30, vii. 4. § 14; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 203; Boblaye, Recherches, p. 123.)

ACROTHOUM, or ACROTHOI (Ακρόθωον Her. vii. 22; 'Akрóbwoι, Thuc. iv. 109; Strab. p. 331; Scyl. p. 26; Steph. B. s. v.; Acroathon, Mel. ii. 2; Acrothon, Plin. iv. 10. s. 17: Eth. 'Akpółwos, 'Akpolwirns), a town in the peninsula of Acte, in Chalcidice in Macedonia, situated near the extremity of the peninsula, probably upon the site of the modern Lavra. Strabo, Pliny, and Mela seem to have supposed that Acrothoum stood upon the site of Mt. Athos; but this is an impossibility. [ATHOS.] It was stated by Mela and other ancient writers that the inhabitants of Acrothoi lived longer than ordiMannert and others erroneously suppose nary men. Acrothoi to have been the same place as the later Uranopolis. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 149.)

ACTE' ('Aкth), signified a piece of land running into the sea, and attached to another larger piece of land, but not necessarily by a narrow neck. Thus Herodotus gives the name of Acte to Asia Minor as compared with the rest of Asia (iv. 38), and also to Africa itself as jutting out from Asia (iv. 41). Attica also was originally called Acte. (Steph. B. 6. r.) [ATTICA.] The name of Acte, however, was more specifically applied to the easternmost of the three promontories jutting out from Chalcidice in Macedonia, on which Mt. Athos stands. It is spoken of under ATHOS.

The entrance of the Ambraciot gulf lies between the low point off Acarnania, on which stands Fort La Punta (5), and the promontory of Epirus, on which stands the modern town of Prevesa (1), near the site of the ancient Nicopolis. The narrowest part of this entrance is only 700 yards, but the average distance between the two shores is half a mile. After passing through this strait, the coast turns abruptly round a small point to the SE., forming a bay about 4 miles in width, called the Bay of Prevesa (P). A second entrance is then formed to the larger basin of the gulf by the two high capes of La Scara (2) in Epeirus, and of Madonna (4) in Acarnania, the width of this second entrance being about one mile and a half. Now some modern writers, among others D'Anville, suppose Actium to have been situated on Cape Madonna, and Anactorium, which Strabo (p. 451) describes as 40 stadia from Actium, on La Punta. Two reasons have led them to adopt this conclusion: first, because the ruins on C. Madonna are sometimes called Azio (6), which name is apparently a corruption of the ancient Actium; and, secondly, because the temple of Apollo is said by Strabo to have stood on a height, which description answers to the rocky eminence on C. Madonna, and not to the low peninsula of La Punta. But these reasons are not conclusive, and there can be no doubt that the site of Actium corresponds to La Punta. For it should be observed, first, that the name Azio is unknown to the Greeks, and appears to have been introduced by the Venetians, who conjectured that the ruins on C. Madonna were those of Actium, and therefore invented the word; and, secondly, that though Strabo places the temple of Apollo on a height, he does not say that this height was on the

A'CTIUM ("AKTION: Eth. "AKTIOs, Actius: Adj. 'ARTIQKós, Actiacus, also AKTIOs, Actius), a promontory in Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf (Gulf of Arta) off which Augustus gained his celebrated victory over Antony and Cleopatra, on September 2nd, B. C. 31. There was a temple of Apollo on this promontory, which Thucydides mentions (i. 29) as situated in the territory of Anactorium. This temple was of great antiquity, and Apollo derived from it the surname of Actius and Actiacus. There was also an ancient festival named Actia, celebrated here in honour of the god. Augustus after his victory enlarged the temple, and revived the ancient festival, which was henceforth celebrated once in four years (TevTaeTapis, ludi quinquennales), with musical and gymnastic contests, and horse races. (Dion Cass. li. 1; Suet. Aug. 18.) We learn from a Greek inscription found on the site of Actium, and which is probably prior to the time of Augustus, that the chief priest of the temple was called 'Ieparóλos, and that his name was employed in official documents, like that of the first Archon at Athens, to mark the date. (Bockh, Corpus Inscript. No. 1793.) Strabo says (p. 325) that the temple was situated on an eminence, and that below was a plain with a grove of trees, and a dock-yard; and in another passage (p. 451) he describes the harbour as situated out-sea, but on the contrary, that it was at some little side of the gulf. On the opposite coast of Epirus, Angustus founded the city of Nicopolis in honour of his victory. [NICOPOLIS.] Actium was properly not a town, though it is sometimes described as such; but after the foundation of Nicopolis, a few buildings sprang up around the temple, and it served as a kind of suburb to Nicopolis.

The site of Actium has been a subject of dispute. The accompanying plan of the entrance of the Ambraciot gulf, taken from the map published by Lieut. Wolfe (Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. iii.) will give the reader a clear idea of the locality.

distance from the sea. In other respects Strabo's evidence is decisive in favour of the identification of Actium with La Punta. He says that Actium is one point which forms the entrance of the bay; and it is clear that he considered the entrance of the bay to be between Prevesa and La Punta, because he makes the breadth of the strait "a little more than four stadia," or half a mile, which is true when applied to the first narrow entrance, but not to the second. That the strait between Prevesa and La Punta was regarded as the entrance of the Ambraciot gulf, is clear, not only from the distance assigned to it by Strabo, but from the statements of

Polybius (iv. 63), who makes it 5 stadia, of Scylax
(v. Kaσowrol), who makes it 4 stadia, and of
Pliny (iv. 1) who makes it 500 paces. Anactorium
is described by Strabo as "situated within the bay,"
while Actium makes "the mouth of the bay."
(Strab. pp. 325, 451.) Anactorium, therefore,
must be placed on the promontory of C. Madonna.
[For its exact site, see ANACTORIUM.] The testi-
mony of Strabo is confirmed by that of Dion
Cassius. The latter writer says (1. 12) that
"Actium is a temple of Apollo, and is situated
before the mouth of the strait of the Ambraciot
gulf, over against the harbours of Nicopolis."
Cicero tells us (ad Fam. xvi. 6, 9) that in coasting
from Patrae to Corcyra he touched at Actium,
which he could hardly have done, if it were so far
out of his way as the inner strait between C. La
Scara and C. Madonna. Thus we come to the
conclusion that the promontory of Actium was the
modern La Punta (3), and that the temple of
Apollo was situated a little to the S., outside the
strait, probably near the Fort La Punta (5).

A few remarks are necessary respecting the site
of the battle, which has conferred its chief celebrity
upon Actium. The fleet of Antony was stationed
in the Bay of Prevesa (P). His troops had built
towers on each side of the mouth of the strait, and
they occupied the channel itself with their ships.
Their camp was near the temple of Apollo, on a
level spacious ground. Augustus was encamped
on the opposite coast of Epirus, on the spot where
Nicopolis afterwards stood; his fleet appears to have
been stationed in the Bay of Gomaros, now the
harbour of Mitika, to the N. of Nicopolis, in the
Ionian sea. Antony was absent from his army at
Patrae; but as soon as he heard of the arrival
of Augustus, he proceeded to Actium, and after
a short time crossed over the strait to Prevesa,
and pitched his camp near that of Augustus. But
having experienced some misfortunes, he subse-
quently re-crossed the strait and joined the main
body of his army at Actium. By the advice of
Cleopatra he now determined to return to Egypt.
He accordingly sailed out of the strait, but was
compelled by the manoeuvres of Augustus to fight.
After the battle had lasted some hours Cleopatra,
who was followed by Antony, sailed through the
middle of the contending fleets, and took to flight.
They succeeded in making their escape, but most
of their ships were destroyed.
The battle was,
therefore, fought outside of the strait, between La
Punta and Prevesa (Ew Tŵv σTev@v, Dion Cass.
1. 31), and not in the Bay of Prevesa, as is stated
by some writers. (Dion Cass. 1. 12, seq.; Leake,
Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 28, seq.; Wolfe, l. c.)
A'DADA (Adada: Eth. 'Adadeús, Ptol.; 'Ada-
dárn in old edit. of Strabo; 'Odáda, Hierocl.), a
town in Pisidia of uncertain site. On coins of Va-
lerian and Gallienus we find ΑΔΑΔΕΩΝ. Adada
is mentioned in the Councils as the see of a bishop.
(Artemiod. ap. Strab. xii. p. 570; Ptol. v. 5. §8;
Hierocl. p. 674, with Wesseling's note.)

A'DAÑA (тà "Adava; Eth. 'Adaveús), a town of Cilicia, which keeps its ancient name, on the west side of the Sarus, now the Syhoon or Syhan. It lay on the military road from Tarsus to Issus, in a fertile country. There are the remains of a portico. Pompey settled here some of the Cilician pirates whom he had compelled to submit. (Appian, Mith. 96.) Dion Cassius (xlvii. 31) speaks of Tarsus and Adana being always quarrelling. [G. L.]

ADANE ('Adávn, Philostorg. H. E. iii. 4), called ATHANA by Pliny (vi. 28. s. 32), and ARABIA FELIX ('Apasía evdaíμwv), in the Periplus of Arrian (p. 14), now Aden, the chief seaport in the country of Homeritae on the S. coast of Arabia. It became at a very early period the great mart for the trade between Egypt, Arabia, and India; and although destroyed by the Romans, probably by Aelius Gallus in his expedition against Arabia, in the reign of Augustus, it speedily revived, and has ever since remained a place of note. It has revived conspicuously within the last few years, having fallen into the possession of the English, and become one of the stations for the steamers which navigate the Red Sea. [W. R.]

A'DDUA (¿'Adovas: Adda), a river of Gallia Cisalpina, one of the largest of the tributaries which bring down the waters of the Alps to the Po. It rises in the Rhaetian Alps near Bormio, and flows through the Valtelline, into the Lacus Larius or Lago di Como, from which it again issues at its south-eastern extremity near Lecco, and from thence has a course of above 50 miles to the Po, which it joins between Placentia and Cremona. During this latter part of its course it seems to have formed the limit between the Insubres and the Cenomani. It is a broad and rapid stream: the clearness of its blue waters, resulting from their passage through a deep lake, is alluded to by Claudian (De VI. Cons. Hon. 196). Strabo erroneously places its sources in MT. ADULA, where, according to him, the Rhine also rises: it is probable that he was imperfectly acquainted with this part of the Alps, and supposed the stream which descends from the Splügen to the head of the lake of Como to be the original Addua, instead of the much larger river which enters it from the Valtelline. (Strab. iv. pp. 192, 204; v. p. 213; Plin. iii. 16. s. 20; Pol. ii. 32, xxxiv. 10; Tac. Hist. ii. 40.) [E. H. B.] ÁDIABE'NE ('Adian). [AssYRIA.]

ADIS or ADES ('Adís, "Adns: prob. Rhades), a considerable city of Africa, on the Gulf of Tunis, in the Carthaginian territory, which Regulus besieged and took, and before which he defeated the Carthaginians, in the 10th year of the first Punic War, B. C. 255. (Pol. i. 30.) As there is no subsequent mention of the place, it is supposed to have been supplanted, or at least reduced to insignificance, by the later town of MAXULA. [P.S.]

ADO'NIS (Adwvis: Nahr el Ibrahim), a small river of Syria, which rising in Mount Libanus enters the Mediterranean a few miles to the S. of Byblus. Maundrell records the fact which he himself witnessed, that after a sudden fall of rain, the river descending in floods is tinged of a deep red by the soil of the hills in which it takes its rise, and imparts this colour to the sea for a considerable distance. Hence some have sought to explain the legend of the beautiful Adonis, who was killed by a wild boar on Mount Libanus (Strab. p. 755; Lucian, de Dea Syr. 6; Plin. v. 20.; Nonn. Dionys. iii. 80, xx. 144.) [W.R.]

ADOREUS, the name of a mountain of Galatia, now Elmah Dagh, in the neighbourhood of Pessinus, in Asia. Livy (xxxviii. 18.) says that it contains the source of the river Sangarius. [G. L.]

ADORSI. [AORSI.]

ADRAA CASpáa, Euseb. Onomast.: "Adpa, Ptol. v. 15. § 23: LXX. 'Edpaeív, 'Edpatv : Eng. Vers. EDREI: and probably the 'Adparrós of Hierocles, p. 273: Draa), a town in Palestine, near the sources

of the river Hieromax, and deeply embayed in the | Steph. B. HADRANUM, Sil. Ital.: Eth. 'Adpaviτns, spurs of the mountain chain of Hermon. Before Hadranitanus: Adernò), a city of the interior of Sicily, the conquest of Canaan by Joshua, it was one of the situated at the foot of the western slope of Mt. Aetna chief cities of Og, king of Bashan. After his defeat above the valley of the Simeto, and about 7 miles from and death it was assigned to the half tribe of Ma- Centuripi. We learn from Diodorus (xiv. 37) that nasseh, which settled on the eastern side of Jordan. there existed here from very ancient times a temple It was the seat of a Christian bishop at an early time, of a local deity named Adranus, whose worship was and a bishop of Adraa sat in the council of Seleucia extensively spread through Sicily, and appears to have (A. D. 381), and of Chalcedon (A. D. 451). By the been connected with that of the Palici. (Hesych. s. v. Greeks it was called Adraa, and by the Crusaders Пaλikol.) But there was no city of the name until Adratum. Its ruins cover a circuit of about 2 miles, the year 400 B. C. when it was founded by the elder of which the most important is a large rectangular Dionysius, with a view to extend his power and inbuilding, surrounded by a double covered colonnade, fluence in the interior of the island. (Diod. l. c.) and with a cistern in the middle. (Numbers, xxi. 33; It probably continued to be a dependency of SyraDeuteron. i. 4, iii. 10; Joshua xii. 4, xiii. 12, 31; cuse; but in 345 B. c. it fell into the hands of TiJoseph. Antiq. iv. 5. § 42; Buckingham, Travels, moleon. (Id. xvi. 68; Plut. Timol. 12.) It was vol. ii. p. 146; Burckhardt, id. p. 241.) [W.B.D.] one of the cities taken by the Romans at the comADRAISTAE ('Adpaïσraí), a people of N. India mencement of the First Punic War (Diod. xxiii. (the Panjab), with a capital city Pimprama (Пíu- Exc. Hoesch. p. 501), and probably on this account paua), which Alexander reached in a day's journey continued afterwards in a relation to Rome inferior from the Hydraotes (Ravee), on his march to to that of most other Sicilian cities. This may perSangala. (Arrian. Anab. v. 22. §3.) Lassen iden-haps account for the circumstance that its name is tifies them with the modern Arattas (Pentapotamia, p. 25). [P.S.]

AEOLIS.]

not once mentioned by Cicero (see Zumpt ad Cic. Verr. iii. 6, p. 437); but we learn from Pliny that it was in his time included in the class of the "stipendiariae civitates" of Sicily. (H. N. iii. 8.)

derable place, with above 6000 inhabitants. (Biscari, Viaggio in Sicilia, pp. 57–60; Ortolani, Diz. Geogr. della Sicilia, p. 13; Bull. dell. Inst. Arch. 1843, p. 129.)

ADRAMITAE or ATRAMITAE (Plin. vi. 28. s. 32; 'Adpaμîtai, Ptol.; Arrian, Perip. p. 15), an Arabian tribe in the district Chatramotitis of Arabia Both Diodorus and Plutarch speak of it as a small Felix. They were situated on the coast of the Red Sea town owing its importance chiefly to the sanctity of eastward of Aden, and their name is still preserved its temple; but existing remains prove that it must in the modern Hadramaut. Like their immediate have been at one time a place of some consideration. neighbours in Arabia Felix, the Adramitae were These consist of portions of the ancient walls and actively engaged in the drug and spice trade, of towers, built in a massive style of large squared blocks which their capital Sabbatha was the emporium. of lava; of massive substructions, supposed to have They were governed by a race of kings, who bore been those of the temple of Adranus; and the ruins the family or official title of Eleazar. [CHATRA- of a large building which appears to have belonged MOTITAE.] [W. B. D.] to Roman Thermae. Numerous sepulchres also ADRAMYE'NTTUS SINUS. [ADRAMYTTIUM; have been discovered and excavated in the immediate neighbourhood. The modern town of Adernò reADRÁMY’TTIUM or ADRAMYTE'UM ('Adpa-tains the ancient site as well as name: it is a consiμύττιον, 'Αδραμύττειον, Ατραμύττιον, 'ΑτραμύτTELOV: Eth. 'Adpaμvττηvós, Adramyttenus: Adramiti or Edremit), a town situated at the head of the bay, called from it Adramyttenus, and on the river Caicus, in Mysia, and on the road from the Helles- Stephanus Byzantinus speaks of the city as situated pontus to Pergamum. According to tradition it was on a river of the same name: this was evidently no founded by Adramys, a brother of Croesus, king of other than the northern branch of the Simeto (SyLydia; but a colony of Athenians is said to have sub-maethus) which is still often called the Fiume d' sequently settled there. (Strab. p. 606.) The place certainly became a Greek town. Thucydides (v. 1; viii. 108) also mentions a settlement here from Delos, made by the Delians whom the Athenians removed from the island B. c. 422. After the establishment of the dynasty of the kings of Pergamum, it was a seaport of some note; and that it had some shipping, appears from a passage in the Acts of the Apostles (xxvii. 2). Under the Romans it was a Conventus Juridicus in the province of Asia, or place to which the inhabitants of the district resorted as the court town. There are no traces of ancient remains. [G. L.]

ADRANA (Eder), a river of Germany in the territory of the Chatti, near Cassel. (Tac. Ann. i. 56.) ADRANS, ADRA'NA, ADRA'NTE (tà "Adpava, Zos. ii. 45; HADRANS, Itiner. Hieros. p. 560: St. Oswald on the Drauberg), a town in Noricum, situated between the towns Aemona and Celeia, in the valley separating Mt. Cetius from Mt. Carvancas. A vestige of its Roman origin or occupation still survives in its local appellation of Trajaner-dorf or Trajan's-thorpe. (Itin. Anton.) [W. B. D.]

ADRAʼNUM, or HADRA'NÜM ('Aðpavóv, Diod. |

Adernò."

COIN OF ADRANUM.

[E. H. B.]

A'DRIA, A'TRIA, HA'DRIA, or HA'TRIA (Adpía or 'Arpía). It is impossible to establish any distinction between these forms, or to assign the one (as has been done by several authors) to one city, and another to the other. The oldest form appears to have been HATRIA, which we find on coins, while HADRIA is that used in all inscriptions: some MSS. of Livy have ADRIA, and others ATRIA. Pliny tells us that ATRIA was the more ancient form, which was afterwards changed into ADRIA, but the Greeks seem to have early used 'Aôpia for the city

as well as 'Adpías for the sea. 1. A city of Cisalpine Gaul, situated between the Padus and the Athesis, not far from their mouths, and still called Adria. It is now distant more than 14 miles from the sea, but was originally a sea-port of great celebrity. Its foundation is ascribed to Diomed by Stephanus Byzantinus, and some other late writers: Justin also (xx. 1), probably following Theopompus, calls it a city of Greek origin; but these testimonies are far outweighed by those of the Roman writers, who agree in describing it as an Etruscan colony. It was probably established at the same period with their other settlements on the north side of the Apennines, and became, from its position, the principal emporium for their trade with the Adriatic; by which means it attained to so flourishing a condition, as to have given name to the gulf, or portion of the sea in its immediate neighbourhood, from whence the appellation was gradually extended to the whole of the inland sea still called the Adriatic. To this period may also be ascribed the great canals and works which facilitated its communications with the adjoining rivers, and through them with the interior of Cisalpine Gaul, at the same time that they drained the marshes which would otherwise have rendered it uninhabitable. (Liv. v. 33; Plin. iii. | 16. s. 20; Strab. v. p. 214; Varro de L. L. v. 161; | Festus, p. 13, ed. Müller; Plut. Camill. 16.) Notwithstanding its early celebrity, we have scarcely any information concerning its history; but the decline of its power and prosperity may reasonably be ascribed to the conquest of the neighbouring countries by the Gauls, and to the consequent neglect of the canals and streams in its neighbourhood. The increasing commerce of the Greeks with the Adriatic probably contributed to the same result. It has been supposed by some writers that it received, at different periods, Greek colonies, one from Epidamnus and the other from Syracuse; but both statements appear to rest upon misconceptions of the passages of Diodorus, from which they are derived. (Diod. ix. Exc. Vat. p. 17, xv. 13; in both of which passages the words Toy 'Adpían certainly refer to the Adriatic sea or gulf, not to the city, the name of which is always feminine.) The abundance of vases of Greek manufacture found here, of precisely similar character with those of Nola and Vulci, sufficiently attests a great amount of Greek intercourse and influence, but cannot be admitted as any proof of a Greek colony, any more than in the parallel case of Vulci. (R. Rochette in the Annali dell' Inst. Arch. vol. vi. p. 292; Welcker, Vasi di Adria in the Bullettino dell' Inst. 1834, p. 134.) Under the Romans Adria appears never to have been a place of much consequence. Strabo (.c.) speaks of it as a small town, communicating by a short navigation with the sea; and we learn from Tacitus (Hist. iii. 12) that it was still accessible for the light Liburnian ships of war as late as the time of Vitellius. After the fall of the Western Empire it was included in the exarchate of Ravenna, but fell rapidly into decay during the middle ages, though it never ceased to exist, and always continued an episcopal see. Since the opening of new canals it has considerably revived, and has now a population of 10,000 souls. Considerable remains of the ancient city have been discovered a little to the south of the modern town towards Ravegnano; they are all of Roman date, and comprise the ruins of a theatre, baths, mosaic pavements, and part of the ancient walls, all which have been buried to a considerable depth under the accu

mulations of alluvial soil. Of the numerous minor antiquities discovered there, the most interesting are the vases already alluded to. (See Müller, Etrusker, i. p. 229, and the authors there cited.) The coins ascribed to this city certainly belong to Adria in Picenum.

A river of the same name (8 'Adpías) is mentioned by Hecataeus (ap. Steph. Byz. s. v.), and by Theopompus (ap. Strab. vii. p. 317); it is called by Ptolemy 'Aтpiavos потauós, and must probably be the same called by the Romans Tartarus (Plin. iii. 16. s. 20), and still known in the upper part of its course as the Tartaro. It rises in the hills to the SE. of the Lago di Garda, and flows by the modern Adria, but is known by the name of Canal Bianco in the lower part of its course; it communicates, by canals, with the Po and the Adige. 2. A city of Picenum, still called Atri, situated about 5 miles from the Adriatic Sea, between the rivers Vomanus and Matrinus. According to the Itinerary it was distant 15 Roman miles from Castrum Novum, and 14 from Teate. (Itin. Ant. pp. 308, 310, 313; comp. Tab. Peut.) It has been supposed, with much probability, to be of Etruscan origin, and a colony from the more celebrated city of the name (Mazocchi, Tab. Heracl. p. 532; Müller, Etrusker, vol. i. p. 145), though we have no historical evidence of the fact. It has also been generally admitted that a Greek colony was founded there by Dionysius the Elder, at the time that he was seeking to establish his power in the Adriatic, about B. c. 385; but this statement rests on very doubtful authority (Etym. Magn. v. 'Adpías), and no subsequent trace of the settlement is found in history. The first certain historical notice we find of Adria is the establishment of a Roman colony there about 282 B.C. (Liv. Epit. xi.; Madvig, de Coloniis, p. 298.) In the early part of the Second Punic War (B.C. 217) its territory was ravaged by Hannibal; but notwithstanding this calamity, it was one of the 18 Latin colonies which, in B. c. 209, were faithful to the cause of Rome, and willing to continue their contributions both of men and money. (Liv. xxii. 9, xxvii. 10; Polyb. iii. 88.) At a later period, as we learn from the Liber de Coloniis, it must have received a fresh colony, probably under Augustus: hence it is termed a Colonia, both by Pliny and in inscriptions. One of these gives it the titles of "Colonia Aelia Hadria," whence it would appear that it had been re-established by the emperor Hadrian, whose family was originally derived from hence, though he was himself a native of Spain. (Lib. Colon. p. 227; Plin. H. N. iii. 13. s. 18; Orell. Inscr. no. 148, 3018; Gruter, p. 1022; Zumpt de Colon. p. 349; Spartian. Hadrian. 1.; Victor, Epit. 14.) The territory of Adria (ager Adrianus), though subsequently included in Picenum, appears to have originally formed a separate and independent district, bounded on the N. by the river Vomanus (Vomano), and on the S. by the Matrinus (la Piomba); at the mouth of this latter river was a town bearing the name of MATRINUM, which served as the port of Adria; the city itself stood on a hill a few miles inland, on the same site still occupied by the modern Atri, a place of some consideration, with the title of a city, and the see of a bishop. Great part of the circuit of the ancient walls may be still traced, and mosaic pavements and other remains of buildings are also preserved. (Strab. v. p. 241; Sil. Ital. viii. 439; Ptol. iii. 1. § 52; Mela, ii. 4; Romanelli, vol. iii. p 307.) Ac