He Demonesus opposite to Nicomedia; and he also men- | Isauria, and almost in Cappadocia. It was the resitions Chalcitis and Pityodes. Pityodes seems to be the modern island of Prinkipo, east of Chalcitis. It is hardly worth while to attempt to reconcile the authorities. The simplest explanation is to follow Hesychius, who says that Chalcitis and Pityodes were the Demonesi. Prote retains its name. There are at least eight islands in the group of the Prince's Isles, besides some rocks. [G. L.] DENDRO'BOSA (Aevdpúboσa, Arrian, Ind. c. 27), a place on the coast of Gedrosia, in the district of the Icthyophagi, visited by Nearchus's fleet. Dr. Vincent thinks that it is the Aepán Bíλλa of Ptolemy (vi. 8. § 9), and the Derenobilla (Aepevó6Aλa) of Marcian (p. 23), and that it is, perhaps, represented by the modern Daram. (Voy. of Nearch. vol. i. p. 252.) [V.] dence of Antipater, a great robber. He was defeated The position of Derbe is not certain. Strabo (p. 534), when he says that the eleventh praefecture of Cappadocia [CAPPADOCIA, p. 507, b.] was extended as far as Derbe, may intend to include Derbe in it, though he says elsewhere, as we have seen, that Derbe is in Lycaonia. After Strabo's time, Derbe DENTHELE TAE (Aevõŋλñtai, Strab. vii. p. 318; Aavbarai, Steph. B.; Denseletae, Cic. in Pis. 34; Plin. iv. 11), a Thracian people who occupied a district called, after them, Dentheletica (AavOnλntikń, Ptol. iii. 11. § 8), which seems to have bordered on that occupied by the Maedi towards the SE., near the sources of the Strymon. Philip, son of Demetrius, in his fruitless expedition to the sum-formed, with Laranda and the adjacent parts of mit of Mount Haemus after rejoining his camp in Maedica, made an incursion into the country of the Dentheletae, for the sake of provision. (Liv. xl. 22.) (Comp. Polyb. xxiv. 6; Dion Cass. li. 23; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 474.) [E.B.J.] DENTHELIA'TIS. [MESSENIA.] DEOBRIGA (Aeóbpıya). 1. (Brinnos or Miranda de Ebro), a town of the Autrigones in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the high road from Asturica to Caesaraugusta. (Itin. Ant. p. 454; Ptol. ii. 6. $53.) 2. A town of the Vettones in Lusitania, only mentioned by Ptolemy; its site is unknown. (Ptol. ii. 5. § 9.) [P.S.] DEOBRIGULA (Aeoɛpıyoúλa: Burgos ?), a town of the MURBOGI or Turmodogi in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the high road from Asturica to Caesaraugusta, 15 M. P. from Segisamo, and 21 M. P. from Tritium. (Itin. Ant. pp. 449, 454; Ptol. ii. 6. § 52.) Its exact position is disputed. Cortes places it at Urbiel, Lapie at Tardajoz, and Mentelle at Burgos. (Geog. Comp. Esp. Mod. p. 336.) [P.S.] DEO'RUM. [FORTUNATAE.] DERAE (Aépai), a place in Messenia, where a battle was fought between the Messenians and Lacedaemonians in the second Messenian War. (Paus. iv. 15. § 4.) DERÁNEBILLA. [DENDROBOSA.] | Taurus, a district called Antiochana, which was be- DERBICCAE or DE'RBICES (Aepsíkkal, Ptol. vi. 10. § 2; Aelian, V. H. iv. 1; Steph. B. 8. .; Aépices, Strab. xi. pp. 508, 514, 520; Diod. ii. 2; AEрbéкio, Dionys. Per. 734, 738; Derbices, Mela, iii. 5. § 4), a tribe, apparently of Scythian origin, settled in Margiana, on the left bank of the Oxus, between it, the Caspian sea, and Hyrcania. They seem to have borne various names, slightly changed from one to the other, -as Ctesias, on the authority of Stephanus, appears to have added to those quoted above, those of Derbii and Derbissi. Strabo (L. c.) DERBE (Aépen: Eth. Aepenтns), a fortified gives a curious account of their manners, which are place in Isauria, and a port, according to Stephanus clearly those of Scythians. "They worship,” says (s. v.); but the port (Any) is manifestly a mistake, he, "the earth; they neither sacrifice nor slay any and it has been proposed by the French translators of female; but they put to death those among them who Strabo to write Xiurn for it. Stephanus also speaks have exceeded their seventieth year, and the next of of the form Derbeia as probably in use; and of the kin has the right to eat his flesh. They strangle form Derme, according to Capito; and some, he says, and then bury old women. If any one dies before called it Delbia (Ae^6eía), which in the language of his seventieth year, he is not eaten, bat buried." the Lycaonians means "juniper." The last remark Aelian mentions the same anecdote, and implies rather contradicts the first part of the description, that the persons slain are first offered in sacrifice which places Derbe in Isauria; and we know from and then eaten in solemn feast (V. H. iv. 1). Strabo the Acts of the Apostles (xiv. 6-21) that Derbe (xi. p. 517) had already shown that the manners of was in Lycaonia. St. Paul went from Iconium to the people along the shores of the Caspian were exLystra, and from Lystra to Derbe. Both Lystra and ceedingly barbarous. [V.] Derbe were in Lycaonia. DERIS (Aepís), a small town in the S. of Thrace, Strabo (p. 569) places Derbe "on the sides" of on the bay of Melas. (Scyl. p. 27.) [L. S.] DEKIS or DERRHIS (Aépis, Strab. xvii. p. 799; | Aéppis, Ptol. iv. 5. §7; Aeppov or Aéppa, Stadiasm. p. 436), a promontory on the coast of Marmarica in N. Africa, between the harbours of Leucaspis and Phoenicus, named from a black rock in the shape of a hide. Pacho takes it for the headland now called El Heyf. (Voyage dans la Marmarique, &c. p. 18.) [P. S.] DERRHIS (Aéppis, Ptol. iii. 13. § 12; Strab. vii. p. 330; Steph. B. s. v. Topávn; Mela, ii. 3. § 1: C. Dhrépano), the promontory of Sithonia that closes the gulf of Torone to SE. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 119.) [E. B. J.] DE’RRHIUM (4épßiov), a place in Laconia on Mt. Taygetus, containing a statue of Artemis Derrhiatis in the open air, and near it a fountain called Anonus. (Paus. iii. 20. §7.) The site of the place is uncertain. Stephanus B. calls it DERA (s. v. ▲épa), and gives as Ethnic names Δεραῖος and Δερεάτης. DERTO'NA (Aépowv, Strab. v. p. 217; ▲eprŵva, Ptol. iii. 1. § 35: Tortona), an important city of Liguria, situated in the interior of that province, at the northern foot of the Apennines, and on the high road leading from Genua to Placentia. The Itineraries place it 51 miles from the latter city, and 71 from Genua, but this last distance is greatly overstated. (Itin. Ant. pp. 288, 294.) Strabo speaks of it as one of the most considerable towns in this part of Italy, and we learn from Pliny that it was a Roman colony. Velleius mentions it among those founded under the republic, though its date was uncertain; but it appears to have been recolonised under Augustus, from whence we find it bearing in inscriptions the title of "Julia Dertona." (Vell. Pat. i. 15; Plin. iii. 5. s. 7; Orell. Inscr. 74.) Decimus Brutus encamped here on his march in pursuit of Antonius, after the battle of Mutina (Cic. ad Fam. xi. 10), and it was one of the places where a body of troops was usually stationed during the later ages of the empire. (Not. Dign. ii. p. 121.) Ptolemy erroneously places Dertona among the Taurini; its true position is clearly marked by Strabo and the Itineraries, as well as by the modern town of Tortona, which retains the ancient name. Many ancient tombs were extant here in the time of Cluverius, and a remarkable sarcophagus is still preserved in the cathedral. (Cluver. Ital. p. 81; Millin, Voy. en Piemont, vol. ii. p. 281.) [E. H. B.] DERTO'SA (Δερτῶσα οι Δερτῶσσα, Strab. iii pp. 159, 160; Ptol. ii. 4. § 64; Colonia Julia Augusta Dertosa, coins: Eth. Dertosani, Plin. iii. 3. s. 4: Tortosa), a city of the Ilercaones in Hispania Tarraconensis, on the left bank of the Iberus (Ebro), not far above the delta of the river, which was here crossed by the high road from Tarraco to Carthago Nova. (Itin. Ant. p. 399; Mela, ii. 6; Suet. Galb. 10.) Though only mentioned by Pliny as one of the cities civium Romanorum, it is proved to have been a colony by the assertion of Strabo and the epigraphs of its coins, all of which belong to the early empire, and bear the heads of Julius Caesar, Augustus, and Tiberius. (Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. i. p. 376; Mionnet, vol. i. pp. 40, 44, Suppl. i. p. 81; Sestini, p. 138; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 47.) [P.S.] DERUSIACI. [PERSIS.] DERVENTIO, in Britain, mentioned in the first Itinerary as being seven miles from York, in the direction of Delgovitia (Market Weighton). Some place it on the Derwent. [R. G. L.] DESSOBRIGA, a town of the MURBOGI, or Turmodigi, in Hispania Tarraconensis, 15 M. P. W. of Segisamo, on the high road from Asturica to Caesaraugusta. (Itin. Ant. p. 449.) [P.S.] DESUDABA, a place in Maedica of Macedonia, 75 M. P. from Almana, on the Axius, where the mercenaries of the Gauls who had been summoned by Perseus in the memorable campaign of B. C. 168, took up their position. (Liv. xliv. 26.) Leake (Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 472) has placed it at or near Kumánovo, on one of the confluents of the Upper Axius. [E. B.J.] DESUVIATES, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, known only from a few words of Pliny (iii. 4), who says, regio Anatiliorum, et intus Desuviatium Cavarumque." The Anatilii are supposed to have been at the mouth of the Rhone, and probably they occupied part at least of the isle of Camargue. The position of the Cavares, north of the Durance [CAVARES], is known; and there remains no place for the Desuviates except the small district south of the Durance, between the Durance and the Rhone. If this is so, the Desuviates were surrounded on the east and south by the Salyes. [G. L.] 66 "The DE'TUMO. [DECUMA], DETUNDA. [DECUMA]. DEUCALEDONICUS OCEANUS (▲ovnкаλedóvios 'Neavós), the name given by Ptolemy to the ocean on the north of the Britannic Islands. table" of the British Isles "is bounded on the north by that' ocean which is called Hyperborean or Deucaledonian" (viii. 3. § 2). The word occurs again in Marcianus Heracleota, whose text, for these parts at least, is but an abridgment of Ptolemy's. In another part of his work, this latter calls it "Deucaledonian or Sarmatic." [DICALEDONAE; PICTI.] [R. G. L.] DEURIOPUS (Aeuplonos, Strab. v. pp. 326, 327: Aoupíoros, Steph. B.), a subdivison of Paeonia in Macedonia, the limits of which cannot be ascertained, but which, with Pelagonia and Lyncestis, comprehends the country watered by the Erigon and its branches. Bryanium, and Stymbara, an important place on the frontier of regal Macedonia, belonged to Deuriopus. (Liv. xxxix. 54; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 306.) [E. B. J.] DEVA (Anova, Ptol. ii. 6. § 8), or DEVA'LES (Mela, iii. 1), a small river on the N. coast of Hispania Tarraconensis, probably identical with the stream now called Deva, near S. Sebastian. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 300.) [P. S.] DEVA. 1. The name of the river Dee, in Cheshire. Just, however, as DERVENTIO, though really the name of the Derwent, denotes a town on that river rather than the river itself, Deva means a town on the Deva rather than Deva (Dee) the river. The exact figure of speech by which this change is brought about is uncertain. Perhaps the fuller form may have been Ad Devam or Ad Derventionem. Nothing, however, is more certain than that the name in both the cases before us (as well as in certain others) is originally and primarily the name of the river rather than the station. Another form is Deuna, given by Ptolemy as a city of the Cornabii, Viroconium and the station of the Twentieth Legion (or the Victorious) being the other two. As the Cornabii lay between the Ordovices of North Wales and the Coritani of Leicester and Lincolnshire, these correspond more or less with the present counties of Derby, Stafford, and Cheshire. In the second Itine rary we find the station Deva Leug. xx. victrix, in which (as far at least as the name of the station goes) we probably have the better reading. The com plication hereby engendered consists in the distinction suggested by Ptolemy between Deuna and Deva, it being assumed that the latter is the station of the Twentieth Legion; a complication which, though not very important, still requires unravelling. Possibly there were two stations on the Dee (Ad Devam). Possibly there was a change of station between the time of Ptolemy and the author of the Itinerary. The Roman remains at Chester are important, numerous, and well described. (See Ormerod's History of Cheshire, vol. i. p. 295.) The Roman streets may be traced by the existence of pavements under the present existing street, some feet below the surface of the soil. The walls, too, of Chester follow their old Roman outline, and probably stand, for the greater part of their circuit, on Roman foundations. A postern on the bank of the Dee, called the Shipgate, consisting of a circular arch, is supposed to be Roman. Altars, coins, baths, with hypocausts and figures, have also been found. The earliest inscription is one bearing the name of Commodus, not the emperor so called, but "Cejonius Commodus qui et Aelius Verus appellatus est" (Spartian, Hadrian), who was adopted by Hadrian. One of the statues, supposed to represent either Atys or Mithras, bears a Phrygian bonnet on the head, a short vest on the body, and a declining torch in the hand. Others are given to Minerva, to Aesculapius, and to other more truly Roman deities. Sepulchral vases, too, have been found. 2. A river in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy as being the third from the promontory of the Novantae (Wigton), in a southern direction, the Abravannus and the Tena aestuary being the first and second. The Dee in Galloway. [R. G. L.] DEVANA (Anoúava), in North Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 19) as the chief town of the Texali (Taezali), a people of Aberdeenshire, situated on the Aberdeenshire Dee. (See DEVA= Chester.) [R. G. L.] DEVELTUS, DEVELTON, DIBALTUM, DEBELLION (AcoÚEλTOS), a town in the east of Thrace, to the west of Apollonia (Ptol. iii. 11. § 11; Hiercl. p. 635; Theophan. p. 422; Plin. iv. 18; Amm. Marc. xxxi. 8, who calls it Debelcum; Geogr. Rav. iv. 6). According to Zonaras (ii. p. 155), the place afterwards received the name Zagora, which it still bears. [L. S.] DIA (Aía), a sinall island which lies 40 stadia (Stadiasm.) from the Heracleium of Cnossus in Crete (Strab. x. p. 484; Plin. iv. 20); the modern Standia. (Map of Crete, Mus. Class. Antiq. vol. ii. p. 308.) [E B. J.] DIA (Aîa: Eth. Aieus), "a town of Bithynia on the Pontus." (Steph. B. s. v. Aîa.) Marcian (Peripl. p. 70) places it 60 stadia east of the mouth of the Hypius, which river is between the Sangarius and Heraclea. The name in Marcian, Aías móλis, may be a mistake for Diospolis, which Ptolemy has (v. 1). It seems probable that the Dia of Stephanus and this Diospolis are the same. There are some very rare coins with the epigraph Alas, which Sestini assigns to this place. [G.L.] DIA. [BOSPORUS, p. 422, a.] DIABETAE (Διαβῆται : Εth. Διαβαταίος). Stephanus B. (s. v.) speaks of the Diabetae as islands about Syme, which is an island off the Carian coast. Pliny also names the Diabetae (v. 31). There are two or three small islands called Siskle off the south part of Syme: and there are also other small islands near it [G. L.] DIABLINTES. Caesar (B. G. iii. 9) mentions the Diablintes among the allies of the Veneti and other Armoric states whom Caesar attacked. The Diablintes are mentioned between the Morini and Menapii, from which, if we did not know their true position, we might be led to a false conclusion. The true form of the name in Caesar is doubtful Schneider, in his edition of the Gallic War, has adopted the form Diablintres, and there is good MSS. authority for it. The Diablintes are the Diablindi, whom Pliny (iv. 18) places in Gallia Lugdunensis; and probably the Aulerci Diaulitae of Ptolemy (ii. 8). We may infer their position in some degree from Pliny's enumeration, "Cariosvelites [CURIOSOLITAE], Diablindi, Rhedones." The capital of the Diablintes, according to Ptolemy, was Noeodunum, probably the Nudium of the Table. The Notitia of the Gallic provinces, which belongs to the commencement of the fifth century, mentions Civitas Diablintum among the cities of Lugdunensis Tertia. A document of the seventh century speaks of" condita Diablintica" as situated "in Pago Cenomannico" (Le Mans), and thus we obtain the position of the Diablintes, and an explanation of the fact of the name Aulerci being given in Ptolemy both to the Diablintes and Cenomanni [AULERCI; CENOMANNI]. Another document of the seventh century speaks of " oppidum Diablintes juxta ripam Araenae fluvioli;" and the Arena is recognised as the Aron, a branch of the Mayenne. A small place called Jubleins, where Roman remains have been found, not far from the town of Mayenne to the S.E., is probably the site of the "Civitas Diablintum" and Noeodunum [NOEODUNUM]. The territory of the Diablintes seems to have been small, and it may have been included in that of the Cenomanni, or the diocese of Mans. (D'Anville, Notice, &c.; Walckenaer, Géog., &c. vol. i. p. 387.) [G. L.] DIACOPE'NE (Alaкoжηvý), a district in Pontus. Strabo (p. 561), after speaking of the plain Chiliocomon [AMASIA], says, "there is the Diaco pene, and the Pimolisene, a country fertile all the way to the Halys; these are the northern parts of the country of the Amaseis." [G. L.1 DIA'CRIA. [ATTICA.] DIAGON (Aάywv), a river separating Arcadia and Elis, and falling into the Alpheius on its left bank, nearly opposite the mouth of the Erymanthus. (Paus. vi. 21. § 4.) It is conjectured by Leake to be the same as the Dalion (Aaxíwv) of Strabo (viii. p. 344), who mentions it along with the Acheron. (Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 89.) DIA'NA, an island off the coast of Spain, mentioned in the Maritime Itinerary (Itin. Ant. p. 510), where, however, the text is confused. If the name be genuine, it may be identified with the small island off the Pr. Dianium, which Strabo mentions, but without naming it. (Strab. iii. p. 159.) [P.S.] DIA'NA VETERANO'RUM, a town of Numidia, on the high road from Theveste to Sitifi, by Lambese, 33 M. P. from the latter place, is identified with Izana or Zanah by inscriptions on a triumphal arch in honour of Severus at that place. (Itin. Ant. pp. 34, 35; Tab. Peut.; Shaw, Travels, &c. p. 136). [P.S] DIA'NION (Geog. Rav.), a place in Dalmatia, which is set down in the Peutinger Table as "ad Dianam," where a temple of Diana once stood, succeeded in later times by the Church of St. George, It is now the promontory of Marglian, just below the mountain of the same name. (Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro, vol. i. p. 143.) [E. B.J.] DIA'NIUM (Atário), or ARTEMI'SIUM ('ApTeuioios), a lofty promontory on the E. coast of Hispania Tarraconensis, named from a temple of Artemis which stood upon it, and having in its neighbourhood a town of the same name. Strabo tells us that between the river Sucro (Jucar) and Carthago Nova (Cartagena), and not far from the river, there were three small towns, founded by the Massaliots: of these the most celebrated was Hemeroscopeion (rò 'Hμepoσroreîov), having upon the adjacent promontory a most esteemed temple of the Ephesian Artemis, which Sertorius used as his naval head-quarters; for its site is a natural stronghold, and fit for a pirates' station, and visible to a great distance out at sea. It is called Dianium or Artemisinm, and has near it excellent iron mines and the islets of Planesia and Plumbaria: and above it lies a lake of the sea 400 stadia in circuit. (Strab. iii. p. 159; comp. Cic. in Verr. ii. 1, v. 36, Steph. B. &.v. "HuероoкOTEîov, and Avien. Or. Marit. 476). Pliny mentions the people of Dianium (Dianenses) among the civitates stipendiariae of the conventus of New Carthage (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4); and coins of the town are extant (Sestini, p. 154). It would seem, from these accounts, that the Massilians first chose the lofty promontory as a watch-station (Яμepoσкowelov), whence it derived its first name; that it became better known by the name of the temple of Artemis which they built upon it; and that this latter name was transferred to a town which grew up beside the temple. In the time of Avienus neither town nor temple existed; but the name is now preserved by the town of Denia (also called Artemus), lying a little to the NW. of the triple promontory (called C. S. Martin) which is the chief headland on the E. coast of Spain. The lake, of which Strabo speaks, is supposed by some to be that of Albufera de Valencia, N. of the river Jucar. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 404.) On account of the iron mines mentioned by Strabo, Mela calls the promontory FERRARIA (ii. 6. 7). [P. S.] DIA'NIUM ('Apreμlotov: Giannuti), a small island off the coast of Etruria, immediately opposite to the Mons Argentarius or promontory of Cosa. It is distant 7 geog. miles from the nearest point of the mainland, and 8 from the neighbouring island of Igilium. Pliny calls it "Dianium quam Artemisiam Graeci dixere:" it is evidently the same which is called Artemita by Stephanus ('Apreμíra, vñoos Tuppnvich, Steph. s. v.), but it is probable this should be 'Apreμlotov. The modern name of Giannuti is a corruption of the Latin Dianium. (Plin iii. 6. s. 12; Mela, ii. 7. § 19.) [E. H. B.] DIBIO (Eth. Dibionensis: Dijon) appears to have been in the territory of the Lingones, a people of Gallia Celtica; for the diocese of Dijon was a part of the diocese of Langres, and was only separated from it in 1721. Dibio is only known as a town of the Roman period from two inscriptions found at the place, which speak of the workers in iron there, Fabri ferrarii Dibionenses," or "Dibione consistentes." The place is described by Gregorius of Tours in the sixth century. Many Roman remains have been found there. Dijon is in the departement de la Côte d'Or. (D'Anville, Notice, &c.; Walckenaer, Géog. &c. vol. i. p. 418, and Voyage de Millin, &c. vol. i. p. 265, to which he refers.) [G. L.] | DICAEA (Auraía), a Greek port town on the coast of Thrace on lake Bistonis, in the country of the Bistones The place appears to have decayed at an early period. Some identify it with the modern Curnu, and others with Bauron. (Herod. vii. 109; DICAEA'RCHIA. [PUTEOLI.] The DICALEDONAE, in Britain, mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxvii. 8) as one of the divisions of the Picts; the Vecturiones forming the other. There can be but little doubt that in this word we have the root Caledon- (in Caledonia), with a prefix. As little can it be doubted that the same is the case with the Deu-caledonius Oceanus (q. v.). meaning of the prefix is another question. See PICTI. [R. G. L.] DICTAMNUM (Alктaμvov, Ptol. iii. 17. § 8), a town of Crete, which Pomponius Mela (ii. 7. § 12), who calls it DICTYNNA, describes as being one of the best known in Crete. It was situated to the N.E. of Mt. Dictynnaeus, and S.E. of the promontory Psacum, with a temple to the goddess Dictynna. (Dicaearch. 13; Stadiasm.; Scylax.) Mr. Pashley (Trav. vol. ii. p. 29) identifies the site with a place called Kantsillieres, about 3 miles from the extremity of Cape Spádha. Pococke (Trav. vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 244-245) has described the ruins, and speaks of cisterns and columns existing in his time; and in this, his statement agrees with that of the MS. of the 16th century which has been translated (Mus. Class. Antiq. vol. ii. p. 299), and fixes the site at a place called St. Zorzo di Magnes, 12 miles W. of Canea and 6 from Cape Spádha, on a conspicuous elevation of a lofty mountain. (Höck, Kreta, vol. ii. p. 158.) [E. B. J.] DICTE (Aĺkтn, Strab. x. p. 478; Diod. v. 70; Steph. B.; AKTOV, Arat. Phaen. 33; Alkтaiov opos, Etym. M. s. v.; Dictaeus M., Plin. iv. 12: Juktas), the well-known Cretan mountain where, according to story, Zeus rested from his labours on earth and in heaven. Here the "lying Cretan" dared to show the tomb of the "Father of gods and men," which remained an object of veneration or curiosity from an early period to the age of Constantine. (Cic. de N. D. iii. 21; Diod. iii. 61; Lucian, de Sacrif. 10, vol. i. p. 634, de Jov. Tragoed. 45, vol. ii. p. 693, ed. Hemst.; Origen. c. C'els. ii. 143, p. 475, ed. Par.) The stony slopes of the mountain rose to the SE. of Cnossus, ou the E. side. Mr. Pashley found considerable remains of ancient walls at about 100 paces from the summit. The fragments offered good specimens of the polygonal construction. (Trav. vol. i. p. 220.) These, no doubt, are the remains of that ancient city described by the Venetian writer (Descrizione dell' Isola di Candia) as lying on the E. or opposite side of the mountain to Lyctus, of which Ariosto (Orland. Fur. xx. 15) makes mention: "Fra cento alme città ch' erano in Creta, Dictea più ricca, e più piacevol era." On the lower slopes was the fountain, on the wonders of which the Venetian writer gives a glowing description (Mus. Class. Antiq. vol. ii. p. 270), and which must, therefore, have existed at an earlier date than that recorded by the inscription as given by Mr. Pashley (Trav. vol. i. p. 211.) [E. B. J.] DICTE. [SCEPSIS.] DI'CTIS, in Britain, mentioned in the Notitia as the station of the Praefectus Numeri Nerviorum Dictensium. Generally, though perhaps on insufficient grounds, identified with Ambleside in Westmoreland. [R. G. L. DICTYNNAEUM. [CADISTUS.] DICTYNNAEUM PR. [CADISTUS.J DIDU'RI (Aldoupo, Ptol. v. 39. § 12), a nomad tribe in the interior of Sarmatia Asiatica, who were found W. of the Alondae. [E. B. J.] DIDYMA, DIDYMI. [BRANCHIDAE.] DIDYMA TEICHE (тà Aíduμa Teixn). This place is mentioned by Polybius (v. 77). Attalus took Didyma Teiche after Carseae. [CARSEAE.] Various guesses have been made about this place, but nothing is known. This may be the Didymon Teichos of Stephanus; and it is not decisive against this supposition that Stephanus places it in Caria, for he is often wrong in such matters. [G. L.] DIDYME INSULA. [AEOLIAE INS.] DIDYMI (Alduμoi), a town of Hermionis on the road to Asine, contained in the time of Pausanias temples of Apollo, Poseidon, and Demeter, possessing upright statues of those divinities. It is still called Didyma, a village situated in a valley 2 miles in diameter. On the north-eastern side of the valley rises a lofty mountain with two summits nearly equal in height, from which the name of Didymi is doubtless derived. The valley, like many in Arcadia, is so entirely surrounded by mountains, that it has no outlet for its running waters, except through the mountains themselves. Mr. Hawkins found at the village a curious natural cavity in the earth, so regular as to appear artificial, and an ancient well with a flight of steps down to the water. (Paus. ii. 36. § 3; Gell, Itinerary of Morea, p. 199; Boblaye, Recherches, &c. p. 62; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 289; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. i. p. 464.) DIDYMON TEICHOS (Alduμov Teixos: Eth. Aiduμoteixitai), a city of Caria. (Steph. B. s. v.) The place does not appear to be mentioned by any other authority. [G. L.] [V.] DIGE'NTIA (Licenza), a small river in the country of the Sabines, falling into the Anio about 9 miles above Tibur, and a mile beyond Varia (Vico Varo). Its name is not mentioned by any of the geographers, and is known to us only from Horace (Ep. i. 18. 104), whose Sabine farin was on its banks. This circumstance gives it an unusual degree of interest, and it will be convenient to bring together here all the notices found in the poet of the valley of the Digentia and its neighbourhood. The modern localities were first investigated with care and accuracy by the Abbé Chaupy in his Découverte de la Maison d'Horace, vol. iii. Rome, 1769, but Holstenius had previously pointed out the identity of the Digentia with the Licenza, and that this must therefore have been the site of Horace's Sabine villa, which had been erroneously placed by Cluverius and other earlier topographers on the slope of the mountains towards the Tiber. (Cluver. Ital. p. 671; Holsten. Adnot. p. 106.) 1. The Digentia, according to Horace, was a stream of very cold and clear water (gelidus Digentia rivus, l. c.), deriving its principal supply of water from a fine fountain in the immediate neighbourhood of the poet's villa. It flowed by a village called MANDELA, in a very bleak situation (rugosus frigore pagus, ib. 105), the inhabitants of which were supplied with water from its stream. The Licenza joins the Anio immediately below a projecting rocky hill, now crowned by the convent of S. Cosimato; but on its left bank, about a mile from its confluence, stands the village of Bardella, the name of which is an obvious corruption of Mandela. But in addition to this, Chaupy discovered in the church of S. Cosimato an inscription of late Roman date, in which occur the words "in prediis suis masse Mandelane." (Chaupy, p. 249; Orell. Inscr. 104.) 2. The villa of Horace, with the hamlet or group of five houses attached to it, was itself in the territory of, and dependent upon, the town of Varia (habitatum quinque focis et Quinque bonos solitum Variam dimittere patres, Ep. i. 14. 3): the position of this at Vicovaro on the Valerian Way, 8 miles from Tivoli, is established beyond doubt. [VARIA.] 3. In one of his Epistles, evidently written from his villa, the poet concludes (i. 10. 49): "Haec tibi dictabam post fanum putre Vacunae," and his commentator Acron tells us, on the authority of Varro, that this Vacuna was a Sabine goddess, equivalent to the Roman Victoria. It is a curious confirmation of this, that an inscription preserved at the village of Rocca Giovane, on the S. bank of the Licenza, 3 miles from Vicovaro, records the resteration of a temple of Victory, which had fallen into rain from its antiquity, by the emperor Vespasian, whose Sabine origin would naturally lead him to pay attention to the objects of Sabine worship. (Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Aug. P. M. Trib. Pot. Cens. Aedem Victoriae vetustate dilapsam sua impensa restituit, Chaupy, p. 170: Orell. Inser. 1868.) The identity of this Aedes Victoriae with the "fanum putre Vacunae" of Horace can scarcely admit of a doubt. The exact site of the temple, according to Chaupy, was about a mile beyond Rocca Giovane, at a considerable elevation above the valley; here there still remain some fragments of Roman masonry, which may have formed part of the building, and it was here that the inscription above given was ac tually discovered. (Chaupy, p. 169.) 4. All these circumstances combine to fix the site of Horace's farm between the modern village of Rocca Giovane and that of Licenza, which rises on a hill, a little further up the valley; and the remains of a villa, consisting of a mosaic pavement and some portions of brick walls, have actually been discovered in a vineyard a short distance above the mill which now exists on the river Licenza. There seems every reason to believe that these are in reality the vestiges of the poet's villa, which appears, from various indications in his works, to have been on the S. side of the valley. 5. The fountain alluded to by Horace as in the neighbourhood of his villa (Ep. i. 16) is readily recognised in the source now called Fonte Bello, from which the Licenza derives a considerable part of its supply. It has been commonly supposed that this was identical with the Fons Bandusiae, celebrated by Horace in a well-known ode (Carm. iii. 13), or at least that that fountain was also situated in the same neighbourhood; but there is no authority for this, and Chaupy has given proofs which may be considered conclusive that the real Bandusia was in the neighbourhood of Venusia, and not of the Sabine farm.. [BANDUSLAE FONS.] |