under the Romans, the woollen manufactures which are still one of its chief sources of prosperity. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 374.) It seems, however, to have declined during the later ages of the empire; but continued to subsist throughout the middle ages, and is still a considerable town with about 9000 inhabitants. Arpinum contains scarcely any remains of Roman date, but its ancient walls, built in the Cyclopean style, of large polygonal or irregular blocks of stone, are one of the most striking specimens of this style of construction in Italy. They extend along the northern brow of the hill, occupied by the present town, as far as the ancient citadel now called Civita Vecchia on its highest summit. Nearly adjoining this is an ancient gate of very singular construction, being formed of roughly hewn stones, the successive courses of which project over each other till they meet, so as to form a kind of pointed arch. Some resemblance may certainly be traced between this gateway and those at Tiryns and Mycenae, but the agreement is by no means so close as maintained by Gell and other writers. Lower down the hill is a fine Roman arch, serving as one of the gates of the modern town; and near it are some massive remains of a monument, apparently sepulchral, which a local antiquary (Clavelli) maintains to be the tomb of king Saturnus (!), who, according to popular belief, was the founder of Arpinum. (Romanelli, vol. iii. pp. 371-375; Clavelli, Storia di Arpino, pp. 11, 12; Kelsall, Journey to Arpino, Geneva, 1820, pp. 63-79; Craven, Abruzzi, vol. i. pp. 107-109; Dionigi, Viaggio ad alcune Città del Lazio, pp. 47-53.) GATE OF ARPINUM. Cicero repeatedly alludes to a villa belonging to his brother Quintus, between Arpinum and Aquinum, to which he gives the name of ARCANUM (ad Q. Fr. iii. 1, 9, ad Att. v. 1). Hence it has been supposed that the modern village of Arce, about 7 miles S. of Arpinum, was in ancient times known as ARX; and indeed it is already mentioned under that name by P. Diaconus, in the seventh century. (Hist. vi. 27.) There is, however, no ground for connecting it (as has been done by Romanelli and others) with the At of Ptolemy (iii. 1. § 57), which is placed by that writer among the Marsi. It was probably only a village in the territory of Arpinum; though, if we can trust to the inscriptions published by local writers in which ARKAE and ARKANUM are found, it must have been a town with municipal privileges. (Romanelli, vol. iii. pp. 361,375; but comp. Muratori, Inscr. p. 1102. 4.) The villa of Q. Cicero was placed, like that of his brother, in the valley of the Liris, beneath the hill now occupied by Arce: and some remains which have been found in that locality are regarded, with much plausibility, as those of the villa itself. The inscriptions alleged to have been discovered there are, however, of ve y doubtful authenticity. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 376, Dionigi, l. c. p. 45; Orell. Inscr. 571, 572.) Plutarch (Mar. 3) mentions a village which he calls Cirrhaeaton (Kippaiáтwv), in the territory of Arpinum, at which he tells us that Marius was brought up. The name is probably a corruption of CEREATAE, but if so, he is certainly mistaken in assigning it to the immediate neighbourhood of Arpinum. [CEREATAE.] [E. H. B.] ARRA. 1. (Marrah, Máarra), a town of Chalcidice, in Syria, 20 M. P. S. of Chalcis (It. Ant. p. 194). In Abulfeda (Tab. Syr. pp. 21, 111), it appears as a considerable place, under the name of Maarat. 2. (Appη kúμn, Ptol. vi. 7. § 30), an inland town of Arabia Felix, the same apparently which Pliny calls Areni (vi. 28. s. 32). [P.S.] ARRABO ('Apaбúv, Ptol. ii. 11. § 5, ii. 16. §§ 1, 2). 1. A river, one of the feeders of the Danube, and the boundary between Upper and Lower Pannonia. It entered the Danube just below the modern royal borough of Raab. 2. ARRABONE (in the ablative case, Georg. Ravenna, iv. 19), or ARRABONA, in its later form, was a city of Pannonia situated near the junction of the river Arrabo with the Danube. It was a place of some importance under the lower empire, and was garrisoned by detachments of the tenth and fourteenth legions. It is probably the ARBON (Ap6wv) of Polybius (ii. 11). The royal borough of Raab corresponds nearly with the ancient Arrabo. (It. Anton. p. 246; Tab. Peutinger.; Notitia Im perii.) [W. B. D.] A'RRABON, A'RRAGON. [ARAGUS.] ARRE'CHI ('Appnxo), a tribe of the Maeotae, on the E. side of the Palus Maeotis (Strab. xi. p. 495; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. vi. 7); probably the Arichi ('Apixoi) of Ptolemy (v. 9. § 18). [P. S.] ARRETIUM ('Αῤῥήτιον: Eth. Αῤῥητίνος, Aretinus, Plin.; but inscriptions have always Arretinus: Arezzo), one of the most ancient and powerful cities of Etruria, situated in the upper valley of the Arnus, about 4 miles S. of that river. Strabo says that it was the most inland city of Etruria, near the foot of the Apennines, and reckons it 1,200 stadia from Rome, which rather exceeds the truth. The Itineraries place it on the Via Clodia, 50 M. P. from Florentia, and 37 from Clusium. (Strab. v. p. 226; Itin. Ant. p. 285; Tab. Peut.) All accounts agree in representing it as in early ages one of the most important and powerful cities of Etruria, and it was unquestionably one of the twelve which composed the confederation (Müller, Etrusker, vol. i. p. 345), though, in consequence of its remoteness from Rome, we hear comparatively little of it in history. It is first mentioned during the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, when we are told that five of the Etruscan cities, Arretium, Clusium, Volaterrae, Rusellae, and Vetulonia, united their arms with the Latins and Sabines against the growing power of the Roman king. (Dionys. iii. 51.) From this time we hear no more of it for more than two centuries, till the extension of the Roman arms again brought them into collision with the more distant cities of Etruria; but among these Arretium seems to have been the least hostile in its disposition. In B. c. 309 we are told that it was the only one of the Etruscan cities which did not join in the war against Rome, and though it appears to have been subsequently drawn into the league, it hastened in the following year to conclude a peace with the Republic for 30 years. | Julienses were evidently the colonists settled by Au(Liv. ix. 32, 37; Diod. xx. 35.) It would seem gustus: the Arretini Fidentes probably dated from that the Arretines were again in arms with the other the time of Sulla, or perhaps from a still earlier Etruscans in B. c. 294, but were compelled to sue period. But there seems reason to believe that Arrefor peace, and purchased a truce for 40 years with àtium Vetus, the ancient Etruscan city, did in fact large sum of money. (Id. x. 37.) Livy speaks of occupy a site different from the modern Arezzo, Arretium at this time as one of the chief cities of which has probably succeeded to the Roman city. Etruria," capita Etruriae populorum;" but we learn The ruins of the former have been pointed out on a that they were agitated, and probably weakened by height called Poggio di S. Cornelio, two or three domestic dissensions, which in one instance involved miles to the SE. of Arezzo, where there are some them in open war. (Id. x. 3.) The occasion on remains of ancient walls, apparently of Etruscan which they passed into the condition of subjects or construction. The only ruins visible in the modern dependents of Rome is unknown, but it was appa-city are some small portions of an amphitheatre, derently by a peaceful arrangement, as we hear of no triumph over the Arretines. In B. C. 283 they were besieged by the Senonian Gauls, and a Roman army which advanced to their relief was defeated, but the city did not fall into the hands of the enemy. (Pol. ii. 19.) cidedly of Roman date. (Repetti, Diz. Geogr. di Toscana, vol. i. p. 585; Micali, Mon. Ined. p. 410; Dennis's Etruria, vol. ii. pp. 421–431.) the ancient Etruscan city) as built of brick, and remarkable for the excellence of their construction. (Vitruv. ii. 8. § 9; Plin. xxxv. 14. s. 49.) No remains of these are now visible. Maecenas is coinmonly regarded as a native of Arretium. There is not, indeed, any proof that he was himself born there, but it is certain that the family of the Cilnii to which he belonged was at an early period the most powerful and conspicuous of the nobility of that city (Liv. x. 3, 5; compare Hor. Carm. iii. 29. 1, Sat. i. 6. 1); and the jesting epithets applied to his favourite by Augustus leave little doubt of his Arretian origin. (Macrob. ii. 4.) The other relics of antiquity discovered at Arezzo are far more interesting and valuable. Among these are numerous works in bronze, especially the ChiAfter the Romans had completed the conquest of maera and the statue of Minerva, both of which are Italy, Arretium was regarded as a military post of now preserved in the Gallery at Florence, and are the highest importance, as commanding the western among the most interesting specimens of Etruscan entrance into Etruria and the valley of the Tiber art. Much pottery has also been found, of a pecufrom Cisalpine Gaul. The high road across the liar style of bright red ware with ornaments in Apennines from thence to Bononia was not con- relief, wholly different from the painted vases so structed till B. c. 187 (Liv. xxxix. 2), but it is clear numerous in Southern Etruria. The Roman inscripthat this route was one previously frequented; hence, tions on them confirm the statement of Pliny (xxxv. in the Second Punic War, Flaminius was posted at 46), who speaks of Arretium as still celebrated in Arretium with his army in order to oppose the ad- his time for its pottery; which was, however, revance of Hannibal, while Servilius occupied Arimi-garded with contempt by the wealthy Romans, and num with the like object. (Pol. iii. 77, 80; Liv. used only for ordinary purposes. (Mart. i. 54. 6, xxii. 2, 3.) During a later period of the same war xiv. 98; Pers. i. 130.) Vitruvius and Pliny both suspicions were entertained of the fidelity of Arre-speak of the walls of Arretium (meaning apparently tiam; but Marcellus, having been sent thither in haste, prevented an open defection, and severe precautions were taken for the future. (Liv. xxvii. 21, 22, 24.) But a few years afterwards (B. c. 205) the Arretines were among the foremost of the cities of Etruria to furnish arms and military stores of various kinds for the armament of Scipio. (Liv. xxviii. 45.) In the civil wars of Sulla and Marius they took part with the latter, for which they were severely punished by Sulla, who deprived them of the rights of Roman citizens, and confiscated their lands, but did not actually carry out their partition. Many of the inhabitants afterwards joined the cause of Catiline. (Cic. pro Caec. 33, pro Muren. 24, ad Att. i. 19.) At the outbreak of the Civil War in B. C. 49, Arretium was one of the first places which Caesar hastened to occupy immediately after he had passed the Rubicon. (Caes. B. C. i. 11; Cic. ad Fam. xvi. 12.) From this time its name is scarcely mentioned in history; but we learn from the Liber Coloniarum that it received a colony under Augustus, apparently the same to which Pliny gives the title of Arretium Julium. (Lib. Colon. p. 215; Plin. iii. 5. s. 8.) That author, indeed, describes the Arretines as divided in his time into the Aretini Veteres, Aretini Fidentes, and Aretini Julienses. That these constituted separate municipal bodies or communities is certain from an inscription, in which we find the "Decuriones Arretinorum Veterum" (Orell. Inscr. 100), but it is not clear that they inhabited altogether distinct towns. Strabo makes no allusion to any such distinction, and other inscriptions mention the "Ordo Arretinorum," without any further addition. (Ib. 1300; Mur. Inser. p. 1094. 2.) It is probable, therefore, that they were merely the names of distinct colonies or bodies of settlers which had for some reason received a separate municipal organisation. The Arretini The territory of Arretium was very extensive, and included not only the upper valley of the Arnus, but a part of that of the Tiber also (P'lin. iii. 5. s. 9), as well as the adjacent valley of the Clanis. The latter appears to have been, in ancient as well as modern times, marshy, and subject to inundations; and the "Arretinum Stagnum," mentioned by Julius Obsequens (§ 100), must have been a marshy lake in the Val di Chiana. Great part of the Arretine territory was extremely fertile: it produced wheat of the finest quality, and several choice varieties of vines. (Plin. xiv. 2. s. 4, xviii. 9, s. 20.) [E.H.B.] ARRHAPACHITIS ('AppanaxiTis, Ptol. vi. 1. § 2), a district of Assyria Proper, adjoining Armenia, named probably from a town which Ptol. (vi. 1. § 6) calls Arrhapa (Appana). The name is, perhaps, connected with Arphaxad, as Bochart (Geog. Sacr. ii. c. 4) has conjectured. [V.] ARRHE'NE. [ARZANENE.] ARRHIA'NA (7à 'Appiavá), a town in the Thracian Chersonesus on the Hellespont, near Cynossema. mentioned only by Thucydides (viii. 104.) ARRI'ACA (It. Ant. pp. 436, 438) or CARACCA (Kápакка, Рtol. ii. 6. § 57; Geog. Rav. iv. 44), a town of the Carpetani in Hispania Tarra conensis, on the high road from Emerita to CaesarAugusta, 22 M. P. NE. of Complutum (Alcalá). The distance identifies it with Guadalajara, on the Henares, where the bridge across the river is built on Roman foundations. As to the variation in the name, it is said that one MS. of the Itinerary has the form Caraca. (Ukert, i. 2. p. 429.) [P. S.] ARSA (Apoa: Eth. 'Apoaîos: Azuaga), a city of the Turduli, in the district of Baeturia in Hispania Baetica, belonging to the conventus of Corduba. It lay in the Sierra Morena (M. Marianus), and is mentioned in the war with Viriathus. (Ap. pian. Hisp. 70; Plin. iii. 1. s. 3; Ptol. ii. 4. § 14; Steph. B. s. v.) Its site is identified by ruins with inscriptions. (Florez, ix. p. 20.) [P.S.] ARSA or VARSA ("Apoa, Ovapoa), a district of India intra Gangem, in the N. of the Panjab. It was that part of the country between the Indus and the upper course of the Hydaspes which lay nearer to the former river, and which contained the city of Taxila (τà Táğıλa or Taşíaλa), the capital, in Alexander's time, of the Indian king Taxiles. (Ptol. vii. 1. § 45.) [P.S.] ARSA'CIA. [RHAGAE.] ARSADA, or ARSADUS, a town of Lycia, not mentioned, so far as appears, by any ancient writer. The modern site appears to be Arsa, "a small village overlooking the valley of the Xanthus." (Spratt's Lycia, vol. i. p. 293.) There are rock tombs, on two of which Lycian inscriptions were observed. "There are several Greek inscriptions; in two of them mention is made of the name of the place." One inscription is given in Spratt's Lycia (vol. ii. p. 291), from which it appears that the ancient name was not Arsa, as it is assumed in the work referred to, but Arsadus, or Arsada (like Arycanda), as the Ethnic name, which occurs twice in the inscription, shows (Apσadewv 8 dnuos, and Aporadea, in the accusative singular.) The real name is not certain, because the name of a place cannot always be deduced with certainty from the Ethnic name. The inscription is on a sarcophagus, and records that the Demus honoured a certain person with a gold crown and a bronze statue for certain services to the community. The inscription shows that there was a temple of Apollo at this place. [G. L.] ARSAMOSATA. [ARMOSATA.] ARSA'NIAS (Apoavías: Myrád-chái), an affluent of the Euphrates according to Pliny (v. 24, vi. 31; comp. Tac. Ann. xv. 15; Plut. Lucull. 31). Ritter (Erdkunde, vol. x. pp. 85, 98, 101, 646, vol. xi. p. 110) considers it to be the S. arm of the Euphrates (St. Martin, Mém. sur l'Armenie, pp. 50, 51, 171). [E. B. J.] ARSÁNUS, an affluent of the Euphrates according to Pliny (v. 24), but mentioned in no other writer. [E. B. J.]. ARSENA'RIA (Itin. Ant. p. 14; 'Apo evapía Koλwvía, Ptol. iv. 2. § 3; Arsennaria Latinorum, Plin. v. 2. s. 1; Arsinna, Mela, i. 6. § 1: Arzew, Ru.), an important city of Numidia, or, according to the later division, of Mauretania Caesariensis, 3 M. P. from the sea, between Quiza and the mouth of the Chinalaph (a few minutes W. of the meridian of Greenwich). That it was a place of considerable importance is proved by its ruins, among which are the cisterns for collecting rain-water, which extended beneath the whole town. There are also several Roman inscriptions. (Shaw, pp. 29, 30, or p. 14, 2nd ed.; Barth, Wanderungen, &c. p. 59.) [P. S.] ARSE'NE ('Apoŋvý: Ván), a large lake situated in the S. of Armenia. Strabo (xi. p. 529) says that it was also called Thonitis (OwvITIS), which Groskurd corrects to Thospitis (worîris, comp. Ptol. v. 13. § 7; Plin. vi. 27. s. 31). The lake Arsissa, which Ptolemy (l. c.) distinguishes from Thospitis has been identified with Arsene, and the name is said to survive in the fortress Arjish, situated on the N. of the lake (St. Martin, Mém. sur l'Armenie, vol. i. p. 56). On the other hand, Ritter (Erdkunde, vol. ix. p. 786) identifies Arsissa with the Mantiane of Strabo, and Lake Ván. It must be recollected that till lately this district has been a terra incognita, and but little yet has been done for the illustration of ancient authors. Till further evidence therefore has been collected, it would be premature to come to any distinct conclusion on these points. Strabo (l. c.) describes Arsene as abounding in natron, so much so as to remove stains from cloth: the water was undrinkable. The Tigris, he adds, flows through it with such rapidity that the waters do not commingle; hence it has been inferred that Arsene is the same as the Arethusa of Pliny (vi. 31, comp. Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. x. p. 90; Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopaedia). Lake Ván is of an irregular shape, in extreme length from NE. to SW. about 70 miles, and in extreme breadth from N. to S. about 28 iniles. The level is placed at 5467 feet above the sea. The water is brackish, but cattle will drink it, particularly near the rivers. Kinneir, Travels, p. 384; London Geog. Journ. vol. iii. p. 50, vol. x. pp. 391, 398, 410.) [E. B. J.] ARSE'SA CAponoa: Arjish), a town and district of Armenia, on the NE. of Lake Ván; the district is probably the same as that of Arsia ('Apoía) mentioned by Ptolemy (v. 13. § 13). In the 10th century it was called "Apoes or "Aples (Const. Porph. de Adm. Imp. c. 44. p. 144. ed. Meurs.), and was then in the possession of the Mussulman princes. In A. D. 993 it was recovered by the Empire; but, A. D. 1071, was taken by the Seljuk Turks: soon after its capture by the Georgians, A. D. 1206, it fell into the hands of the Mongols. (St. Martin, Mém. sur l'Armenie, vol. i. p. 136; London Geog. Journal, vol. x. p. 402.) [E. B. J.] A'RSIA, a small river of Istria, still called Arsa, which became the boundary between Italy and Illyricum, when Istria had been annexed by Augustus to the former country. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 6, 19. s. 23; Tab. Peut.) Florus represents it as having been at an earlier period the limit between the Illyrians and Istrians (ii. 4). It flowed into the Flanaticus Sinus (Golfo di Quarnero), on the E. coast of Istria, just beyond the town of Nesactium (Castel Nuovo). The existence of a town of the name "Civitas Arsia," rests only on the authority of the geographer of Ravenna (iv.31), and is probably a mistake. [E.H.B.] A'RSIA SILVA, a wood on the confines of the Roman and Veientine territorics, where a battle was fought between the Roman consuls Brutus and Valerius Poplicola and the exiled Tarquins, supported by the Veientines and Tarquinians, in which Aruns, the son of Tarquin, and Brutus, were both slain. (Liv. ii. 6; Val. Max. i. 8. § 5; Plut. Popl. 9, who writes the name Oυprov ăλσos.) The name is never again mentioned: it was probably nothing more than a sacred grove. Dionysius calls it dpuuòs iepòs pwos 'Opárov (v. 14); but the last name is probably corrupt. [E. H. B.] ARSIA'NA (Amm. Marc. xxiii. 6), a town of Susiana. It may be, perhaps, the same as the Tareiana (Tapetáva) of Ptol. (vi. 3. § 5). [V.] ARSINARIUM PR. (Apσiápiov Kρov), a headland on the W. coast of Libya Interior, placed by Ptolemy (iv. 6. § 6) in 8° long., and 120 N. lat., between the two great rivers Daradus (Senegal) and Stacheir (Gambia); a position exactly answering to that of C. Verde, the westernmost point of the whole continent of Africa. It is true that Ptolemy gives points on the W. coast of Africa more to the W., his westernmost point being the Pr. Cotes, at the mouth of the Straits, which he places in long. 6° [AMPELUSIA]; for he mistook the whole shape of this coast, especially in its N. portion. But still his Pr. Arsinarium is the westernmost point of the coast for a long distance on both sides of it. The geographers who place this cape N. of C. Blanco have not given Ptolemy sufficient credit for the accuracy of his longitudes. corn and the usual cereals and vegetables of the Nile valley, it abounded in dates, figs, roses, and its vineyards and gardens rivalled those in the vicinity of Alexandria. Here too alone the olive repaid cultivation. The Arsinoite nome was bounded to the west by the Lake Moeris (Berket el kerún) watered by the Canal of Joseph (Bahr Jusuf'), and contained, besides various pyramids, the necropolis of the city of Crocodiles, the celebrated labyrinth, which together with the Lake are described under Moeris. Extensive mounds of ruins at Medinet-el-Fyoom, or el-Fares represent the site of Arsinoe, but no remains of any remarkable antiquity, except a few sculptured blocks, have hitherto been found there. In the later periods of the Roman empire Arsinoe was annexed to the department of Arcadia, and became the chief town of an episcopal see. (Strab. xvii. p. 809, seq.; Herod. ii. 48; Diod. i. 89; Aelian. H. A. x. 24; Plin. v. 9. s. 11, xxxvi. 16; Mart. Capell. vi. 4 ; Belzoni's Travels, vol. ii. p. 162; Champollion, [P. S.] ARSI'NOE ('Apoión, Strab. p. 804; Plin. v. 11. &. 12, vi. 29. s. 33; Steph. B. p. 126; Mart. Capell. 6. § 677: Eth. 'Apowotīns, or 'Apoioeus), the name of several cities which derived their appellation from Arsinoe, the favourite sister of Ptolemy Phila-Egypte, vol. i. p. 323, seq.) delphus, who erected or extended and beautified them, 3. A city in the Regio Troglodytica upon the and dedicated them to her honour or memory. Their western coast of the Red Sea between Philoteras erection or improvement consequently dates between | (Kosseir) and Myos Hormos. (Strab. xvi. p. 769.) B. C. 284-246. Each of these cities apparently It was previously called Olbia (Steph. B. s. v. 'Apoccupied the site of, or included, previously existing owón). According to Agatharchides (de Rub. Mar. p. 53), there were hot springs in its neighbourhood. Arsinoe stood nearly at the point where the limestone range of the Arabian hills joins the Mons Porphyrites, and at the southern entrance of the Heroopolite Gulf. towns. 1. A city at the northern extremity of the Heroopolite gulf, in the Red Sea. It was the capital of the Heroopolite nome, and one of the principal harbours belonging to Egypt. It appears to have been also denominated Cleopatris (Strab. p. 780) and Arsinoites (Plin. v. 9. § 9; Orelli, Inscr. 516). It is also conjectured to have stood on the site of the ancient Pihachiroth (Exod. xii. 2, 9; Numb. xxxiii. 7; Winer, Biblioth. Realwörterb. ii. p. 309). The modern Ardscherúd, a village near Suez, corresponds to this Arsinoe. It was seated near the eastern termination of the Royal canal which communicated with the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, and which Ptolemy Philadelphus carried on from the Bitter Lakes to the head of the Heroopolite bay. Arsinoe (Plin. v. 12) was 125 miles from Pelusium. The revenues of the Arsinoite nome were presented by that monarch to his sister, and remained the property of successive queens or princesses of the Lagid family. The shortness of the road across the eastern desert and its position near the canal were the principal advantages of Arsinoe as a staple of trade. But although it possessed a capacious bay, it was exposed to the south wind, and the difficulties which ships encountered from reefs in working up the gulf were considerable. Arsinoe, accordingly, was less eligibly situated for the Indian traffic than either Myos Hormos or Berenice. In common, however, with other ports on the Red Sea Arsinoe improved in its commerce after the conquest of Egypt by the Romans. One hundred and twenty vessels annually sailed from Egyptian havens to bring from western India silk, precious stones, and aromatics (Gibbon, D. and F. ch. vi). 2. In the Heptanomis, was the capital of the nome Arsinoïtes, and was seated on the western bank of the Nile, between the river and the Lake Moeris, south-west of Memphis, in lat. 299 N. In the Pharaonic era Arsinoe was denominated the city of Crocodiles (Kpokodeiλwv wáλis), from the peculiar reverence paid by its inhabitants to that animal. The region in which Arsinoe stood the modern ELFyoom -was the most fertile in Egypt. Besides 4. A city in Aethiopia, north of Dirè Berenices, and near the entrance of the Red Sea (Bab-elMandeb). (Strab. xvi. p. 773; Mela, iii. 8; Plin. vi, 34; Ptol. iv. 5. § 14.) [W. B. D.] 5. A town of Crete assigned to Lyctus. (Steph. B.) Berkelius (ad loc.) supposes that an error had crept into the text, and that for AUKTOU Wе should read Auxías. Its existence has been confirmed by some coins with the types and emblems peculiar to the Cretan mints. (Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 304.) 6. A town in the E. of Cyprus, near the promontory of Acamas (Strab. xiv. p. 682; Ptol. v. 14. § 4), formerly called Marion (Mápiov; Steph. B. s. v.; comp. Scylax, s. v. Cyprus). Ptolemy Soter destroyed this town, and removed the inhabitants to Paphos (Diod. xix. 89). For coins of Marion see Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 86. The name of Arsinoe was given to it in honour of the Aegyptian princess of that name, the wife and sister of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Hierocles and Const. Porphyr. (Them. i. 15) place it between Paphos and Soloi. The modern name is Polikrusoko or Crisophou, from the gold mines in the neighbourhood. According to Strabo (l. c.) there was a grove sacred to Zeus. from its subjection to the kings of the Lagid family, had more than one city of this name, which was common to several princesses of that house. Cyprus, Another Arsinoe is placed near Ammochostus to the N. of the island (Strab. p. 683). A third city of the same name appears in Strabo (l. c.), with a harbour, temple, and grove, and lies between Old and New Paphos. The ancient name survives in the present Arschelia (D'Anville, Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscrip. vol. xxxii. pp. 537, 545, 551, 554; Engel, Kypros, vol. i. pp. 73, 97, 137; Marati, Viaggi, vol. i. p. 200). [E. B. J.] 7. One of the five cities of the Libyan Pentapolis in Cyrenaïca: so called under the Ptolemies: 8. A place on the coast of Cilicia, mentioned by Strabo (p. 670) as having a port. Leake places it at or near the ruined modern castle, called Sokhta Kalesi, below which is a port, such as Strabo describes at Arsinoe, and a peninsula on the east side of the harbour covered with ruins. (Asia Minor, p. 201.) This modern site is east of Anemurium, and west of, and near to, Cape Kizliman. (Beaufort's Karamania). [G. L.] 9. [PATARA.] 10. In Aetolia. [CONOPE.] ARSISSA. [ARSENE.] ARTABIA, ARTABIUS. [ARABIS.] ARTABRI (Apтaspoι, 'Aротpé¤α, Arrotrebae), a people in the extreme NW. of Hispania Tarraconensis, about the promontory Nerium (C. Finisterre), and around a bay called by their name [ARTABRORUM SINUS], on which there were several sea-port towns, which the sailors who frequented them called the Ports of the Artabri ('Aprá6pwv Auévas). Strabo states that in his time the Artabri were called Arotrebae. He places them in Lusitania, which he makes to extend as far as the N. coast of the peninsula. We may place them along that part of the coast of Gallicia, which looks to the NW. between C. Ortegal and C. Finisterre (Strab. iii. pp. 147, 153, 154; Ptol. ii. 6. § 22). Strabo speaks of the Celtici, in connection with the Artabri, as if the latter were a tribe of the former (p. 153); which Mela expressly states (iii. 1. § 9; but the text is doubtful). Ptolemy also assigns the district of the Artabri to the Gallaeci Lucenses (Καλλαϊκῶν ΛουKnvolwv, i.e. having Lucus Augusti for their capital: ii. 6. §§ 2, 4). ARTABRORUM PORTUS ('Αρταβρών λιμήν). a sea-port town of the Artabri (Gallaeci) S. of Pr. Nerium. (Ptol. ii. 6. § 22; Agathem. i. 4). Strabo (iii. p. 153) uses the name in the plural for the sea-ports of the Artabri further N. on the Bay of Ferrol and Coruña. [ARTABRI.] ARTABRO'RUM SINUS, a bay on the coast of the Artabri, with a narrow entrance, but widening inwards, having on its shore the town of ARDOBRICA, and receiving four rivers, two of which were not worth mention; the other two were the Mearus and the Ivia or Juvia (Mela iii. 1. § 9). This description answers exactly to the great bay on the coast of Gallicia, between La Coruña on the S. and C. Priorino, SW. of El Ferrol, on the N.; which divides itself into the three bays of Coruña, Betanzos, and El Ferrol, and receives the four rivers Mero, Mendo, Eume, and Juvia. Of these the first and last, whose estuaries form respectively the bays of Coruña and El Ferrol, correspond in name with Mela's rivers; but the other two, which fall into the estuary of Betanzos, are quite as important in respect of their size. The bay is completely land-locked; its coasts are bold and lofty; but the rivers which fall into it form those secure harbours, which the ancient writers mention (see preceding article), and which have been celebrated in all ages. Notwithstanding some confusion in the numbers of Ptolemy, this is evidently his Magnus Portus (8 μéyas Xiμýv) on the coast of the Gallaeci Lucenses (ii. 6. § 4). [P.S.] about 40 stadia from it. Artace was burnt, toge- A'RTABRUM PROM. [ARTABRI.] ARTACANA. [ARIA CIVITAS and ARTAEA.] ARTACE ('Αρτάκη: Eth. 'Αρτακηνός, 'Αρτάκιος, 'Apтakeús: Artaki or Erdek), a town of Mysia, near Cyzicus (Herod. iv. 14), and a Milesian colony. Pliny (iv. 20, 22. s. 34, 35) places the Arro- (Strab. pp. 582, 635.) It was a sea-port, and on trebae, belonging to the conventus of Lucus Augusti,the same peninsula on which Cyzicus stood, and about the promontory Celticum, which, if not the same as the Nerium of the others, is evidently in its immediate neighbourhood; but he confuses the whole matter by a very curious error. He mentions a promontory called Artabrum as the headland at the NW. extremity of Spain; the coast on the one side of it looking to the N. and the Gallic Ocean, on the other side to the W. and the Atlantic Ocean. But he considers this promontory to be the W. headland of the estuary of the Tagus, and adds that some called it Magnum Pr., and others Olisipone, from the city of Olisipo (Lisbon). He assigns, in fact, all the W. coast of Spain, down to the mouth of the Tagus, to the N. coast; and, instead of being led to detect his error by the resemblance of name between his Artabrum Pr. and his Arrotrebae (the Artabri of his predecessors, Strabo and Mela), he perversely finds fault with those who had placed about the promontory Artabrum a people of the same name, who never were there (ibi gentem Artabrum quae nunquam fuit, manifesto errore. Arrotrebas enim, quos ante Celticum diximus promontorium, hoc in loco posuere, litteris permutatis: Plin. iv. 22. s. 35; comp. ii. 118. s. 112). Ptolemy (l. c.) mentions Claudionerium (KXavSiovépiov) and Novium (Nooútov) as cities of the Artabri. Strabo relates, on the authority of Posidonius, that, in the land of the Artabri, the earth on the surface contained tin mixed with silver, which, being carried down by the rivers, was sifted out by the women on a plan apparently similar to the " goldwashings" of California (Strab.iii. p. 147). [P.S.] ARTAEA (Apraia, Steph. B.: Eth. "ApTaio), a district of Persia, where, according to Hellanicus (Hellan. Fragm. No. lxiii. p. 97, Sturz), Perseus and Andromeda founded several cities (Steph.) It is probably connected with the Parthian Artacana of Ptolemy (vi. 5. §4). Herodotus (vii. 61) states the native name of the Persians was Artaci; Stephanus and Hesychius (s. v. 'Aprás) say that it was a particular epithet given in the vernacular dialect to the heroes of ancient Persian romance (Rawlinson, Asiat. Journ. xi. pt. i. p. 35), no doubt nearly connected with the ancient name of the Medes, Arii, with the Zend Airya, and the Sanscrit Arthya (Pott, Forschung. &c. p. lxix.) [V.] ARTAGEIRA, a city of Inner Libya, placed by Ptolemy on the N. side of the river Geir, in 441° long., and 18° N. lat. (Ptol. iv. 6. § 32). [P.S.] |