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modelled or abolished nearly all the other institutions of the empire, this interdict remained in force. The dependence of Egypt was therefore more absolute and direct than that of any other province of Rome. Its difficulty of access, and the facility which it presented to an enterprising and ambitious governor to render himself independent, dictated these stringent precantions. The prefect, however, possessed the same powers as the other provincial governors, although he did not receive the fasces and the other insignia of the latter. (Tac. Ann. xii. 60; Poll. Trig. Tyr. 22.)

Augustus made very little change in the internal government of Egypt. It was divided into three great districts called Epistrategiae (èmiтpaτnylαi) -Upper Egypt (Thebais), of which the capital was Ptolemais, Middle Egypt (Heptanomis), and Lower Egypt (Strab. xvii. p. 787). Each of these three districts was divided into nomes, the nomes into toparchies, and the toparchies into кŵμаι and Tóжоι, in which the land was carefully measured according to poupa. Each of the great districts was under an epistrategus (émiστpáτnyos), who was a Roman, and possessed both civil and military authority, and to him all the officials in his district were amenable. Each nome was governed by a strategus (TpaTTos), in ancient times called voμápxns, who carried into execution the edicts of the prefect, and superintended the collection of the taxes imposed upon his nome. The strategus was appointed by the prefect, and was selected from the natives, either Greeks or Egyptians: the term of his office was three years. The subdivisions of the nomes above mentioned were in like manner under the administration, each of its own officers, whose names and titles frequently occur in inscriptions.

The three Greek cities of Alexandria, Ptolemais, and Arsinoë were not subject to the authorities of the nome, but were governed by their own municipal institutions (σύστημα πολιτικὸν ἐν τῷ Ἑλληνικῷ Tpóny, Strab. xvii. p. 813).

Two legions were found sufficient to keep Egypt in obedience. They were stationed at Elephantine and Parembole, in the south: at the Hermopolitan castle, on the borders of Heptanomis and the Thebaid: at Memphis and Alexandria in the Delta: and at Paretonium in Libya. Cohorts of German horse were quartered in various portions of the Nile-valley. The native population were not allowed to possess arms-a precaution partly dictated by the fierce and excitable temper of the Egyptian people. (Amm. Marc. xxii. 16. § 23.)

The Romans presently set themselves to improve the revenues and restore the agriculture of their new province. Under the second prefect C. Petronius (Sueton. Octav. 18; Strab. xvii. p. 820) the canals of the Nile were cleared of sand, and many thousand acres brought again into cultivation. Egypt, under the emperors, shared with Sicily and northern Africa the distinction of being accounted a granary of Rome. To the general survey of the Nile-valley under Aelius Gallus, the third prefect, we owe the accurate description of it by the geographer Strabo. He accompanied the prefect to Syene (xvi. p. 816), and explored both the vestiges of ancient grandeur in the Thebaid, and the new cities which, like Ptolemais, had been built and were occupied by Greeks alone. The Caesars were as tolerant as the Macedonian kings, and made no change in the religion of their Coptic subjects. The names of Ronan emperors are inscribed on many of the Egyp

tian and Nubian temples; e. g., that of Augustus at Philae, and that of Tiberius at Thebes, Aphroditopolis, and Berenice. Augustus was invested with the titles of the native kings-Son of the Sun, of Ammon, king of Upper and Lower Egypt, &c. The country was well governed under Tiberius, who strictly repressed the avarice of his prefects (Joseph. Ant. xviii. 5; Dion Cass. lvii. 32). From Tacitus (Ann. ii. 64) we learn that the emperor was highly displeased with his adopted son Germanicus for travelling in Egypt without a previous licence from himself. Pliny (viii. 71) records that, on this tour, Germanicus consulted the sacred bull Apis, and received an answer indicative of his future misfortunes. The liberty of coining money was taken from the Egyptians by Tiberius in the tenth year of his reign (A. D. 23); but the right of mintage was restored to them by Claudius. Pliny (vi. 26) has given an interesting description of the Egyptian trade with the East in this reign. The history of Egypt from this period is so nearly identified with that of Alexandria, that we may refer generally to that head for the summary of its events. The country, indeed, had been so completely subjugated, that Vespasian could venture to withdraw from it nearly all the disposable military force, when in A. D. 67-68 it was required to put down the rebellion of Judaea. The principal commotions of Egypt were, indeed, caused by the common hostility of the Greek and Hebrew population. This, generally confined to the streets of Alexandria, sometimes raged in the Delta also, and in the reign of Hadrian demanded the imperial interference to suppress. The Jews, indeed, were very numerous in Egypt, especially in the open country; and after the destruction of Jerusalem, their principal temple was at Leontopolis. Hadrian (Spartian. 14) visited Egypt in the 6th year of his reign, and ascended the Nile as far as Thebes. The most conspicuous monument of this imperial progress was the city of Antinopolis, on the east bank of the Nile, which he raised as a monument to his favourite, the beautiful Antinous. (Dion Cass. Ixix. 16.)

In the reign of M. Aurelius, A. D. 166, occurred the first serious rebellion of Egypt against its Roman masters. It is described as a revolt of the native soldiers. But they were probably Arabs who had been drafted into the legions, and whose predatory habits prompted them to desert and resume their wild life in the desert. The revolt lasted nearly four years (A. D. 171–175), and was put down by Avidius Cassius, who then proclaimed himself emperor of Egypt, and his son Maecianus praetorian prefect. Avidius and his son, however, were put to death by their own troops, and the clemency of the emperor speedily regained the affections of his Egyptian subjects. (Capitol. M. Anton, 25.)

On the death of Pertinax in A. D. 193, Pescennius Niger, who commanded a legion in Upper Egypt, and had won the favour of the natives by repressing the license of the soldiery, proclaimed himself emperor. He was defeated and slain at Cyzicus, A. D. 196, and his successful rival the emperor Severus visited the vacant province, and examined the monuments at Thebes and Memphis. Severus, however, was unpopular with the Egyptians, as well from his exactions of tribute as from his impolitic derision of the national religion. In the reign of Caracalla, Egyptians for the first time took their seat in the Roman senate, and the worship of Isis was publicly sanctioned at Rome. (Dion Cass. lxxvii. 23; Spartian. Sever. 17.)

The next important revolution of Egypt was its | temporary occupation by Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, in A. D. 269. The Egypto-Greeks were now at the end of six centuries again subject to an Asiatic monarch. But her power lasted only a few months. This invasion, however, stimulated the native population, now considerably intermingled with Arabs, and they set up, after a few months' submission to Aurelian, a Syrian of Seleucia, named Firmus, as emperor, A. D. 272. (Vopisc. Firm. 5.) Firmus was succeeded by a rebel chieftain named Domitius Domitianus (Zosim. i. 49); but both of these pretenders were ultimately crushed by Aurelian. Both Rome and Egypt suffered greatly during this period of anarchy: the one from the irregularity of the supply of corn, the other from the ravages of predatory bands, and from the encroachments of the barbarians on either frontier. In A. D. 276, Probus, who had been military prefect of Egypt, was, on the death of Tacitus, proclaimed emperor by his legions, and their choice was confirmed by the other provinces of the empire. Probus was soon recalled to his former province by the turbulence of the Blemmyes; and as even Ptolemais, the capital of the Thebaid, was in possession of the insurgents, we may estimate the power of the Arabs in the Nile-valley. So dangerous, indeed, were these revolts, that Probus deemed his victory over the Blemmyes not unworthy of a triumph. (Vopisc. Prob. 9, seq.)

Antonini, which is usually ascribed to the emperor
M. Aurelius Antoninus.

In

According to the traditions of the Church, Christianity was introduced into Egypt by the evangelist St. Mark. Its reception and progress must be read in ecclesiastical annals. We can only remark here, that the gloomy and meditative genius of the Egyptians was a favourable soil for the growth of heresy; that the Arians and Athanasians shed torrents of blood in their controversies; and that monachism tended nearly as much as civil or religious wars to the depopulation of the Nile-valley. The deserts of the Thebaid, the marshes of the Delta, and the islands formed by the lagoons and estuaries of the Nile, were thronged with convents and hermitages; and the legends of the saints are, in considerable proportion, the growth of Egyptian fancy and asceticism. the reign of Theodosius I., A. D. 379, the edict which denounced Paganism levelled at one blow the ancient Polytheism of the Nile-valley, and consigned to ruin and neglect all of its temples which had not previously been converted, partially or wholly, into Christian Churches. From this epoch we may regard the history of the Egyptians, as a peculiar people, closed: their only subsequent revolutions henceforward being their subjugation by Persia in A. D. 618, and their conquest by Amrou, the general of the Khaliph Omar, in A. D. 640. The yoke of Arabis was then finally imposed upon the land of Misraim, and its modern history commences -a history of decrepitude and decline until the present century.

The reign of Diocletian, A. D. 285, was a period of calamity to Egypt. A century of wars had rendered its people able and formidable soldiers; and The sources of information for Egyptian history Achilleus, the leader of the insurgents, was pro- and geography are of four kinds. (1) Works of claimed by them emperor. Diocletian personally geography, such as those of Ptolemy, Strabo, Eradirected his campaigns, and reduced, after a tedious tosthenes, Pliny and Mela. (2) Of history, such as siege, the cities of Coptos and Busiris. In this reign those of the fragments of Manetho, Africanus, the also the Roman frontier was withdrawn from Aethio-Syncellus, Eusebius, Herodotus and Diodorus already pia, and restored to Elephantine, whose fortifications cited. (3) The Arabian chorographers, and (4) were strengthened and garrisons augmented. Ga- the researches of modern travellers and Egyptologers lerius and Maximin successively misgoverned Egypt: from Kircher to Bunsen and Lepsius; among the whose history henceforward becomes little more than former we specially designate the works of the elder a record of a religious persecution. Niebuhr, Pococke and Bruce, Burckhardt and Belzoni; the splendid collections of Dénon and the French savans, 1798; Gau's work on the monuments of Lower Nubia, and Sir Gardner Wilkinson's Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, 6 vols. 8vo. To these may be added, as summaries of the writings of travellers and scholars, Heeren's Researches into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Carthaginians, Aethiopians, and Egyptians, 2 vols. 8vo. Engl. trans. 1838; the recent work, Kenrick's Ancient Egypt, 2 vols. 8vo. 1850; and the two volumes in the Library of Entertaining Knowledge, entitled The British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, which, under an unpretending form, contain a fund of sound and various information. It would be easy to extend this catalogue of authorities; but the general reader will find all he seeks in the authors we have enumerated. [W. B. D.]

After the time of Constantine, the administration and division of Egypt were completely changed. It was then divided into six provinces: (1) Aegyptus Propria; (2) Augustamnica; (3) Heptanomis (afterwards Arcadia); (4) Thebais; (5) Libya Inferior; (6) Libya Superior (consisting of the Cyrenaic Pentapolis). The division into nomes lasted till the seventh century after Christ. All the authorities having any relation to the Roman province of Aegypt are collected by Marquardt, in Becker's Handbuch der Römischen Alterthümer, vol. iii. pt. i. p. 207, seq.

Under the Romans the chief roads in Egypt were six in number. One extended from Contra-Pselcis in Nubia along the castern bank of the Nile to Babylon opposite Memphis, and thence proceeded by Heliopolis to the point where Trajan's canal entered the Red Sea. A second led from Memphis to Pelusium. AEGYS (Αΐγυς: Eth. Αἰγυάτης, Paus.; Αἰγνεύς, A third joined the first at Serapion, and afforded a Theopomp. ap. Steph. B. s. v.), a town of Laconia, shorter route across the desert. A fourth went on the frontiers of Arcadia, originally belonged to along the western bank of the Nile from Hiera Sy- the Arcadians, but was conquered at an early period caminos in Nubia to Alexandria. A fifth reached by Charilaus, the reputed nephew of Lycurgus, and from Palestine to Alexandria, and ran along the annexed to Laconia. Its territory, called Aegytis coast of the Mediterranean from Raphia to Pelusium, (Alyûtis), appears to have been originally of some joining the fourth at Andropolis. The sixth road extent, and to have included all the villages in the led from Coptos on the Nile to Berenice on the Red districts of Maleatis and Cromitis. Even at the Sea, and contained ten stations, each about twenty-time of the foundation of Megalopolis, the inhabitants five miles apart from one another. The Roman of these Arcadian districts, comprising Scirtonium, roads in Egypt are described in the Itinerarium Malea, Cromi, Belbina, and Leuctrum, continued

to be called Aegytae. The position of Aegys is uncertain. Leake places it at Kamára, near the sources of the river Xerilo, the ancient Carnion. (Pans. iii. 25, viii. 27. § 4, 34. § 5; Strab. p. 446: Pol. ii. 54; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 234.) AELANA (Tà Atλava, Strab. p. 768; Aiλavý, Joseph. Ant. viii. 6. § 4; 'Exáva, Ptol. v. 17. § 1; Ataror, Steph. B. s. v.; Aiλás, Procop. B. Pers. i. 19; in O. T. ELATH, in LXX. Aixáo, Aiλáv: Eth. Alλarirns: Akaba), an Idumaean town in Arabia Petraea, situated at the head of the eastern gulf of the Red Sea, which was called after this town Aelanitieus Sinus. It was situated 10 miles E. of Petra (Euseb. Onom. s. v. 'HAά0), and 150 miles SE. of Gaza (Plin. v. 11. s. 12). It was annexed to the kingdom of Judah, together with the other cities of Idumaea, by David (2 Sam. viii. 14), and was one of the harbours on the Red Sea, from which the fleet of Solomon sailed to Ophir (1 Kings, ix. 26; 2 Chron. viii. 17); but it subsequently revolted from the Jews, and became independent. (2 Kings, xiv. 22.) It continued to be a place of commercial importance under the Romans, and was the head quarters of the tenth legion. (Hieron. Onom.; Not. Imp.) It was the residence of a Christian bishop, and is mentioned by Procopius in the sixth century as inhabited by Jews, who, after having been for a long time independent, had become subject to the Romans in the reign of Justinian. (Procop. B. Pers. i. 19.) The site of Aelana is now occupied by a fortress called Akaba, in which a garrison is stationed, because it lies on the route of the Egyptian pilgrims to Mecca. (Niebuhr, Beschreibung von Arabien, p. 400; Rüppel, Reise in Nubien, p. 248; Laborde, Journey through Arabia Petraea, vol. i. p. 116.)

AELANI'TICUS SINUS. [ARABICUS SINUS.] AE'LIA CAPITOLI'NA. JERUSALEM.] AE'MODAE or HAE'MODAE, the Shetland Islands (Mela, iii. 6), described by Pliny (iv. 16. §30), as a group of seven. The islands Ocitis (Oxiris), and Dumna (Aovuva) mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 31) were apparently part of this group, and answer respectively to St. Ronaldsha and Hay. Camden and the elder antiquaries, however, refer the Aemodae to the Baltic Sea. [W. B. D.] AEMO'NA, HAEMO'NA, EMO'NA ("Huwva, *Hueva, Orelli, Inscript. 72; 'Hua, Herodian. viii. 1: Eth. Aemonensis: Laybach), a strongly fortified town with a well-frequented market in Pannonia, situated on the river Saave and on the road from Aquileia to Celeia, answering to the modern Laybach, the capital of Illyria. Laybach, however, as the Roman remains around its walls attest, does not equal in extent the ancient Aemona. According to tradition, the Argonauts were the founders of Aemona (Zosim. v. 29). It subsequently became a Roman colony with the title of Julia Augusta (Plin. iv. 21. § 28), and its name occurs on coins and inscriptions (Ptol. ii. 15. § 7; Orelli, Inscript. nos. 71, 72, et alib.). [W.B.D.] AENA'RIA (Aivapía, App.), called by the Greeks PITHECU'SA (enкovoσa), or PITHECU'SAE (Пi@ŋkovoσai), and by the Latin poets INA'RIME, now Ischia, is an island of considerable size, which lies off the coast of Campania, nearly opposite to Cape Misenum, and forms, in conjunction with that headland, the northern boundary of the Bay of Naples. It is about 15 miles in circumference, and is distant between five and six miles from the nearest point of the mainland, and 16 from Capri, which forins the southern boundary of the bay. The small

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island of Prochyta (Procida) lies between it and Cape Misenum. The whole island is of volcanic origin, and though it contains no regular crater, or other vent of igneous action, was subject in ancient, as it has continued in later, times, to violent earthquakes and paroxysmal outbursts of volcanic agency. It was first colonized by Greek settlers from Chalcis and Eretria, either simultaneously with, or even previous to, the foundation of Cumae on the neighbouring mainland; and the colony attained to great prosperity, but afterwards suffered severely from internal dissensions, and was ultimately compelled to abandon the island in consequence of violent earthquakes and volcanic outbreaks. (Liv. viii. 22; Strab. v. p. 248.) These are evidently the same described by Timaeus, who related that Mt. Epomeus, a hill in the centre of the island, vomited forth flames and a vast mass of ashes, and that a part of the island, between this mountain and the coast, was driven forcibly into the sea. (Timaeus ap. Strab. v. p. 248.) The same phenomena are related with some variation by Pliny (ii. 88). At a later period, a fresh colony was established there by Hieron, the tyrant of Syracuse (probably after his great naval victory over the Tyrrhenians in B.C.474), but these were also compelled to quit the island for similar reasons. (Strab. I. c.; Mommsen, UnterItalischen Dialekte, p. 198.) After their departure it was occupied by the Neapolitans, and Scylax (§ 10. p. 3) speaks of it as containing, in his time, a Greek city. It probably continued from henceforth a dependency of Neapolis, and the period at which it fell into the hands of the Romans is unknown: but we find it in later times forming a part of the public property of the Roman state, until Augustus ceded it once more to the Neapolitans, in exchange for the island of Capreae. (Suet. Aug.92.) We have scarcely any further information concerning its condition; but it seems to have effectually recovered from its previous disasters, though still subject to earthquakes and occasional phenomena of a volcanic character. It was indebted to the same causes for its warm springs, which were frequented for their medical properties. (Strab. v. pp. 248. 258; Plin. xxxi. 5; Stat. Silv. iii. 5. 104; Lucil. Aetna, 430; Jul. Obseq. 114.) Strabo notices the fertility of the soil, and speaks of gold mines having been worked by the first settlers; but it would seem never to have enjoyed any considerable degree of prosperity or importance under the Romans, as its name is rarely mentioned. At the present day it is a fertile and flourishing island, with a population of 25,000 inhabitants, and contains two considerable towns, Ischia and Foria. The position of the ancient town is uncertain, no antiquities having been discovered, except a few inscriptions. The Monte di San Nicola, which rises in the centre of the island to an elevation of 2500 feet, and bears unquestionable traces of volcanic action, is clearly the same with the EPOMEUS of Timaeus (l. c.) which is called by Pliny Moss ErOPUS. (Concerning the present state of the island, and its volcanic phenomena, see Description Topogr. et Histor, des Iles d'Ischia, de Ponza, fc., Naples, 1822; Scrope, On the Volcanic District of Naples, in the Trans. of the Geol. Soc. 2nd series, vol. ii.; Daubeny on Volcanoes, p. 240, 2nd edit.) The name of PITHECUSAE appears to have been sometimes applied by the Greeks to the two islands of Aenaria and Prochyta collectively, but the plural form as well as the singular is often used to designate the larger island alone. Strabo,

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indeed, uses both indifferently. (See also Appian, B. C. v. 69.) Livy, in one passage (viii. 22), speaks of "Aenaria et Pithecusas," and Mela (ii. 7) also enumerates separately Pithecusa, Aenaria, and Prochyta. But this is clearly a mere confusion arising from the double appellation. Pliny tells us (iii. 6. 12) that the Greek name was derived from the pottery (100) manufactured there, not as commonly supposed from its abounding in apes (TiOnko). But the latter derivation was the popular one, and was connected, by some writers, with the mythological tale of the Cercopes. (Xenagoras ap. Harpocr. s. v. Kéрkw; Ovid. Met. xiv. 90.)

The name of INARIME is peculiar to the Latin poets, and seems to have arisen from a confusion with the "Apuo of Homer and Hesiod, after the fable of Typhoeus had been transferred from Asia to the volcanic regions of Italy and Sicily. (Strab. v. p. 248, xiii. p. 626; Pherecyd. ap. Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. ii. 1210.) The earthquakes and volcanic outbursts of this island were already ascribed by Pindar (Pyth. i. 18) to the struggles of the imprisoned giant, but the name of Inarime is first found in Virgil, from whom it is repeated by many later poets. Ovid erroneously distinguishes Inarime from Pithecusae. (Virg. Aen. ix. 716; Ovid. Met. xiv. 90; Sil. Ital. viii. 542, xii. 147; Lucan. v. 100; Stat. Silv. ii. 2. 76; and see Heyne, Exc. ii. ad Virg. Aen. ix.; Wernsdorf, Exc. iii. ad Lucil. Aetnam.) The idea, that both this and the neighbouring island of Prochyta had been at one time united to the mainland, and broken off from it by the violence of the same volcanic causes which were still in operation, is found both in Strabo and Pliny, and was a natural inference from the phenomena actually observed, but cannot be regarded as resting upon any historical tradition. (Strab. ii. p. 60, v. p. 258; Plin. ii. 88.) [E. H. B.]

ΑΕΝΕΙΑ (Αἴνεια: Eth. Αἰνειεύς, Αἰνεάτης), α town of Chalcidice in Macedonia, said to have been founded by Aeneas, was situated, according to Livy, opposite Pydna, and 15 miles from Thessalonica. It appears to have stood on the promontory of the great Karaburnú, which forms the NW. corner of the peninsula of Chalcidice, and which, being about 10 geographical miles in direct distance from Thessalonica, may be identified with the promontory Aeneium of Scymnus. Aeneia must therefore have been further N. than Pydna. It was colonised by the Corinthians. (Scymnus Ch. 627.) It is mentioned by Herodotus, and continued to be a place of importance down to the time of the Roman wars in Greece, although we are told that a great part of its population was removed to Thessalonica, when the latter city was founded by Cassander. (Herod. vii. 123; Strab. p. 330; Dionys. i. 49; Lycophr. 1236 and Schol.; Virg. Aen. iii. 16; Steph. B. s. v.; Liv. xl. 4, xliv. 10, 32; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 451.)

COIN OF AENEIA.

AENIA'NES. [THESSALIA.] AENUS (Alvos: Eth. Alvios, Aiviárns, Aenius: Enos), a town of Thrace, situated upon a promontory on the south-eastern side of the Palus Stentoris,

through which one of the mouths of the Hebrns makes its way into the sea. According to Virgil (Aen. iii. 18), it was founded by Aeneas when he landed there on his way from Troy, but there does not seem any more authority for this statement than the similarity of the names; but its antiquity is attested by the fact of its being mentioned by Homer (Il. iv. 519). According to Herodotus (vii. 58) and Thucydides (vii. 57), Aenus was an Aeolic colony. Neither of them, however, mentions from what particular place it was colonised. Scymnus Chius (696) attributes its foundation to Mytilene; Stephanus Byzant. to Cumae, or, according to Meineke's edition, to the two places conjointly. According to Strabo (p. 319), a more ancient name of the place was Poltyobria. Stephanus says it was also called Apsinthus.

Little especial mention of Aenus occurs till a comparatively late period of Grecian history. It is mentioned by Thucydides (l. c.) that Aenus sent forces to the Sicilian expedition as a subject ally of Athens. At a later period we find it successively in the possession of Ptolemy Philopator, B. C. 222 (Pol. v. 34), of Philip, king of Macedonia, B. C. 200 (Liv. xxxi. 16), and of Antiochus the Great. After the defeat of the latter by the Romans, Aenus was declared free. (Liv. xxxviii. 60.) It was still a free city in the time of Pliny (iv. 11).

Athenaeus (p. 351) speaks of the climate of Aenus as being peculiarly ungenial. He describes the year there as consisting of eight months of cold, and four of winter. [H. W.]

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AENUS (Alvos, Ptol. ii. 11. § 5; Oenus, Itin. Anton.: Inn), a river rising in the Rhaetian or Tridentine Alps, dividing Rhaetia Secunda (Vindelicia) from Noricum, and flowing into the Danube, of which it was one of the principal feeders, at Passau. (Tac. Hist. iii. 5.) [W. B. D.]

AE'OLES (Aloλeis) or AEO'LII, one of the four races into which the Hellenes are usually divided, are represented as descendants of the mythical Aeolus, the son of Hellen. (Dict. of Biogr. s. v. Aeolus.) Hellen is said to have left his kingdom in Thessaly to Aeolus, his eldest son. (Apollod. i. 7. § 3.) A portion of Thessaly was in ancient times called Aeolis, in which Arne was the chief town. It was from this district that the Aeolian Boeotians were driven out by the Thessalians, and came to Boeotia. (Herod. vii. 176; Diod. iv. 67; Thuc. i. 12.) It is supposed by some that this Aeolis was the district on the Pagasetic gulf; but there are good reasons for believing that it was in the centre of Thessaly, and nearly the same as the district Thessaliotis in later times. (Müller, Dorians, vol. ii. p. 475, seq.) We find the Aeolians in many other parts of Greece, besides Thessaly and Boeotia; and in the earliest times they appear as the most powerful and the most numerous of the Hellenic races. The wealthy Minyae appear to have been Aeolians; and we have mention

of Aeolians in Aetolia and Locris, at Corinth, in Elis, in Pylus and in Messenia. Thus a great part of northern Greece, and the western side of Peloponnesas were inhabited at an early period by the Aeolian race. In most of these Aeolian settlements we find a predilection for maritime situations; and Poseidon appears to have been the deity chiefly worshipped by them. The Aeolians also migrated to Asia Minor where they settled in the district called after them Aeolis [AEOLIS], and also in the island of Lesbos. The Aeolian migration is generally represented as the first of the series of movements produced by the irruption of the Aeolians into Boeotia, and of the Dorians into Peloponnesus. The Achaeans, who had been driven from their homes in the Peloponnesus by the Dorians, were believed to have been joined in Boeotia by a part of the ancient inhabitants of Boeotia and of their Aeolian conquerors. The latter seem to have been predominant in influence, for from them the migration was called the Aeolian, and sometimes the Boeotian. An account of the early settlements and migrations of the Aeolians is given at length by Thirlwall, to which we must refer our readers for details and authorities. (Hist. of Greece, vol. i. p. 88, seq. vol. ii. p. 82, seq.; comp. Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. i. p. 145, seq., vol. ii. p. 26, seq.)

The Aeolian dialect of the Greek language comprised several subordinate modifications; but the variety established by the colonists in Lesbos and on the opposite coasts of Asia, became eventually its popular standard, having been carried to perfection by the Lesbian school of lyric poetry. (Mure, History of the Language, &c. of Greece, vol. i. p. 108, seq.) Thus we find the Roman poets calling Sappho Aeolia puella (Hor. Carm. iv. 9. ̊12), and the lyric poetry of Alcaeus and Sappho Aeolium carmen, Aeolia fules and Aeolia lyra. (Hor. Carm. iii. 30. 13, ii. 13. 24; Ov. Her. xv. 200.)

AEOLIAE INSULAE (Aloxíões vnooi, Diod. Alóλou joi, Thuc. Strab.), a group of volcanic islands, lying in the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north of Sicily, between that island and the coast of Lucania. They derived the name of Aeolian from some fancied connection with the fabulous island of Aeolus mentioned by Homer in the Odyssey (x. 1, &c.), but they were also frequently termed VULCANIAE or HEPHAESTIAE, from their volcanic character, which was ascribed to the subterranean operations of Vulcan, as well as LIPARAEAN (ai Aımapalwv vnooi, Strab. ii. p. 123), from LIPARA, the largest and most important among them, from which they still derive the name of the Lipari Islands.

Ancient authors generally agree in reckoning them as seven in number (Strab. vi. p. 275; Plin. iii. 8. 14; Scymn. Ch. 255; Diod. v. 7; Mela, ii. 7; Dionys. Perieget. 465; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. iii. 41), which is correct, if the smaller islets be omitted. But there is considerable diversity with regard to their names, and the confusion has been greatly augmented by some modern geographers. They are enumerated as follows by Strabo, Diodorus, and Pliny:

1. LIPARA, still called Lipari; the most considerable of the seven, and the only one which contained a town of any importance. [LIPARA.]

2. HIERA, situated between Lipara and the coast of Sicily. Its original name according to Strabo was Thermessa (épμeoσa), or, as Pliny writes it, Therasia, but it was commonly known to the Greeks as 'lepá or 'lepà 'Hoaíorov, being considered sacred to Vulcan on account of the volcanic phenomena which it exhibited. For the same reason it was called by

the Romans VULCANI INSULA, from whence its ino dern appellation of Vulcano. It is the southernmost of the whole group, and is distant only 12 G. miles from Capo Calavà, the nearest point on the coast of Sicily.

3. STRONGYLE (ZTpOyyúλŋ, now Stromboli), so called from its general roundness of form (Strab. 1. c.; Lucil. Aetna, 431): the northernmost of the islands, and like Hiera an active volcano.

4. DIDYME (Aidúμn), now called Salina, or Isola delle Saline, is next to Lipara the largest of the whole group. Its ancient name was derived (as Strabo expressly tells us, vi. p. 276), from its form, which circumstance leaves no doubt of its being the same with the modern Salina, that island being conspicuous for two high conical mountains which rise to a height of 3,500 feet (Smyth's Sicily, p. 272; Ferrara, Campi Flegrei della Sicilia, p. 243; Daubeny, On Volcanoes, p. 262). Groskurd (ad Strab. 1. c.), Mannert, and Forbiger, have erroneously identified Didyme with Panaria, and thus thrown the whole subject into confusion. It is distant only three miles NW. from Lipara.

5. PHOENICUSA (Φοινικούσσα, Strab. Φοινικώδης, Diod.), so called from the palms (powîkes) in which it abounded, is evidently Felicudi about 12 miles W. of Salina.

6. ERICUSA (Ερικούσσα or 'Ερικώδης), probably named from its abundance of heath (peíkn), is the little island of Alicudi, the westernmost of the whole group. These two were both very small islands and were occupied only for pasturage.

7. EUONYMUS (Evúvvuos), which we are expressly told was the smallest of the seven and uninhabited. The other six being clearly identified, there can be no doubt that this is the island now called Panaria, which is situated between Lipara and Strongyle, though it does not accord with Strabo's description that it lies the farthest out to sea (πeλayía μáλiora). But it agrees, better at least than any other, with his statement that it lay on the left hand as one sailed from Lipara towards Sicily, from whence he supposes it to have derived its name.

Several small islets adjacent to Panaria, are now called the Dattole, the largest of which Basiluzzo, is probably the HICESIA of Ptolemy ('Ikeσía, Ptol. iii. 4. § 16; 'Ikéσtov, Eustath. ad Hom. Odyss. x. 1), whose list, with the exception of this addition, corresponds with that of Strabo. That of Mela (ii. 7) is very confused and erroneous: he is cer tainly in error in including OSTEODES in the Aeolian group.

The volcanic character of these islands was early noticed by the Greeks: and Diodorus justly remarks (v. 7) that they had all been evidently at one time vents of eruptive action, as appeared from their still extant craters, though in his time two only, Hiera and Strongyle, were active volcanoes. Strabo indeed (1. c. p. 275) appears to speak of volcanic eruptions in the island of Lipara itself, but his expressions, which are not very precise, may probably refer only to outbreaks of volcanic vapours and hot springs, such as are still found there. Earlier writers, as Thucydides and Scymnus Chius, allude to the eruptions of Hiera only, and these were probably in ancient times the most frequent and violent, as they appear to have attracted much more attention than those of Strongyle, which is now by far the most active of the two. Hence arose the idea that this was the abode of Vulcan, and the peculiar sounds that accompanied its internal agitations were attributed

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