Dacia, on the road from Vimina cium to Tiviscum, probably near Safka or Slatina, [P.S.] ARDANIS or ARDANIA ('Apdavis akрa, Ptol. iv. 5. § 2; Peripl.; 'Apdavía, Strab. i. p. 40, corrupted into ’Apdaváğns, xvii. p. 838: Ras-al-Milhr), a low promontory, with a roadstead, on the N. coast of Africa, in that part of Marmarica which belonged to Cyrene, between Petra Magna and Menelaus Portus; at the point where the coast suddenly falls off to the S. before the commencement of the Catabathmus Magnus. [P.S.] had united with the Zacynthians in the foundation of Saguntum in Spain, also points to the early power and prosperity ascribed to the city. In the historical period Ardea had become a purely Latin city, and its name appears among the thirty which constituted the Latin League. (Dion. Hal. v. 61.) According to the received history of Rome, it was besieged by Tarquinius Superbus, and it was during this longprotracted siege that the events occurred which led to the expulsion of this monarch. (Liv. i. 57—60; Dion. Hal. iv. 64.) But though we are told that, in consequence of that revolution, a truce for 15 years was concluded, and Ardea was not taken, yet it appears immediately afterwards in the first treaty with Carthage, as one of the cities then subject to Rome. (Pol. iii. 22.) It is equally remarkable that though the Roman historians speak in high terms of the wealth and prosperity it then enjoyed (Liv. i. 57), it seems to have from this time sunk into comparative insignificance, and never appears in history as taking a prominent part among the cities of Latium. The next mention we find of it is on occasion of a dispute with Aricia for possession of the vacant territory of Corioli, which was referred by the consent of the two cities to the arbitration of the Romans, who iniquitously pronounced the disputed lands to belong to themselves. (Liv. iii. 71, 72.) Notwithstanding this injury, the Ardeates were induced to renew their friendship and alliance with Rome: and, shortly after, their city being agitated by internal dissensions between the nobles and plebeians, the former called in the assistance of the Romans, with whose aid they overcame the popular party and their Volscian allies. But these troubles and the expulsion of a large number of the defeated party had reduced Ardea to a low condition, and it was content to receive a Roman colony for its protection against the Volscians, B. C. 442. (Liv. iv 7, 9, 11; Diod. xii. 34.) In the legendary history of Camillus Ardea plays an important part : afforded him an asylum in his exile; and the Ardeates are represented as contributing greatly to the very apocryphal victories by which the Romans are said to have avenged themselves on the Gauls. (Liv. v. 44, 48; Plut. Camill. 23, 24.) it From this time Ardea disappears from history as an independent city; and no mention of it is found on occasion of the great final struggle of the Latins against Rome in B. C. 340. It appears to have gra A'RDEA ('Apòéa: Eth. 'Apôeárns, Ardeas, -atis), a very ancient city of Latium, still called Ardea, situated on a small river about 4 miles from the seacoast, and 24 miles S. of Rome. Pliny and Mela reckon it among the maritime cities of Latium: Strabo and Ptolemy more correctly place it inland, but the former greatly overstates its distance from the sea at 70 stadia. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Mela, ii. 4; Strab. v. p. 232; Ptol. iii. 1. § 61.) All ancient writers agree in representing it as a city of great an-dually lapsed into the condition of an ordinary "Colotiquity, and in very early times one of the most wealthy and powerful in this part of Italy. Its foundation was ascribed by some writers to a son of Ulysses and Circe (Xenag. ap. Dion. Hal. i. 72; Steph. B. v. 'Apôéa); but the more common tradition, followed by Virgil as well as by Pliny and Solinus, represented it as founded by Danaë, the mother of Perseus. Both accounts may be considered as pointing to a Pelasgic origin; and Niebuhr regards it as the capital or chief city of the Pelasgian portion of the Latin nation, and considers the name of its king Turnus as connected with that of the Tyrrhenians. (Virg. Aen. vii. 410; Plin. l. c.; Solin. 2. §5; Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 44, vol. ii. p. 21.) It appears in the legendary history of Aeneas as the capital of the Rutuli, a people who had disappeared or become absorbed into the Latin nation before the commencement of the historical period: but their king Turnus is represented as dependent on Latinus, though holding a separate sovereignty. The tradition mentioned by Livy (xxi. 7), that the Ardeans nia Latina," and was one of the twelve which in B. C. 209 declared themselves unable to bear any longer their share of the burthens cast on them by the Second Punic War. (Liv. xxvii. 9.) We may hence presume that it was then already in a declining state; though on account of the strength of its position, we find it selected in B. C. 186 as the place of confinement of Minius Cerrinius, one of the chief persons implicated in the Bacchanalian mysteries. (Liv. xxxix. 19.) It afterwards suffered severely, in common with the other cities of this part of Latium, from the ravages of the Samnites during the civil wars between Marius and Sulla: and Strabo speaks of it in his time as a poor decayed place. Virgil also tells us that there remained of Ardea only a great name, but its fortune was past away. (Strab. v. p. 232; Virg. Aen. vii. 413; Sil. Ital. i. 291.) The unhealthiness of its situation and neighbourhood, noticed by Strabo and various other writers (Strab. p. 231; Seneca, Ep. 105; Martial, iv. 60), doubtless contributed to its decay: and Juvenal tells not far from the sea-coast. (Strab. v. p. 232; Plin. iii. 5, 9; Mela, ii. 4.) The VIA ARDEATINA, which led direct from Rome to Ardea, is mentioned in the Curiosum Urbis (p. 28, ed. Preller) among the roads which issued from the gates of Rome, as well as by Festus (v Retricibus, p. 282, M.; Inscr. ap. Gruter, p. 1139. 12). It quitted the Via Appia at a short distance from Rome, and passed by the farms now called Tor Narancia, Cicchignola, and Tor di Nona (so called from its position at the ninth mile from Rome) to the Solfarata, 15 R. miles from the city: a spot where there is a pool of cold sulphureous water, partly surrounded by a rocky ridge. There is no doubt that this is the source mentioned by Vitruvius (Fons in Ardeatino,' viii. 3) as analogous to the Aquae Albulae; and it is highly probable that it is the site also of the Oracle of Faunus, so picturesquely described by Virgil (Aen. vii. 81). This has been transferred by many writers to the source of the Albula, but the locality in question agrees much better with the description in Virgil, though it has lost much of its gloomy character, since the why Albunea may not have had a shrine here as us that in his time the tame elephants belonging to an the emperor were kept in the territory of Ardea (xii. 105); a proof that it must have been then, as at the present day, in great part uncultivated. We find mention of a redistribution of its "ager" by Hadrian (Lib. Colon. p. 231), which would indicate an attempt at its revival,- but the effort seems to have been unsuccessful: no further mention of it occurs in history, and the absence of almost all inscriptions of imperial date confirms the fact that it had sunk into insignificance. It probably, however, never ceased to exist, as it retained its name unaltered, and a "castellum Ardeae" is mentioned early in the middle ages,-probably, like the modern town, occupying the ancient citadel. (Nibby, vol. i. p. 231.) The modern village of Ardea (a poor place with only 176 inhabitants, and a great castellated mansion belonging to the Dukes of Cesarini) occupies the level surface of a hill at the confluence of two narrow valleys: this, which evidently constituted the ancient Arx or citadel, is joined by a narrow neck to a much broader and more extensive plateau, on which stood the ancient city. No vestiges of this exist (though the site is still called by the peasants Ci-wood has been cleared away; and there is no reason vita Vecchia); but on the NE., where it is again joined to the table-land beyond, by a narrow isthmus, is a vast mound or Agger, extending across from valley to valley, and traversed by a gateway in its centre; while about half a mile further is another similar mound of equal dimensions. These ramparts were probably the only regular fortifications of the city itself; the precipitous banks of tufo rock towards the valleys on each side needing no additional defence. The citadel was fortified on the side towards the city by a double fosse or ditch, hewn in the rock, as well as by massive walls, large portions of which are still preserved, as well as of those which crowned the crest of the cliffs towards the valleys. They are built of irregular square blocks of tufo: but some portions appear to have been rebuilt in later times. (Gell, Top. of Rome, pp. 97—100; Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. pp. 233-240.) There exist no other remains of any importance: nor can the sites be traced of the ancient temples, which continued to be objects of veneration to the Romans when Ardea had already fallen into decay. Among these Pliny particularly mentions a temple of Juno, which was adorned with ancient paintings of great merit; for the execution of which the painter (a Greek artist) was rewarded with the freedom of the city. In another passage he speaks of paintings in temples at Ardea (probably different from the above), which were believed to be more ancient than the foundation of Rome. (Plin. xxxv. 3. s. 6, 10. s. 37.) Besides these temples in the city itself, Strabo tells us that there was in the neighbourhood a temple of Venus ('Appodiolov), where the Latins annually assembled for a great festival This is evidently the spot mentioned by Pliny and Mela in a manner that would have led us to suppose it a town of the name of APHRODISIUM; its exact site is unknown, but it appears to have been between Ardea and Antium, Concerning the name and origin of the painter, which are written in the common editions of Pliny "Marcus Ludius Elotas Aetolia oriundus," for which Sillig would substitute "Plautius Marcus Cleoetas Alalia exoriundus," see the art. Ludius, in Biogr. Dict., and Sillig's note on the passage, in his new edition of Pliny. But his emendation Alalia is scarcely tenable. A'RDEA ("Apdea), a town in the interior of ARDELICA, a town of Gallia Transpadana, which occupied the site of the modern Peschiera, at the SE. angle of the Lacus Benacus (Lago di Garda), just where the Mincius issued from the lake. The name is found under the corrupted form Ariolica in the Tab. Peut., which correctly places it between Brixia and Verona; the true form is preserved by inscriptions, from one of which we learn that it was a trading place, with a corporation of ship-owners, "collegium naviculariorum Ardelicensium." (Orell. Inscr. 4108.) [E. H. B.] ARDETTUS. [ATHENAE.] ARDERICCA ('Aрdéρiêкα), a small place in Assyria on the Euphrates above Babylon (Herod. i. 185), about which the course of the Euphrates was made very tortuous by artificial cuts. The passage of Herodotus is unintelligible to us, and the site of Ardericca unknown. Herodotus (vi. 119) gives the same name to another place in Cissia to which Darius, the son of Hystaspes, removed the captives of Eretria. It was, according to Herodotus, 210 stadia from Susa (Sus), and 40 stadia from the spring from which were got asphalt, salt, and oil. [G. L.] ARDIAEI ('Apdiator), an Illyrian people mentioned by Strabo, probably inhabited Mt. Ardion, which the same geographer describes as a chain of mountains running through the centre of Da.matia. (Strab. vii. p. 315.) ARDOBRICA (Coruña), a sea-port town of the Artabri, in the NW. of Spain, on the great gulf his passage of the Graian Alps. (Wickham and called Portus Artabrorum (Bay of Coruña and Ferrol). The above is probably the right form of the name, but the MSS. differ greatly. (Mela, iii. 1. § 9.) [P. S.] ARDUENNA ('Apdoúevva üλn: Ardennes), the largest forest in Gallia in Caesar's time. (B. G. v. 3, vi. 29, 33.) He describes it in one passage as extending from the Rhine, through the midst of ARELATE (also Arelatum, Arelas, 'Apeλára: the territory of the Treviri, to the borders of the Eth. Arelatensis: Arles), a city of the Provincia or territory of the Remi; and in another passage as Gallia Narbonensis, first mentioned by Caesar (B. C. extending from the banks of the Rhine and the bor-i. 36, ii. 5), who had some ships built there for the ders of the Treviri more than 500 Roman miles to the Nervii. From a third passage we may collect that he supposed it to extend to the Scaldis, Schelde. Accordingly it was included in the country of the Belgae D'Anville conjectures that the reading of Caesar, instead of "millibusque amplius I in longitudinem," should be CL. Orosius (vi. 10), who is here copying Caesar, has "plus quam quingenta millia passuum" (ed. Haverkamp); but the old editions, according to D'Anville, have L instead of ID. Strabo (p. 194) says that the Arduenna is a forest, not of lofty trees; an extensive forest, but not so large as those describe it who make it 4,000 stadia, that is, 500 Roman miles, or exactly what the text of Caesar has. (See Groskurd's Translation, vol. i. p. 335, and his note.) It seems, then, that Strabo must then be referring to what he found in Caesar's Commentaries. He makes the Arduenna include the country of the Morini, Atrebates, and Eburones, and consequently to extend to the North Sea on the west, and into the Belgian province of Liege on the north. The dimensions of 500 Roman miles is a great error, and it is hardly possible that Caesar made the mistake. The error is probably due to his copyists. The direct distance from Coblenz, the most eastern limit that we can give to the Arduenna, to the source of the Sambre, is not above 200 Roman miles; and the whole distance from Coblenz to the North Sea, measured past the sources of the Sambre, is not much more than 300 miles. The Arduenna comprehended part of the Prussian territory west of the Rhine, of the duchy of Luxembourg, of the French department of Ardennes, to which it gives name, and a small part of the south of Belgium. It is a rugged country, hilly, but not mountainous. The name Arduenna appears to be descriptive, and may mean "forest." A woodland tract in Warwickshire is still called Arden. It was once a large forest, extending from the Trent to the Severn. [G. L.] ARDYES (Apôves), a tribe of Celtae, whom Polybius (iii. 47) places in the upper or northern valley of the Rhone, as he calls it. His description clearly applies to the Valais, down which the Rhone flows to the Lake of Geneva. In the canton of Valais there is a village still called Ardon in the division of the Valais, named Gontey. [G. L.] AREA, or ARIA. [ARETIAS.] AREBRIGIUM, a town or village of the Salassi, mentioned only in the Itineraries, which place it on the road from Augusta Praetoria to the pass of the Graian Alps, 25 M. P. from the former city. (Itin. Ant. pp. 345, 347; Tab. Peut.) This distance coincides with the position of Prè St. Didier, a considerable village in an opening of the upper valley of Aosta, just where the great streams from the southern flank of Mont Blanc join the Dora, which descends from the Petit St. Bernard. As the first tolerably open space in the valley, it is supposed to have been the first halting-place of Hannibal after siege of Massilia. The place is situated on the left bank of the Rhone, where the river divides into two branches. It was connected by roads with Valentia (Valence), with Massilia (Marseille); with Forum Julii (Fréjus), with Barcino in Spain (Barcelona); and with other places. This city is supposed to be the place called Theline in the Ora Maritima (v. 679) of Festus Avienus; and as Theline appears to be a significant Greek term (ný), D'Anville (Notice, &c., Arelate), and others found a confirmation of the name of Avienus in a stone discovered near Arles, with the inscription Mammillaria: but the stone is a mile-stone, and the true reading on it is "Massil. Milliar. I.", that is, the first mile-stone on the way from Arelate to Massilia; a signal instance of the blunders which may be made by trusting to careless copies of inscriptions, and to false etymologies (Walckenaer, Géog. des Gaules). Arelate was in the country of the Salyes, after whose conquest by the Romans (B. c. 123), we may suppose that the place fell under their dominion. It became a Roman colony, apparently in the time of Augustus, with the name of Sextani attached to it, in consequence of some soldiers of the sixth legion being settled there (Plin. iii. 4); and this name is confirmed by an inscription. Another inscription gives it also the cognomen Julia. In Strabo's time (p. 181) it was the centre of considerable trade, and Mela (ii. 5) mentions Arelate as one of the chief cities of Gallia Narbonensis. The place was improved by Constantine, and a new town was built, probably by him, opposite to the old one, on the other side of the stream; and from this circumstance Arelate was afterwards called Constantina, as it is said. Ausonius (Urb. Nobil. viii.) accordingly calls Arelate duplex, and speaks of the bridge of boats on the river. The new city of Constantine was on the site of the present suburb of Trinquetaille, in the island of La Camargue, which is formed by the bifurcation of the Rhone at Arles. Arelate was the residence of the praefect of Gallia in the time of Honorius; and there was a mint in the city. The Roman remains of Arles are very numerous. An obelisk of Egyptian granite was found buried with earth some centuries ago, and it was set up in 1675 in one of the squares. It seems that the obelisk had remained on the spot where it was originally landed, and had never been erected by the Romans. The amphitheatre of Arles is not so perfect as that of Nemausus (Nimes), but the dimensions are much larger. It is estimated that it was capable of containing at least 20,000 persons. The larger diameter of the amphitheatre is 466 feet. A part of the old cemetery, Campus Elysius, now Eliscamps, contains ancient tombs, both Pagan and Christian. [G. L.] AREMORICA. [ARMORICA.] ARENACUM, is mentioned by Tacitus (Hist v. 20) as the station of the tenth legion, when Civilis attacked the Romans at Arenacum, Bata |