EDITIONS.-Erasmus (Basel, 1523, 1526, 1528); P. Coustant (Benedictine, Paris, 1693); Migne (Patrol. Lat. ix., x.). The Tractatus de mysteriis, ed. J. F. Gamurrini (Rome, 1887), and the Tractatus super Psalmos, ed. A. Zingerle in the Vienna Corpus scrip. eccl. Lat. xxii. Translation by E. W. Watson in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, ix. worthless. More trustworthy are the notices in Jerome (De vir. LITERATURE.-The life by (Venantius) Fortunatus c. 550 is almost illus. 100), Sulpicius Severus (Chron. ii. 39-45) and in Hilary's own writings. H. Reinkens, Hilarius von Poitiers (1864); O. Bardenhewer, Patrologie; A. Harnack, Hist. of Dogma, esp. vol. iv.; F. Loofs, in Herzog-Hauck's Realencyk. viii.

HILARIUS, or HILARUS (HILARY), bishop of Rome from 461 to 468, is known to have been a deacon and to have acted as legate of Leo the Great at the "robber" synod of Ephesus in 449. There he so vigorously defended the conduct of Flavian in deposing Eutyches that he was thrown into prison, whence he had great difficulty in making his escape to Rome. He was chosen to succeed Leo on the 19th of November 461. In 465 he held at Rome a council which put a stop to some abuses, particularly to that of bishops appointing their own successors. His pontificate was also marked by a successful encroachment of the papal authority on the metropolitan rights of the French and Spanish hierarchy, and by a resistance to the toleration edict of Anthemius, which ultimately caused it to be recalled. Hilarius died on the 17th of November 467, and was succeeded by Simplicius.

Constantius with the professed purpose of settling the longstanding disputes, Hilary was by an imperial rescript banished with Rhodanus of Toulouse to Phrygia, in which exile he spent nearly four years. Thence, however, he continued to govern his diocese; while he found leisure for the preparation of two of the most important of his contributions to dogmatic and polemical theology, the De synodis or De fide Orientalium, an epistle addressed in 358 to the Semi-Arian bishops in Gaul, Germany and Britain, expounding the true views (sometimes veiled in ambiguous words (of the Oriental bishops on the Nicene controversy, and the De trinitate libri xii., composed in 359 and 360, in which, for the first time, a successful attempt was made to express in Latin the theological subtleties elaborated in the original Greek. The former of these works was not entirely approved by some members of his own party, who thought he had shown too great forbearance towards the Arians; to their criticisms he replied in the Apologetica ad reprehensores libri de synodis responsa. In 359 Hilary attended the convocation of bishops at Seleucia in Isauria, where, with the Egyptian Athanasians, he joined the Homoiousian majority against the Arianizing party headed by Acacius of Caesarea; thence he went to Constantinople, and, in a petition (Ad Constantium Augustum liber secundus) personally presented to the emperor in 360, repudiated the calumnies of his enemies and sought to vindicate his trinitarian principles. His urgent and repeated request for a public discussion with his opponents, especially with Ursacius and Valens, proved at last so inconvenient that he was sent back to his diocese, which he appears to have reached about 361, within a very short time of the accession of Julian. He was occupied for two or three years in combating Arianism | within his diocese; but in 364, extending his efforts once more beyond Gaul, he impeached Auxentius, bishop of Milan, and a man high in the imperial favour, as heterodox. Summoned to appear before the emperor (Valentinian) at Milan and there maintain his charges, Hilary had the mortification of hearing the supposed heretic give satisfactory answers to all the questions proposed; nor did his (doubtless sincere) denunciation of the metropolitan as a hypocrite save himself from an ignominious expulsion from Milan. In 365 he published the Contra Arianos vel Auxentium Mediolanensem liber, in connexion with the controversy; and also (but perhaps at a somewhat earlier date) the Contra Constantium Augustum liber, in which he pronounced that lately deceased emperor to have been Antichrist, a rebel against God, "a tyrant whose sole object had been to make a gift to the devil of that world for which Christ had suffered." Hilary is sometimes regarded as the first Latin Christian hymnwriter, but none of the compositions assigned to him is indisputable. The later years of his life were spent in comparative quiet, devoted in part to the preparation of his expositions of the Psalms (Tractatus super Psalmos), for which he was largely indebted to Origen; of his Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei, a work on allegorical lines of no exegetical value; and of his no longer extant translation of Origen's commentary on Job. A rhymed Latin account of a dispute in which the nuns of Ronceray While he thus closely followed the two great Alexandrians, at Angers were concerned, contained in a cartulary of Ronceray, is also ascribed to the poet, who there calls himself Hilarius Origen and Athanasius, in exegesis and Christology respectively, Canonicus. The poem is printed in the Bibliothèque de l'École des his work shows many traces of vigorous independent thought. Charles (vol. xxxvii. 1876), and is dated by P. Marchegay from 1121. He died in 367; no more exact date is trustworthy. He holds See also a notice in Hist. litt. de la France (xii. 251-254), supthe highest rank among the Latin writers of his century. Desig-plemented (in xx. 627-630), s.v. Jean Bodel, by Paulin Paris; nated already by Augustine as "the illustrious doctor of the (1846); and Petit de Julleville, Les Mystères (vol. i. 1880). also Wright, Biographia Britannica literaria, Anglo-Norman Period churches," he by his works exerted an increasing influence in later centuries; and by Pius IX. he was formally recognized as "universae ecclesiae doctor" at the synod of Bordeaux

in 1851. Hilary's day in the Roman calendar is the 13th of January,2

1 Hilary's own title was De fide contra Arianos. It really deals less with the doctrine of the Trinity than with that of the Incarnation. That it is not an easy work to read is due partly to the nature of the subject, partly to the fact that it was issued in detached portions. "Hilary was the name of one of the four terms of the English legal year. These terms were abolished by the Judicature Act, 1873. s. 26, and "sittings" substituted. It is now the name of the sitting of the Supreme Court of Judicature which commences on the 11th of January and terminates on the Wednesday before

"Ave

HILARIUS (fl. 1125), a Latin poet who is supposed to have been an Englishman. He was one of the pupils of Abelard at his oratory of Paraclete, and addressed to him a copy of verses with its refrain in the vulgar tongue, "Tort avers vos li mestre," Abelard having threatened to discontinue his teaching because of certain reports made by his servant about the conduct of the scholars. Later Hilarius made his way to Angers. His poems are contained in MS. supp. lat. 1008 of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, purchased in 1837 at the sale of M. de Rosny. Quotations from this MS. had appeared before, but in 1838 it was edited by Champollion Figeac as Hilarii versus et ludi. His works consist chiefly of light verses of the goliardic type. There are verses addressed to an English nun named Eva, lines to Rosa, splendor puellarum, generosa domina," and another poem describes the beauties of the priory of Chaloutre la Petite, in the diocese of Sens, of which the writer was then an inmate. One copy of satirical verses seems to aim at the pope himself. He also wrote three miracle plays in rhymed Latin with an admixture of French. Two of them, Suscitatio Lazari and Historia de Daniel repraesentanda, are of purely liturgical type. At the end of Lazarus is a stage direction to the effect that if the performance has been given at matins, Lazarus should proceed with the Te Deum, if at vespers, with the Magnificat. The third, Ludus super iconia Sancti Nicholai, is founded on a sufficiently foolish legend. Petit de Julleville sces in the play a satiric intention and a veiled incredulity that put the piece outside the category of liturgical drama.

HILARIUS (HILARY), ST (c. 403-449), bishop of Arles, was

born about 403. In carly youth he entered the abbey of Lérins, then presided over by his kinsman Honoratus (St Honoré), and

succeeded Honoratus in the bishopric of Arles in 429. Following

the example of St Augustine, he is said to have organized his
cathedral clergy into a "congregation," devoting a great part of
their time to social exercises of ascetic religion. He held the
rank of metropolitan of Vienne and Narbonne, and attempted
to realize the sort of primacy over the church of south Gaul
Easter. In the Inns of Court, Hilary is one of the four dining
terms; it begins on the 11th of January and ends on the 1st of
February. It is also the name of one of the terms at the univer
of Oxford (more usually "Lent term ") and Dublin.

which seemed implied in the vicariate granted to his predecessor | church. He was probably a pupil of Berengarius of Tours, and Patroclus (417). Hilarius deposed the bishop of Besançon became master (scholasticus) of the school at Le Mans; in 1091 (Chelidonus), for ignoring this primacy, and for claiming a he was made archdeacon and in 1096 bishop of Le Mans. He metropolitan dignity for Besançon. An appeal was made to had to face the hostility of a section of his clergy and also of the Rome, and Leo I. used it to extinguish the Gallican vicariate English king, William II., who captured Le Mans and carried the (A.D. 444). Hilarius was deprived of his rights as metropolitan bishop with him to England for about a year. Hildebert then to consecrate bishops, call synods, or exercise ecclesiastical over- travelled to Rome and sought permission to resign his bishopric, sight in the province, and the pope secured the edict of Valen- which Pope Paschal II. refused. In 1116 his diocese was thrown tinian III., so important in the history of the Gallican church, into great confusion owing to the preaching of Henry of ut episcopis Gallicanis omnibusque pro lege esset quidquid Lausanne, who was denouncing the higher clergy, especially the apostolicae sedis auctoritas sanxisset." The papal claims were bishop. Hildebert compelled him to leave the neighbourhood of made imperial law, and violation of them subject to legal | Le Mans, but the effects of his preaching remained. In 1125 penalties (Novellae Valent. iii. tit. 16). Hilarius died in 449, and Hildebert was translated very unwillingly to the archbishopric of his name was afterwards introduced into the Roman martyro- Tours, and there he came into conflict with the French king logy for commemoration on the 5th of May. He enjoyed during Louis VI. about the rights of ecclesiastical patronage and with his lifetime a high reputation for learning and eloquence as well the bishop of Dol about the authority of his see in Brittany. He as for piety; his extant works (Vita S. Honorati Arelatensis presided over the synod of Nantes, and died at Tours probably on episcopi and Metrum in Genesin) compare favourably with any the 18th of December 1133. Hildebert, who built part of the similar literary productions of that period. cathedral at Le Mans, has received from some writers the title of saint, but there appears to be no authority for this. He was not a man of very strict life; his contemporaries, however, had a very high opinion of him and he was called egregius versificater.

which the copyists-or more probably the writer to whom we | Paris school, reveal a spirit eager for novelty, quick at grasping, owe the older version-imperfectly understood. The language of the poem shows a curious mixture of Low and High German forms; as the High German elements point to the dialect of Fulda, the inference is that the copyists were reproducing an originally Low German lay in the form in which was sung in Franconia.

equally quick at rendering, momentary changes of tone and atmosphere. After 1843 Hildebrandt, under the influence of Humboldt, extended his travels, and in 1864-1865 he went round the world. Whilst his experience became enlarged his powers of concentration broke down. He lost the taste for detail in seeking for scenic breadth, and a fatal facility of hand diminished the value of his works for all those who look for composition and harmony of hue as necessary concomitants of tone and touch. In oil he gradually produced less, in water colours more, than at first, and his fame must rest on the sketches which he made in the latter form, many of them represented by chromo-lithography. Fantasies in red, yellow and opal, sunset, sunrise and moonshine, distances of hundreds of miles like those of the Andes and the Himalaya, narrow streets in the bazaars of Cairo or Suez, panoramas as seen from mastheads, wide cities like Bombay or Pekin, narrow strips of desert with measureless expanses of sky-all alike display his quality of bravura. Hildebrandt died at Berlin on the 25th of October 1868.

The fragment is mainly taken up with a dialogue between Hildebrand and his son Hadubrand. When Hildebrand followed his master, Theodoric the Great, who was fleeing eastwards before Odoacer, he left his young wife and an infant child behind him. At his return to his old home, after thirty years' absence among the Huns, he is met by a young warrior and challenged to single combat. Before the fight begins, Hildebrand asks for the name of his opponent, and discovering his own son in him, tries to avert the fight, but in vain; Hadubrand only regards the old man's words as the excuse of cowardice. "In sharp showers the ashen spears fall on the shields, and then the warriors seize their swords and hew vigorously at the white shields until these are beaten to pieces. . . . " With these words the fragment breaks off abruptly, giving no clue as to the issue of the combat. There is little doubt, however, that, as in the Old Norse Asmundar saga, where the tale is alluded to, the fight must have been fatal to Hadubrand. But in the later traditions, both of the Old Norse Thidreks saga (13th century), and the so-called Jüngere Hildebrandslied-a German popular lay, preserved in several versions from the 15th to the 17th century-produced rapidly "Faust and Mephistopheles " (1824), “Faust Hadubrand is simply represented as defeated, and obliged to recognize his father. The Old High German Hildebrandslied | is dramatically conceived, and written in a terse, vigorous style; it is the only remnant that has come down from early Germanic times of an undoubtedly extensive ballad literature, dealing with the national sagas.

The MS. of the Hildebrandslied, originally in Fulda, is now preserved in the Landesbibliothek at Cassel. The literature on the poem will be found most conveniently in K. Müllenhoff and W. Scherer, Denkmäler deutscher Poesie und Prosa aus dem VIII. bis XI. Jahrh., 3rd ed. (1892), and in W. Braune, Althochdeutsches Lesebuch, 5th ed. (1902), to which authorities the reader is referred for a critical text. The poem was discovered and first printed (as prose) by J. G. von Eckhart, Commentarii de rebus Franciae orientalis (1729), i. 864 ff.; the first scholarly edition was that of the brothers Grimm (1812). Facsimile reproductions of the MS. have been published by W. Grimm (1830), E. Sievers (1872), G. Könnecke in his Bilderatlas (1887: 2nd ed., 1895) and M. Enneccerus (1897). See also K. Lachmann, Über das Hildebrandslied (1833) in Kleine Schriften, i. 407 ff.; C. W. M. Grein, Das Hildebrandslied (1858; 2nd ed., 1880); O. Schröder, Bemerkungen zum Hildebrandslied (1880); H. Möller, Zur althochdeutschen Alliterations poesie (1888); R. Heinzel, Über die ostgotische Heldensage (1889); B. Busse, "Sagengeschichtliches zum Hildebrandslied," in Paul und Braune's Beiträge, xxvi. (1901), pp. 1 ff.; R. Koegel, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters, i. (1894), pp. 210 ff.; and R. Koegel and W. Bruckner, in Paul's Grundriss der germanischen Philologie, 2nd ed., ii. (1901), pp. 71 ff. (J. G. R.) HILDEBRANDT, EDUARD (1818-1868), German painter, was born in 1818, and served as apprentice to his father, a house-painter at Danzig. He was not twenty when he came to Berlin, where he was taken in hand by Wilhelm Krause, a painter of sea pieces. Several early pieces exhibited after his death-a breakwater, dated 1838, ships in a breeze off Swinemünde (1840), and other canvases of this and the following year-show Hildebrandt to have been a careful student of nature, with inborn talents kept down by the conventionalisms of the formal school to which Krause belonged. Accident made him acquainted with masterpieces of French art displayed at the Berlin Academy, and these awakened his curiosity and envy. He went to Paris, where, about 1842, he entered the atelier of Isabey and became the companion of Lepoittevin. In a short time he sent home pictures which might have been taken for copies from these artists. Gradually he mastered the mysteries of touch and the secrets of effect in which the French at this period excelled. He also acquired the necessary skill in painting figures, and returned to Germany, skilled in the rendering of many kinds of landscape forms. His pictures of French street life, done about 1843, while impressed with the stamp of the

HILDEBRANDT, THEODOR (1804-1874), German painter, was born at Stettin. He was a disciple of the painter Schadow, and, on Schadow's appointment to the presidency of a new academy in the Rhenish provinces in 1828, followed that master to Düsseldorf. Hildebrandt began by painting pictures illustrative of Goethe and Shakespeare; but in this form he followed the traditions of the stage rather than the laws of nature. He and Margaret" (1825), and "Lear and Cordelia " (1828). He visited the Netherlands with Schadow in 1829, and wandered alone in 1830 to Italy; but travel did not alter his style, though it led him to cultivate alternately eclecticism and realism. At Düsseldorf, about 1830, he produced "Romeo and Juliet," "Tancred and Clorinda," and other works which deserved to be classed with earlier paintings; but during the same period he exhibited (1829) the "Robber" and (1832) the "Captain and his Infant Son," examples of an affected but kindly realism which captivated the public, and marked to a certain extent an epoch in Prussian art. The picture which made Hildebrandt's fame is the " Murder of the Children of King Edward" (1836), of which the original, afterwards frequently copied, still belongs to the Spiegel collection at Halberstadt. Comparatively late in life Hildebrandt tried his powers as an historical painter in pictures representing Wolsey and Henry VIII., but he lapsed again into the romantic in "Othello and Desdemona." After 1847 Hildebrandt gave himself up to portrait-painting, and in that branch succeeded in obtaining a large practice. He died at Düsseldorf in 1874.

HILDEGARD, ST (1098-1179), German abbess and mystic, was born of noble parents at Böckelheim, in the countship of Sponheim, in 1098, and from her eighth year was educated at the Benedictine cloister of Disibodenberg by Jutta, sister of the count of Sponheim, whom she succeeded as abbess in 1136. From earliest childhood she was accustomed to see visions, which increased in frequency and vividness as she approached the age of womanhood; these, however, she for many years kept almost secret, nor was it until she had reached her fortythird year (1141) that she felt constrained to divulge them. Committed to writing by her intimate friend the monk Godefridus, they now form the first and most important of her printed works, entitled Scivias (probably an abbreviation for "sciens vias " or nosce vias Domini ") s. visionum et revelationum libri iii., and completed in 1151. In 1147 St Bernard of Clairvaux, while at Bingen preaching the new crusade, heard of Hildegard's revelations, and became so convinced of their reality that he not only wrote to her a letter cordially acknowledging her as a prophetess of God, but also successfully advocated her recognition as such by his friend and former pupil Pope Eugenius III. in the synod of Trèves (1148). In the same year Hildegard migrated along with eighteen of her nuns to a new convent on the Rupertsberg near Bingen, over which she presided during the remainder of her life. By means of voluminous correspondence, as well as by extensive journey

in the course of which she was unwearied in the exercise of her gift of prophecy, she wielded for many years an increasing influence upon her contemporaries-an influence doubtless due to the fact that she was imbued with the most widely diffused feelings and beliefs, fears and hopes, of her time. Amongst her correspondents were Popes Anastasius IV. and Adrian IV., the emperors Conrad III. and Frederick I., and also the theologian Guibert of Gembloux, who submitted numerous questions in dogmatic theology for her determination. She died in 1179, but has never been canonized; her name, however, was received into the Roman martyrology in the 15th century, September 17th being the day fixed for her commemoration.

Her biography, which was written by two contemporaries, Godefridus and Theodoricus, was first printed at Cologne in 1566. Hildegard's writings, besides the Scivias already mentioned and first printed in Paris in 1513, include the Liber divinorum operum, Explanatio regulae S. Benedicti, Physica and the Letters, &c., are contained in Migne, Patr. Lat. t. cxcvii., and in Cardinal Pitra's Analecta sacra spicilegio Solesmensi parala; Nova S. Hildegardis opera (Paris, 1882). For a modern study of the saint's writings, see Sainte Hildegarde by Pal Franche," Les Saints" series (Paris, 1903); and U. Chevalier, Répertoire des sources historiques, bio.-bibl. 2153.

HILDEN, a town in the Prussian Rhine province on the Itter, 9 m. S.E. of Düsseldorf by rail. Pop. (1905) 13,946. It possesses an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church and a monument to the emperor William I. Its manufactures include silks, velvets, carpets, calico-printing, machinery and brickmaking.

HILDESHEIM, a town and episcopal see of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, beautifully situated at the north foot of the Harz Mountains, on the right bank of the Innerste, 18 m. S.E. of Hanover by railway, and on the main line from Berlin, via Magdeburg to Cologne. Pop. (1885) 20,386, (1905) 47,060. The town consists of an old and a new part, and is surrounded by ramparts which have been converted into promenades. Its streets are for the most part narrow and irregular, and contain many old houses with overhanging upper storeys and richly and curiously adorned wooden façades. Its religious edifices are five Roman Catholic and four Evangelical churches and a synagogue. The most interesting is the Roman Catholic cathedral, which dates from the middle of the 11th century and occupies the site of a building founded by the emperor Louis the Pious early in the 9th century. It is famous for its antiquities and works of art. These include the bronze doors executed by Bishop Bernward, with reliefs from the history of Adam and of Jesus Christ; a brazen font of the 13th century; two large candelabra of the 11th century; the sarcophagus of St Godehard; and the tomb of St Epiphanius. In the cathedral also there is a bronze column 15 ft. high, adorned with reliefs from the life of Christ and dating from 1022, and another column, at one time thought to be an Irminsäule erected in honour of the Saxon idol Irmin, but now regarded as belonging to a Roman aqueduct. On the wall of the Romanesque crypt, which was restored in 1896, is a rose-bush, alleged to be a thousand years old; this sends its branches to a height of 24 ft. and a breadth of 30 ft., and they are trained to interlace one of the windows. Before the cathedral is the pretty cloister garth, with the chapel of St Anne, erected in 1321 and restored in 1888. The Romanesque church of St Godehard was built in the 12th century and restored in the 19th. The church of St Michael, founded by Bishop Bernward early in the 11th century and restored after injury by fire in 1186, contains a unique painted ceiling of the 12th century, the sarcophagus and monument of Bishop Bernward, and a bronze font; it is now a Protestant parish church, but the crypt is used by the Roman Catholics. The church of the Magdalene possesses two candelabra, a gold cross, and various other works in metal by Bishop Bernward; and the Lutheran church of St Andrew has a choir dating from 1389 and a tower 385 ft. high. In the suburb of Moritzberg there is an abbey church founded in 1040, the only pure columnar basilica in north Germany.

The chief secular buildings are the town-hall (Rathaus), which dates from the 15th century and was restored in 18831892, adorned with frescoes illustrating the history of the city; the Tempelherrenhaus, in Late Gothic erroneously said to have | been built by the Knights Templars; the Knochenhaueramthaus, formerly the gild-house of the butchers, which was restored after being damaged by fire in 1884, and is probably the finest specimen of a wooden building in Germany; the Michaelis monastery, used as a lunatic asylum; and the old Carthusian monastery. The Römer museum of antiquities and natural history is housed in the former church of St Martin; the buildings of Trinity hospital, partly dating from the 14th century, are now a factory; and the Wedekindhaus (1598) is now a savingsbank. The educational establishments include a Roman Catholic and a Lutheran gymnasium, a Roman Catholic school and college and two technical institutions, the Georgstift for daughters of state servants and a conservatoire of music. Hildesheim is the seat of considerable industry. Its chief productions are sugar, tobacco and cigars, stoves, machines, vehicles, agricultural implements and bricks. Other trades are brewing and tanning. It is connected with Hanover by an electric tram line, 19 m. in length.

Hildesheim owes its rise and prosperity to the fact that in 822 it was made the seat of the bishopric which Charlemagne had founded at Elze a few years before. Its importance was greatly increased by St Bernward, who was bishop from 993 to 1022 and walled the town. By his example and patronage the art of working in metals was greatly stimulated. In the 13th century Hildesheim became a free city of the Empire; in 1249 it received municipal rights and about the same time it joined the Hanseatic league. Several of its bishops belonged to one or other of the great families of Germany; and gradually they became practically independent. The citizens were frequently quarrelling with the bishops, who also carried on wars with neighbouring princes, especially with the house of Brunswick-Lüneburg, under whose protection Hildesheim placed itself several times. The most celebrated of these struggles is the one known as the Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde, which broke out early in the 16th century when John, duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, was bishop. At first the bishop and his allies were successful, but in 1521 the king of Denmark and the duke of Brunswick overran his lands and in 1523 he made peace, surrendering nearly all his possessions. Much, however, was restored when Ferdinand, prince of Bavaria, was bishop (1612-1650), as this warlike prelate took advantage of the disturbances caused by the Thirty Years' War to seize the lost lands, and at the beginning of the 19th century the extent of the prince bishopric was 682 sq. m. In 1801 the bishopric was secularized and in 1803 was granted to Prussia; in 1807 it was incorporated with the kingdom of Westphalia and in 1813 was transferred to Hanover. In 1866, along with Hanover, it was annexed by Prussia. 1803 a new bishopric of Hildesheim, a spiritual organization only, was established, and this has jurisdiction over all the Roman Catholic churches in the centre of north Germany.

In

In October 1868 a unique collection of ancient Augustan silver plate was discovered on the Galgenberg near Hildesheim by some soldiers who were throwing up earthworks. This Hildesheimer Silberfund excited great interest among classical archaeologists. Some authorities think that it is the actual plate which belonged to Drusus himself. The most noteworthy pieces are a crater richly ornamented with arabesques and figures of children, a platter with a representation of Minerva, another with one of the boy Hercules and another with one of Cybele. The collection is in the Kunstgewerbemuseum in Berlin. See the Urkundenbuch der Stadt Hildesheim, edited by Hochstifts Hildesheim, edited by K. Janicke and H. Hoogeweg R. Döbner (Hildesheim, 1881-1901); the Urkundenbuch des (Leipzig and Hanover, 1896-1903); C. Bauer, Geschichte von Hildesheim (Hildesheim, 1892); A. Bertram, Geschichte des Bistums Hildesheim (Hildesheim, 1899 fol.); C. Euling, Hildesheimer Land und Leute des 16ten Jahrhunderts (Hildesheim, 1892); O. Fischer, Die Stadt Hildesheim wahrend des dreissigjährigen Krieges (Hildesheim, 1897): A. Grebe. Auf Hildesheimschem Boden (Hildesheim, 1884) H. Cuno, Hildesheims Künstler im Mittelalter (Hildesheim, 1886);

W. Wachsmuth, Geschichte von Hochstift und Stadt Hildesheim | left Westminster School to go to Constantinople, where William, (Hildesheim, 1863); R. Döbner, Studien zur Hildesheimischen Geschichte (Hildesheim, 1901); Lachner, Die Holzarchitektur HildesLord Paget de Beaudesert (1637-1713), a relative of his mother, heims (Hildesheim, 1882): Seifart, Sagen, Märchen, Schwänke und was ambassador. Paget sent him, under care of a tutor, to travel Gebräuche aus Stadt und Stift Hildesheims (Hildesheim, 1889). For in Palestine and Egypt, and he returned to England in 1703. the Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde, see H. Delius, Die Hildesheimische He was estranged from his patron by the "envious fears and Stiftsfehde 1519 (Leipzig, 1803). For the Hildesheimer Silberfund, malice of a certain female," and again went abroad as companion see Wieseler, Der Hildesheimer Silberfund (Göttingen, 1869); Holzer, Der Hildesheimer antike Silberfund (Hildesheim, 1871); and E. to Sir William Wentworth. On his return home in 1709 he pubPernice and F. Winter, Der Hildesheimer Silberfund der königlichen lished A Full and Just Account of the Present State of the Ottoman Museen zu Berlin (Berlin, 1901) Empire, a production of which he was afterwards much ashamed, HILDRETH, RICHARD (1807-1865), American journalist and he addressed his poem of Camillus to Charles Mordaunt, and author, was born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, on the 28th earl of Peterborough. In the same year he is said to have been of June 1807, the son of Hosea Hildreth (1782-1835), a teacher manager of Drury Lane theatre and in 1710 of the Haymarket. of mathematics and later a Congregational minister. Richard His first play, Elfrid: or The Fair Inconstant (afterwards graduated at Harvard in 1826, and, after studying law at revised as Athelwold), was produced at Drury Lane in 1709. Newburyport, was admitted to the bar at Boston in 1830. His connexion with the theatre was of short duration, and the He had already taken to journalism, and in 1832 he became rest of his life was spent in ingenious commercial enterprises, joint founder and editor of a daily newspaper, the Boston none of which were successful, and in literary pursuits. He Atlas. Having in 1834 gone to the South for the benefit of his formed a company to extract oil from beechmast, another for health, he was led by what he witnessed of the evils of slavery the colonization of the district to be known later as Georgia, (chiefly in Florida) to write the anti-slavery novel The Slave: a third to supply wood for naval construction from Scotland, or Memoir of Archy Moore (1836; enlarged edition, 1852, The and a fourth for the manufacture of potash. In 1730 he wrote White Slave). In 1837 he wrote for the Atlas a series of articles The Progress of Wit, being a caveat for the use of an Eminent vigorously opposing the annexation of Texas. In the same year Writer. The "eminent writer" was Pope, who had introduced he published Banks, Banking, and Paper Currencies, a work which him into The Dunciad as one of the competitors for the prize helped to promote the growth of the free banking system in offered by the goddess of Dullness, though the satire was qualified America. In 1838 he resumed his editorial duties on the Atlas, by an oblique compliment. A note in the edition of 1729 on but in 1840 removed, on account of his health, to British Guiana, the obnoxious passage, in which, however, the original initial where he lived for three years and was editor of two weekly newswas replaced by asterisks, gave Hill great offence. He wrote papers in succession at Georgetown. He published in this year to Pope complaining of his treatment, and received a reply (1840) a volume in opposition to slavery, Despotism in America in which Pope denied responsibility for the notes. Hill appears (2nd ed., 1854). In 1849 he published the first three volumes of to have been a persistent correspondent, and inflicted on Pope his History of the United States, two more volumes of which were a series of letters, which are printed in Elwin & Courthope's published in 1851 and the sixth and last in 1852. The first edition (x. 1-78). Hill died on the 8th of February 1750, three volumes of this history, his most important work, deal and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The best of his plays with the period 1492-1789, and the second three with the period were Zara (acted 1735) and Merope (1749), both adaptations 1789-1821. The history is notable for its painstaking accuracy from Voltaire. He also published two series of periodical and candour, but the later volumes have a strong Federalist essays, The Prompler (1735) and, with William Bond, The bias. Hildreth's Japan as It Was and Is (1855) was at the time Plaindealer (1724). He was generous to fellow-men of letters, a valuable digest of the information contained in other works and his letters to Richard Savage, whom he helped considerably, on that country (new ed., 1906). He also wrote a campaign show his character in a very amiable light. biography of William Henry Harrison (1839); Theory of Morals (1844); and Theory of Politics (1853), as well as Lives of Atrocious Judges (1856), compiled from Lord Campbell's two works. In 1861 he was appointed United States consul at Trieste, but ill-health compelled him to resign and remove to Florence, where he died on the 11th of July 1865.

HILGENFELD, ADOLF BERNHARD CHRISTOPH (18231907), German Protestant divine, was born at Stappenbeck near Salzwedel in Prussian Saxony on the 2nd of June 1823. He studied at Berlin and Halle, and in 1890 became professor ordinarius of theology at Jena. He belonged to the Tübingen school. "Fond of emphasizing his independence of Baur, he still, in all important points, followed in the footsteps of his master; his method, which he is wont to contrast as Literarkritik with Baur's Tendenzkritik, is nevertheless essentially the same as Baur's" (Otto Pfleiderer). On the whole, however, he modified the positions of the founder of the Tübingen school, going beyond him only in his investigations into the Fourth Gospel. In 1858 he became editor of the Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie. He died on the 12th of January 1907. His works include: Die elementarischen Recognitionen und Homilien (1848); Die Evangelien und die Briefe des Johannes nach krem Lehrbegriff (1849); Das Markusevangelium (1850); Die Evangelien nach ihrer Entstehung und geschichtlichen Bedeutung (1854): Das Unchristentum (1855); Jud. Apokalyptik (1857) Novum Testamentum extra canonem receptum (4 parts, 1866: 2nd ed., 1876-1884); Histor.-kritische Einleitung in das Neue Testament (1875): Acta Apostolorum graece et latine secundum antiquissimos testes (1899); the first complete edition of the Shepherd of Hermas (1887); Ignatii et Polycarpi epistolae (1902).

HILL, AARON (1685-1750), English author, was born in London on the 10th of February 1685. He was the son of George Hill of Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, who contrived to sell an estate entailed on his son. In his fourteenth year he

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The Works of the late Aaron Hill, consisting of letters..., original poems. With an essay on the Art of Acting appeared in 1753, and his Dramatic Works in 1760. His Poetical Works are included in Anderson's and other editions of the British poets. A full account of his life is provided by an anonymous writer in Theophilus Cibber's Lives of the Poets, vol. v.

HILL, AMBROSE POWELL (1825-1865), American Confederate soldier, was born in Culpeper county, Virginia, on the 9th of November 1825, and graduated from West Point in 1847, being appointed to the 1st U.S. artillery. He served in the Mexican and Seminole Wars, was promoted first lieutenant in September 1851, and in 1855-1860 was employed on the United States' coast survey. In March 1861, just before the outbreak of the Civil War, he resigned his commission, and when his state seceded he was made colonel of a Virginian infantry regiment, winning promotion to the rank of brigadier-general on the field of Bull Run. In the Peninsular campaign of 1862 he gained further promotion, and as a major-general Hill was one of the most prominent and successful divisional commanders of Lee's army in the Seven Days', Second Bull Run, Antietam and wall "Jackson's corps, and he was severely wounded in the flank Fredericksburg campaigns. His division formed part of " Stoneattack of Chancellorsville in May 1863. After Jackson's death Hill was made a lieutenant-general and placed in command of the 3rd corps of Lee's army, which he led in the Gettysburg campaign of 1863, the autumn campaign of the same year, and the Wilderness and Petersburg operations of 1864-65. He was killed in front of the Petersburg lines on the 2nd of April 1865. His reputation as a troop leader in battle was one of the highest amongst the generals of both sides, and both Lee and Jackson, when on their death-beds their thoughts wandered in delirium to the battlefield, called for "A. P. Hill" to deliver the decisive blow.