the winds into the outer sea, "into which men no longer sail; where he came to desert islands, inhabited by wild men with tails, whom the sailors, having previously visited the islands, called Satyrs, and the islands Zarupídes" (i. 23. § 5, 6); whom some take for monkeys; unless the whole narrative be an imposture on the grave traveller. Another account is quoted by Proclus (ad Plat. Tim. p. 55) from the Aethiopica of Marcellus, that there were seven islands in the Outer Sea, which were sacred to Persephone, and three more, sacred to Pluto, Ammon, and Poseidon; and that the inhabitants of this last preserved from their ancestors the memory of the exceedingly large island of Atlantis, which for many ages had ruled over all the islands in the Atlantic Sea, and which had been itself sacred to Poseidon. Other passages might be quoted, but the above are the most important. moisture in the winter, and by a system of aqueducts | during which he had been carried by the force of in the summer, its mineral wealth, its abundance in all species of useful animals; and the magnificent works of art with which it was adorned, especially at the royal residences. We have also a full account of the people; their military order; their just and simple government, and the oaths by which they bound themselves to obey it; their laws, which enjoined abstinence from all attacks on one another, and submission to the supreme dynasty of the family of Atlas, with many other particulars. For many generations, then, as long as the divine nature of their founder retained its force among them, they continued in a state of unbounded prosperity, based on wisdom, virtue, temperance, and mutual regard; and, during this period, their power grew to the height previously related. But at length, the divine element in their nature was overpowered by continual admixture with the human, so that the human character prevailed in them over the divine; and thus becoming unfit to bear the prosperity they had reached, they sank into depravity: no longer understanding the true kind of life which gives happiness, they believed their glory and happiness to consist in cupidity and violence. Upon this, Jove, resolving to punish them, that they might be restored to order and moderation, summoned a council of the gods, and addressed them in words which are lost with the rest of this dialogue of Plato. The truth or falsehood, the origin and meaning, of this legend, have exercised the critical and speculative faculties of ancient and modern writers. That it was entirely an invention of Plato's, is hardly credible; for, even if his derivation of the legend from Egypt through Solon, and his own assertion that the story is "strange but altogether true" (Tim. p. 20, d.) be set down to his dramatic spirit, we have still the following indications of its antiquity. First, if we are to believe a Scholiast on Plato (Repub. p. 327), the victory of the Athenians over the Atlantines was represented on one of the pepli which were dedicated at the Panathenaea. Diodorus also refers to this war (iii. 53). Then, the legend is found in other forms, which do not seem to be entirely copied from Plato. Thus Aelian relates at length a very similar story, on the authority of Theopompus, who gave it as derived from a Phrygian source, in the form of a relation by the satyr Silenus to the Phrygian Midas; and Strabo just mentions, on the authority of Theopompus and Apollodorus, the same legend, in which the island was called Meropis and the people Meropes (Meporís, Mépores, the word used by Homer and Hesiod in the sense of endowed with the faculty of articulate speech: Aelian, V. H. iii. 18, comp. the Notes of Perizonius; Strab. vii. p. 299: comp. Tertull. de Pallio, 2.) Diodorus, also, after relating the legend of the island in a form very similar to Plato's story, adds that it was discovered by some Phoenician navigators who, while sailing along the W. coast of Africa, were driven by violent winds across the Ocean. They brought back such an account of the beauty and resources of the island, that the Tyrrhenians, having obtained the mastery of the sea, planned an expedition to colonize the new land, but were hindered by the opposition of the Carthaginians. (Diod. v. 19, 20) Diodorus does not mention the name of the island; and he differs from Plato by referring to it as still existing. Pausanias relates that a Carian Euphemus had told him of a voyage The chief variations of opinion, in ancient and modern times, respecting these traditions, are the following. As to their origin, some have ascribed them to the hypotheses, or purely fictitious inventions of the early poets and philosophers; while others have accepted them as containing at least an element of fact, and affording, as the ancients thought, evidence of the existence of unknown lands in the Western Ocean, and, as some modern writers suppose, indications that America was not altogether unknown to the peoples of antiquity. As to the significance of the legend, in the form which it received from the imagination of the poets and philosophers, some have supposed that it is only a form of the old tradition of the "golden age;" others, that it was a symbolical representation of the contest between the primeval powers of nature and the spirit of art and science, which plays so important a part in the old mythology; and others that it was merely intended by Plato as a form of exhibiting his ideal polity: the second of these views is ably supported by Proclus in his commentary on the Timaeus; and has a great deal to be said in its favour. As to the former question, how far the legend may contain an element of fact, it seems impossible to arrive at any certain conclusion. Those who regard it as pure fiction, but of an early origin, view it as arising out of the very ancient notion, found in Homer and Hesiod, that the abodes of departed heroes were in the extreme west, beyond the river Oceanus, a locality naturally assigned as beyond the boundaries of the inhabited earth. That the fabulous prosperity and happiness of the Atlantines was in some degree connected with those poetical representations, is very probable; just as, when islands were actually discovered off the coast of Africa, they were called the Islands of the Blest. [FORTUNATAE INSULAE.] But still, important parts of the legend are thus left unaccounted for; its mythological character, its derivation from the Egyptian priests, or other Oriental sources; and, what is in Plato its most important part, the supposed conflict of the Atlantines with the people of the old world. A strong argument is derived also from the extreme improbability of any voyagers, at that early period, having found their way in safety across the Atlantic, and the double draft upon credulity involved in the supposition of their safe return; the return, however, being generally less difficult than the outward voyage. But this argument, though strong, is not decisive against the possibility of such a voyage. The opinions of the ancients may be gathered up in a few thesis, too, the war of the Atlantines and the Greeks might possibly refer to some very ancient conflict with the peoples of western Europe. [P.S.] words. Proclus (ad Tim. p. 24) tells us that Crantor, the first commentator on Plato, took the account for a history, but acknowledged that he incurred thereby the ridicule of his contemporaries. ATLAS (Ατλας: adj. "Ατλας, fem. 'Ατλαντίς: Strabo (ii. p. 102) barely mentions the legend, 'ATλarTuós, Atlanticus, Atlanteus), a name transquoting the opinion of Poseidonius, that it was pos- ferred from mythology to geography, and applied to sibly true; and Pliny refers to it with equal brevity the great chain of mountains in the NW. of Africa, (vi. 31. s. 36). But of far more importance than which we still call by the same name. But the apthese direct references, is the general opinion, which plication of the name is very different now from what seems to have prevailed more or less from the time it was with the ancients. It is now used to denote when the globular figure of the earth was established, the whole mountain system of Africa between the that the known world occupied but a small portion Atlantic Ocean on the W. and the Lesser Syrtis on of its surface, and that there might be on it other the E., and between the Mediterranean on the N. islands, besides our triple continent. Some state- and the Great Desert (Sähăra) on the S.; while, in ments to this effect are quoted in the preceding the widest extent assigned to the name by the anarticle [ATLANTICUM MARE]. Mela expressly cients, it did not reach further E. than the frontier affirms the existence of such another island, but he of Marocco; and within this limit it evidently has places it in the southern temperate zone (i. 9. § 2). | different significations. To understand the several Whether such opinions were founded on the vague meanings of the word, a brief general view of the records of some actual discovery, or on old mythical whole mountain chain is necessary. or poetical representations, or on the basis of scientific hypothesis, can no longer be determined; but, from whatever source, the anticipation of the discovery of America is found (not to mention other and less striking instances) in a well-known passage of Seneca's Medea, which is said to have made a deep impression on the mind of Columbus (Act ii. v. 375, et seq.): "Venient annis saecula seris, In modern times the discussion has been carried on with great ingenuity, but with no certain result. All that has been said, or perhaps that can be said upon it, is summed up in the Appendix of Cellarius to his great work on ancient geography, "De Novo Orbe, an cognitus fuerit veteribus (vol. ii. p. 251254), and in Alexander von Humboldt's Kritische Untersuchungen über die historische Entwickelung der geographischen Kenntnisse der neuen Welt, Berlin, 1826. One point seems to deserve more consideration than it has received from the disputants on either side; namely, whether the stories of ancient voyagers, which seem to refer to lands across the Atlantic, may not, after all, be explained equally well by supposing that the distant regions reached by these adventurers were only parts of the W. shores of Europe or Africa, the connection of which with our continent was not apparent to the mariners who reached them after long beating about in the Atlantic. By the earliest navigators everything beyond the Straits would be regarded as remote and strange. The story of Euphemus, for example, might be almost matched by some modern adventures with negroes or apes on the less known parts of the W. coast of Africa. It is worthy of particular notice, that Plato describes Atlantis as evidently not far from the Straits, and allots the part of it nearest our continent to Gadeirus, the twin brother of Atlas, the hero eponymus of the city of Gades or Gadeira (Cadiz) If this explanation be at all admissible (merely as the ultimate core of fact round which the legend grew up), it is quite conceivable that, when improved knowledge had assigned the true position to the coasts thus vaguely indicated, their disappearance from their former supposed position would lead to the belief that they had been swallowed up by the ocean. On this hypo The western half of North Africa is formed by a series of terraces, sloping down from the great desert table land of North Central Africa to the basin of the Mediterranean; including in this last phrase that portion of the Atlantic which forms a sort of gulf between Spain and the NW. coast of Africa. These terraces are intersected and supported by mountain ranges, having a general direction from west to east, and dividing the region into portions strikingly different in their physical characters. It is only of late years that any approach has been made to an accurate knowledge of this mountain system; and great parts of it are still entirely unexplored. In the absence of exact knowledge, both ancient and modern writers have fallen into the temptation of making out a plausible and symmetrical system by aid of the imagination. Thus Herodotus (ii. 32, iv. 181) divides the whole of N. Africa (Libya) W. of the Nile-valley into three parallel regions: the inhabited and cultivated tract along the coast; the Country of Wild Beasts (ʼn Inpiwons) S. of the former; and, S. of this, the Sandy Desert (áμμos kai ǎvvdpos deivŵs kal épîμos návτwv, comp. iv. 184, sub fin.), or, as he calls it in iv. 181, a ridge of sand, extending like an eyebrow. (ỏøpún váμμns) from Thebes in Egypt to the Pillars of Hercules. A similar threefold division has been often made by modern writers, varying from that of Herodotus only in naming the central portion, from its characteristic vegetation, the Country of Palms (Beled-el-Jerid); and the parallel chains of the Great and Lesser Atlas have been assigned as the lines of demarcation on the S. and in the middle. Such views have just enough foundation in fact to make them exceedingly apt to mislead. The true physical geography of the region does not present this symmetry, either of arrangement or of products. It is true that the whole region may be roughly divided into two portions, the cultivated land and the sandy desert (or, as the Arabs say, the Tell and the Sähǎra), between which the main chain of Atlas may be considered, in a very general sense, as the great barrier; and that there are districts between the two, where the cultivation of the soil ceases, and where the palm chiefly, but also other trees, flourish, not over a continuous tract, but in distinct oases: but even this general statement would require, to make it clear and accurate, a more detailed exposition than lies within our province. In general terms, it may be observed that the Tell, or corn-growing country, cannot be defined by the limit of the Lesser or even the Great Atlas the case in his time, the lion and other beasts of prey are now confined to the mountains, and do not venture down into the plains. The inhabitants of the Sahara are connected with the peoples N. of them by race and by the interchange of the first neces ing their fruits in return; while they are severed from the peoples of the S. by race, habits, and the great barrier of the true sandy desert. A particular description of the oases of the Sahara, and of the other points only indicated here, will be found in the work just quoted. (terms themselves far from definite), but that it even extends, in some places (as in Tunis), beyond the latter chain; that the Sahara, or sandy desert, spreads itself, in patches of greater or lesser extent, far to the N. of the great desert table-land, which the name is commonly understood to denote; that the palm-saries of life, receiving the corn of the Tell, and givgrowing oases (wadys) are found in all parts of the Sahara, on both sides of the Atlas, but chiefly in series of detached oases, not only on the N., but also on the S. margin of the main chain of mountains; and that, where any continuous tract can be marked out as a belt of demarcation between the Tell and the Sahara, its physical character is that of pasture-land, with numerous fruit-trees of various species. The Tell is formed by a series of valleys or river-basins, lying for the most part in the mountains near the coast, which form what is called the Lesser Atlas; and opening out, in the NW. of Marocco, into extensive plains, which, however, the larger they become, assume more and more of the desert character, for the obvious reason that they are less completely irrigated by the streams flowing through them. The lower mountain ridges, which divide these basins, seem generally well wooded; but, as they form the strongholds of the Berbers, they are little known to the Europeans, or even to the Arabs. The southern limit of the Tell cannot be defined by any one marked chain of mountain; but in proportion as the main chain retires from the sea, so does the Sahara gain upon the Tell; and, on the other hand, where, as in Tunis, the main chain approaches the sea, the Tell even reaches its southern side. The only delimitation that can be made between the Tell and the Sahara is assigned by the difference of their products. But, even thus, there are some intervening regions which partake of the character of both. Carette traces three principal basins of this kind in Algeria: the eastern, or basin of lake Melrir, S. of Tunis and the E. part of Algeria, and W. of the Lesser Syrtis, characterized by the culture both of corn and fruits; the central, or basin of ElHodna, far NW. of the former, where both kinds of culture are mixed with pastures; and the W., or basin of the upper Shelif (the ancient Chinalaph), where cultivation is almost superseded by pasturage. Such is a general view of the country formed by what we now call the Atlas system of mountains, the main chain of which defines the S. margin of the basin of the Mediterranean. The precise determination of this main chain is somewhat difficult. Its general direction is not parallel to that of the whole system; but it forms a sort of diagonal, run To the S. of the Tell, the Sahara, in the Arab sense of the word, extends over a space which canning about WSW. and ENE., and nearly parallel be tolerably well defined on the S. by a chain of cases, running in the general direction of WSW. to ENE. from the extreme S. of the empire of Marocco, in about 28° or 29° N. lat., to the bottom of the Lesser Syrtis, between 33° and 34°. As far as can be judged from the very imperfect data we possess, this series of oases marks a depression between the S. slopes of the Atlas system and the high tableland of the Great Desert. It thus forms a natural boundary between the "Barbary States," or that portion of North Africa which has always fallen more or less within the history of the civilized world, and the vast regions of Central Africa, peopled by the indigenous black tribes included under the general names of Ethiopians or Negroes. To the S. of this boundary lies the great sandy desert which we commonly call the Sahara; to the N., the Sahara of the Arabs of Barbary: the physical distinction being as clearly marked as that between an ocean, with here and there an island, and an archipelago. The Great Desert is such an ocean of sand, with here and there an oasis. The Sahara of Barbary is a vast archipelago of oases, each of which presents to the eye a lively group of towns and villages. Each village is surrounded by a large circuit of fruit-trees. The palm is the king of these plantations, as much by the height of its stature as the value of its products; but it does not exclude other species; the pomegranate, the fig, the apricot, the peach, the vine, grow by its side." (Carette, l'Algérie Meridionale, in the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie, vol. ii. p. 7.) Such is the region confounded by some writers with the Desert, and vaguely described by others as the Country of Palms, a term, by the bye, which the Arabs confine to the Tunisian Sahara and its oases. As for Herodotus's Country of Wild Beasts," whatever may have been to the line of oases mentioned above as the southern limit of the system. The true W. extremity seems to be C. Ghir or Ras Aferni, about 30° 35' N. lat.; and the E. extremity is formed by the NE. point of Tunis, Ras Addar or C. Bon. At this end it communicates, by branches thrown off to the S., with the mountain chain which skirts the eastern half of the Mediterranean coast from the Lesser Syrtis to the Nile valley; but this latter range is regarded by the best geographers as a distinct system, and not a part of the Atlas. The first part of the main chain. here called the High Atlas, proceeds in the direction. above indicated as far as Jebel Miltsin, S. of the city of Marocco, where it attains its greatest height, and whence it sends off an important branch to the S., under the name of Jebel Hadrar, or the Southern Atlas, which terminates on the Atlantic between C. Nun and C. Jubi. The main chain proceeds till it reaches a sort of knot or focus, whence several ranges branch out, in 31° 30' N. lat. and 4° 50′ W.long. It here divides into two parts; one of which, retaining the name of the High Atlas, runs N. and NE. along the W. margin of the river Mulwia (the ancient Malva or Molochath), terminating on the W. of the mouth of that river and on the frontier of Marocco. From this range several lateral chains are thrown off to the N. and W., enclosing the plains of N. Marocco, and most of them reaching a common termination on the S. side of the Straits of Gibraltar: the one skirting the N. coast is considered as the W. portion of the Lesser Atlas chain, to be spoken of presently. From the usage of the ancient writers, as well as the modern inhabitants of the country, this so-called High Atlas has the best claim to be regarded as the prolongation of the main chain. But, on the ground of uniformity of direction, and to preserve a continuity through the whole system, geographers assign that character to another range, which they call the Great Atlas, running from the same mountain knot, with an inclination more to the E., forming the SE. margin of the valley of the Mulwia, and, after an apparent depression about the frontier of Marocco, where it is little known, reappearing in the lofty group of Jebel Amour, in the meridian of Shershell, and thence continuing, in the direction already indicated, to C. Bon. Parallel to this range, and near the coast of the Mediterranean, from the mouth of the Mulwia to that of the Mejerdah (the ancient Bagradas) in Tunis, runs another chain, commonly called the Lesser Atlas, which may be regarded as an eastern prolongation of the High Atlas of N. Marocco; while its ridges may also be viewed as the walls of the terraces by which the whole system slopes down to the Mediterranean. These ridges are varied in number and direction, and the valleys formed by them constitute the greater portion of the Tell: the varied positions and directions of these valleys may be at once seen by the courses of the rivers on any good map of Algeria. In few places is there any tract of level land between the north side of the Lesser Atlas and the coast. Besides the less marked chains and terraces, which connect the Lesser Atlas with the principal chain, there is one well defined bridge, running WNW. and ESE. from about the meridian of Algier (the city) to that of Constantineh, which is sometimes described as the Middle Atlas; but this term is sometimes applied also to the whole system of terraces between the Great and Lesser Atlas. In the N. of Tunis (the ancient Zeugitana) the two chains coalesce. The principal chain divides the waters which run into the Mediterranean (and partly into the Atlantic) from those which flow southwards towards the Great Desert. The latter, excepting the few which find their way into the Mediterranean about the Lesser Syrtis, are lost in the sands, after watering the oases of the Sahara of Barbary. Of the former, several perform the same office and are absorbed in the same manner; but a few break through the more northern chains and flow into the Mediterranean, thus forming the only considerable rivers of N. Africa: such are the Mulwia (Molochath) and Mejerdah (Bagradas). Of the waters of the Lesser Atlas, some flow S. and form oases in the Sahara; while others find their way into the Mediterranean, after a circuitous course through the longitudinal valleys described above; not to mention the smaller streams along the coast, which fall directly down the N. face of the mountains into the sea. Reference has already been made to the common error, which assumes to determine the physical character of the country by lines of demarcation drawn along the mountain ranges. On this point, Carette remarks (p. 26) that "in the east and in the centre, the region of arable culture passes the limits of the basin of the Mediterranean; while on the west, it does not reach them." As to elevation, the whole system declines considerably from W. to E., the highest summits in Marocco reaching near 13,000 feet; in Tunis, not 5000. In its general formation, it differs from the mountains on the N. margin of the Mediterranean basin, by being less abrupt and having a tendency rather to form extensive table lands than sharp crests and peaks. The portion of this mountain system E. of the Molochath was known to the ancients by various names. [MAURETANIA: NUMIDIA.] The name of ATLAS seems never to have been extended by them beyond the original Mauretania (Tingitana), that is, not E. of the Molochath. The earliest notices we find are extremely vague, and partake of that fabulous character with which the W. extreinity of the known earth was invested. On the connection of the name with the mythical personage, nothing requires to be added to what has been said under ATLAS in the Dictionary of Mythology and Biography. As a purely geographical term, the name occurs first in Herodotus, whose Atlas is not a chain of mountains, but an isolated mountain in the line of his imaginary crest of sand, which has been already mentioned, giving name to a people inhabiting one of the oases in that ridge. [ATLANTES.] He describes it as narrow and circular, and so steep that its summit was said to be invisible: the snow was said never to leave its top either in summer or winter; and the people of the country called it the pillar of heaven (iv. 184). The description is so far accurate, that the highest summits of the Atlas, in Marocco, are covered with perpetual snow; but the account is avowedly drawn from mere report, and no data are assigned to fix the precise locality. With similar vagueness, and avowedly following ancient legends, Diodorus (iii. 53) speaks of the lake TRITONIS as near Ethiopia and the greatest mountain of those parts, which runs forward into the ocean, and which the Greeks call Atlas. It was not till the Jugurthine War brought the Romans into contact with the people W. of the Molochath, that any exact knowledge could be obtained of the mountains of Mauretania; but from that time to the end of the Civil Wars the means of such knowledge were rapidly increased. Accordingly the geographers of the early empire are found speaking of the Atlas as the great mountain range of Mauretania, and they are acquainted with its native name of Dyrin (Aúpw), which it still bears, under the form of Idrár-n-Deren, in addition to the corrupted form of the ancient name, Jebel-Tedla. The name of Deren is applied especially to the part W. of the great knot. Strabo (xvii. p. 825) says that on the left of a person sailing out of the staits, is a mountain, which the Greeks call Atlas, but the barbarians Dyrin; from which runs out an offset (póñoυs) forming the NW. extremity of Mauretania, and called Cotes. [AMPELUSIA]. Immediately afterwards, he mentions the mountain-chain extending from Cotes to the Syrtes in such a manner that he may perhaps seem to include it under the name of Atlas, but he does not expressly call it so. Mela is content to copy, almost exactly, the description of Herodotus, with the addition from the mythologers "caelum et sidera non tangere modo vertice, sed sustinere quoque dictus est" (iii. 10. § 1). Pliny (v. 1) places the Atlas in the W. of Mauretania, S. of the river Sala, (or, as he elsewhere says, S. of the river Fut) and the people called Autololes, through whom, he says, is the road "ad montem Africae vel fabu losissimum Atlantem." He describes it as rising up to heaven out of the midst of the sand, rough and rugged, where it looks towards the shores of the ocean to which it gives its name, but on the side looking to Africa delightful for its shady groves, abundant springs, and fruits of all kinds springing up spontaneously. In the day-time its inhabitants were said to conceal themselves, and travellers were filled with a religious horror by the silence of its cessary: moreover, in some of the later editions of solitudes and its vast height, reaching above the Ptolemy mentions, among the points on the W. ATRAMITAE. [ADRAMITAE.] ATRAE or HATRAE ("Aтpai, Herodian iii. 28; Steph. Byz. 8. v.; тà "Aтpa, Dion Cass. lxvii. 31, lxxxv. 10; Hatra, Amm. xxv. 8; Eth. 'Arphyo: Al Hathr, Journ. Geog. Soc., vol. ix. p. 467), a strong place, some days' journey in the desert, west of the Tigris, on a small stream, now called the Tharthar (near Libanae, Steph. B. s. v. Baval). Herodianus (l. c.) describes it as a place of considerable strength, on the precipice of a very steep hill; and Ammianus (l. c.) calls it Vetus oppidum in media solitudine positum olimque desertum. Zonaras calls it πόλιν 'Αράβιον. Mannert (v. 2) suggests that perhaps the Bnuárpa of Ptolemy (v. 18. § 13) represents the same place, it being a corruption for Bet-atra; but this seems hardly ne ATRAX (Aтpak, also 'Aтpañía, Steph. B.; Ptol. iii. 13. § 42: Eth. 'Arpákios), a Perrhaebian town in Thessaly, described by Livy as situated above the river Peneius, at the distance of about 10 miles from Larissa. (Liv. xxxii. 15, comp. xxxvi. 13.) Strabo says that the Peneius passed by the cities of Tricca, Pelinnaeum and Parcadon, on its left, on its course to Atrax and Larissa. (Strab. ix. p. 438.) Leake places Atrax on a height upon the left bank of the Peneius, opposite the village of Gúnitza. On this height, which is now called Sidhiro-péliko (ZídnpoTÉλIKOs), a place where chippings of iron are found, Leake found stones and fragments of ancient pottery, and in one place foundations of an Hellenic wall. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 368, vol. iv. p. 292.) ATREBATES or ATREBATI (Ατρέβατοι, Strab. p. 194), one of the Belgic nations (Caesar, B. G. ii. 4), or a people of Belgium, in the limited sense in which Caesar sometimes uses that term. They were one of the Belgic peoples who had sent settlers to Britannia, long before Caesar's time (B. G. v. 12); and their name was retained by the Atrebates of Britannia. The Atrebates of Belgium were between the rivers Somme and the Schelde, and the position of their chief town Nemetocenna (B. G. viii. 46) or Nemetacum, is that of Arras, in the modern French department of Pas de Calais, on the Scarpe. The Morini were between the Atrebates and the sea. Their country in Caesar's time was marshy and wooded. The name Atrebates is partly preserved in Arras, and in the name of Artois, one of the anterevolutionary divisions of France. In the middleage Latin Artois is called Adertisus Pagus. But it is said that the limits of the Atrebates are not indicated by the old province of Artois, but by the extent of the old diocese of Arras. Atrecht, the German name of Arras, is still nearer to the form Atrebates. In Caesar's Belgic War, B. c. 57, the Atrebates supplied 15,000 men to the native army (B. G. ii. 4), and they were defeated, together with the Nervii, by Caesar, in the battle on the banks of |