erudition, whose conversation he had the opportunity of enjoying there. For some time he made a journey to the capital once a year. On these occasions he never was conveyed thither in a carriage, a vehicle that was not in common use among the ancients, and considered by him as an engine of effeminacy and sloth, which it was disgraceful for a man to make use of in travelling. To be dragged at the tail of a horse, instead of mounting upon his back, seemed, in his eyes, to be a truly ludicrous degradation of the genuine dignity of human nature. In all his journeys, therefore, between Edinburgh and London, he was accustomed to ride on horseback, attended by a single servant. This practice he continued, without finding it too fatiguing for him, till he was upwards of eighty years of age. On his On his return from a last visit, which he made on purpose to take leave, before his death, of all his old friends in London, in consequence of becoming exceedingly ill upon the road he was unable to proceed; and, had he not been overtaken by a Scotch friend, who prevailed on him to travel the remainder of the way in a carriage, he might perhaps have perished by the way side, or breathed his last in some dirty inn. In London his visits were very acccptable to all his friends. whether of the literary or fashionable world. He delighted to shew himself at court; and the king is said to have taken a pleasure in conversing with the old man, with a distinguishing notice that could not but be very flattering to him. He used to mingle, with great satisfaction, with the learned and ingenious at the house of the celebrated Mrs. Montague. However, after the death of his friend Mr. Harris, he found a very sensible diminution of the pleasure which he had used to enjoy in the society of London. Lord Monboddo possessed a good natural constitution, which was strengthened by exercise, temperance, and a firm and even tenor of mind. In the country he always used much the exercises of walking in the open air, and of riding. To the cold bath he had recourse in all seasons of the year, amidst every severity of the weather, under every inconvenience of indisposition or business, with a perseverance that was invincible. In winter or summer, he was accustomed to leave his bed at a very early hour, and betake himself to study, or wholesome exercise. It is said, that he even found the use of what he called the air-bath, or the practice of occasionally walking about, for some minutes, naked, in a room filled with fresh

and cool air, to be highly salutary. Lord Monboddo's eldest daughter was married to a gentleman who held a respectable office in the Court of Session. His second daughter, a most amiable and beautiful young lady, died of a consumption about the year 1773, leaving her father bereft of the tenderest tie which bound him to society and to life. Neither his philosophy, nor the necessary torpor of the feelings of extreme old age, could hinder him from being very deeply afflicted by so grievous a loss. From that time he began to droop exceedingly in his health and spirits to the period of his death, which took place in June 1799, when he was in the 85th year of his age. Annual Register for 1799. New Annual Register for 1782. Monthly Magaz. for August, 1799. Gent. Magaz. for June and December, 1799.-M.

MONCONYS, BALTHASAR DE, a writer of travels, was son of the lieutenant-criminel of Lyons, and received the first part of his education in the Jesuit's college. The plague which, in 1628, desolated many countries in Europe, obliged him to quit his native place, and he went to Spain, where he completed his studies at the university of Salamanca. He particularly attached himself to mathematics, judicial astrology, and chemistry; and visiting Portugal, he gained reputation by his facility in forming horoscopes. Thence he passed into the East, with the purpose of increasing his knowledge in the occult sciences, and tracing the remains of the philosophy of Hermes Trismegistus and Zoroaster. Having met with little success in this respect, he returned to France, and devoted himself chiefly to mathematical and physical pursuits, which engaged him in correspondence with most of the learned men of his time. He died at Lyons in 1665. After his death, his "Travels" in three volumes, quarto, and four volumes, 12mo. were published by his son and the Jesuit Berthet.. They are reckoned to contain many rare and curious observations. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.--A.

MONCRIF, FRANCIS-AUGUSTIN PARADIS DE, a French poet and polite writer, was born of a family in middle life at Paris in 1687. He was designed for some profession suited to his rank; but an early proficiency in the art of fencing, with his polite and agreeable manners, threw him among the youth of superior condition; and a propensity for poetry still further diverted him from ordinary employments. He therefore devoted himself to the literary profession, and to the hope of obtaining

patronage from the great; and one of his first compositions was an "Ode on the Death of Louis le Grand," the principal object of which was to conciliate the favour of the regent. The loftier flights of the lyric muse were not, however, those in which his genius most delighted; and he is chiefly distinguished as an ingenious and agreeable writer, excelling in little theatrical pieces, complimentary verses, madrigals, and especially in ballads, or what the French call romances, of which he has composed some of the most touching simplicity. He read with grace, and acted agreeably in the dramatic interludes then in vogue; and thus, without any mean or unworthy arts, rendered himself acceptable to the most cultivated so cieties, at the same time, by his discretion and good-humour, avoiding all that might give offence. He obtained the posts of private secretary to the count of Clermont, and reader to the queen; was received into the French Academy, and associated to those of Nanci and Berlin; and was admitted to the privilege of the entrées, at court, by Louis XV. who refused that favour to Voltaire. Thus he verified a maxim of his own, that "One of the fruits naturally to be expected from intellectual talents, is that of being able to pass life agreeably." He was liberal to his poor relations, zealous in the service of his friends, and grateful for past favours; an instance of which last quality he gave in his request to be allowed to follow into his retreat the count d'Argenson, exiled in 1757. Thus Moncrif lived, enjoying perfect health till a short time before his death, which took place in 1770 at the age of 83. His principal works are "Essai sur la necessité et sur les moyens de plaire," an elegant and instructive work on the art of becoming agreeable in society: " Les Ames rivales," an ingenious romance founded on the fiction of the metempsycosis; "Les Abderites," a comedy; "Poesies diverses," chiefly of the light and delicate kind; some dissertations, and several little dramatic pieces of the opera kind. His "Histoire des Chats," a sportive trifle, was criticised at the time with undue severity, and is now forgotten. His works were published collectively in 1761, in four volumes, 12mo. Necrologe des Hommes celebres. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

MONDINO, (MUNDINUS), a famous physician in the dark ages, and a restorer of anatomy, was of the family de' Luzzi of Bologna, in which city he was professor of medicine at the university in 1316. He was

in great fame throughout Italy for his medical skill, and died in 1325 or 1326. He appears to have been the first in that country who dissected human bodies, which advantage has given him a place among the discoverers in anatomy, though his attachment to. the ancients caused him to retain many of their errors. He was the author of a work entitled, " Anatomia omnium Humani Corporis interiorum membrorum," first printed at Pavia in 1478, and many times re-printed in various places and with different commentaries. It is a methodical performance. and particularly copious on the viscera, in the description of which there are several new observations drawn from his own inspection, but marked with the rudeness and inaccuracy of those times. Such was the authority this work acquired, that in several of the medical schools of Italy it was a law that the professors should use no other anatomical work as their text, which law was in force at Padua two hundred years after the author's death. Tiraboschi. Halleri Bibl.. Anatom.—A.

MONGAULT, NICHOLAS HUBERT DE, a man of letters, born at Paris in 1674, was the natural son of Colbert-Pouanges. He entered into the congregation of the fathers of the Oratory, and was sent to study philosophy at Mans. The system then taught in the schools was that of Aristotle, to which the professor whom Mongault attended was greatly attached; but as the student had too much sense to acquiesce in what he could not comprehend, he adopted for himself that of Descartes, and openly maintained it in the schools. The delicacy of his health obliging him to quit this institution, he retired, in 1699, to the college of Burgundy at Paris, where he finished a translation of Herodian, published in 1700. In the following year he published the first volume of his translation of the Letters of Cicero to Atticus; and in the same year, Colbert, archbishop of Toulouse, who had already procured him a priory, invited him to Toulouse, and gave him apartments in his palace. Not long after, the superintendant Foucault, who wished for the conversation and services of a man of learning, with talents also fitted for society, prevailed upon Mongault to reside with him, and obtained him admission into the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres. In 1710 the duke of Orleans confided to Mongault the education of his son the duke of Chartres. Of this appointment, Duclos thus speaks in his Memoirs of the Regency, "The

abbé Mongault, a man of parts and erudition, a theologian who thought freely on subjects of religion, was the preceptor of the regent's son. Whether he thought his pupil incapable of an enlightened system of morality, or was of -opinion that princes could not be subjected to too powerful restraints, he endeavoured to impress his charge with those religious principles which excite the greatest degree of terror." The result was, that after his father's death, the young prince plunged into the austerities of monkish devotion, in which he persisted to his death. The abbe's services, however, were so acceptable to the Orleans family, that several church benefices and civil places were conferred upon him. It is said that he was ambitious of a higher elevation, and that he regarded with envy the extraordinary fortune of cardinal Dubois. He passed some years of his life under the dominion of a melancholy which made him view every thing on the dark side. In other respects his conversation was agreeable and instructive; and though he had lived so much among the great, he had not learned to flatter. His translation of the " Letters of Cicero to Atticus" in six volumes, was published in 1714, and again in 1739. It is faithful and elegant, and being enriched with a number of learned notes, it did equal honour to his taste and his erudition. The French academy admitted him as a member in 1718. He died in 1746, at the age of 72. Besides his two translations he published two dissertations in the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

MONK, GEORGE, duke of Albermarle, an eminent character in English history, was the son of sir Thomas Monk of Potheridge in Devonshire, a gentleman of good family, but of reduced fortune. He was born in 1608, and received his education chiefly from the care of his maternal grandfather sir George Smith, with whom he resided. The spirited action of caning an under-sheriff who, contrary to his promise, had arrested his father at a public meeting of the county, obliged him, in order to avoid its consequences, to enter, at the age of 17, as a volunteer under his kinsman sir Richard Greenvile, then preparing to embark at Plymouth on an expedition against the Spaniards. After his return, he served in the next year as ensign in the expedition to the isles of Rhé and Oleron. The il success of these two mismanaged enterprises did not disgust him with a military life; and in 1629 he

went to serve in the Low-countries, first under lord Oxford, and then under lord Goring, the latter of whom advanced him to the rank of captain. During a service of ten years he was present at various sieges and battles, and laid in a stock of professional knowledge, which qualified him for a higher command. He returned to England just at the time that the discontents of the Scotch with the measures of Charles I. broke out into a civil war; and he obtained the post of lieutenant-colonel in the regiment of lord Newport, when the king marched an army to the frontiers of Scotland. In this expedition no laurels were to be gained; and Monk gladly engaged in the more active service of quelling the Irish rebellion, in the capacity of colonel of lord Leicester's own regiment. When the marquis of Ormond, in 1643, had signed a truce with the Irish rebels in order that the army might be employed in the king's service against the parliament in England, Monk returned with his regiment; but it appears that he had fallen under some suspicion of being inclined to the cause of the parliament, since orders were given to arrest him on his arrival, and his regiment was taken from him. He was, however, suffered to go to Oxford on his parole, where he so well justified himself to the king, that he was raised to the rank of major-general in the Irish brigade, then employed under lord Byron in the siege of Nantwich. He joined the troops only in time to be made prisoner, with the whole brigade, on a surprise by Fairfax; and being sent to the Tower of London, he was kept there in close confinement till November, 1646. During this state of inaction he composed "Observations on Military and Political Affairs," which he sent in MS. to lord Lisle, by whose direction they were published after his death. 1hrough the interest of the above lord Lisle, eldest son of the earl of Leicester, who was made deputy of Ireland by the parliament, Monk was liberated on condition of taking the covenant, and accompanied the deputy to that kingdom, where the marquis of Ormond was in arins for the king, and Owen Roe O'Neal maintained the rebellion of the natives. Monk was at length appointed commander in chief for the parliament in the north of Ireland, where he obliged O'Neal to raise the siege of Londonderry, and obtained various advantages over him. The superiority of the royalists, however, and the unwillingness of the Scotch troops to act with those of the parliament, so embarrassed him, that he found it

necessary to make a treaty with O'Neal, and to put Dundalk into the hands of lord Inchiquin, commander for the king; after which he returned to England. The parliament was highly displeased with this termination, and in August, 1649, passed a vote of disapprobation of the treaty with O'Neal, at the same time softening the censure with regard to Monk himself, and declaring that he should not be questioned for his conduct. He took the vote, however, as a high affront, and is thought never to have forgiven it.

An interval of relaxation ensued, during which Monk's elder brother dying, the family estate devolved upon him, and he took care to retrieve it from the ruinous condition in which it had been left. He then accepted a command in Scotland under Cromwell, who formed a regiment for him, and made him lieutenant general of artillery He performed important services on various occasions, particularly at the battle of Dunbar; and when Cromwell left Scotland in pursuit of Charles II. who had entered England, Monk was left to command in that country with 7000 men. In this station he acted with great vigour and success. He besieged and took Stirling-castle, whence he sent all the records of the kingdom to London. He stormed Dundee; and imitating the severity of Cromwell in Ireland, put the gover. nor and all the men in arms to the sword. This example deterred other places from resistance, and he became master of the whole country, with the exception of some of the inaccessible parts in the Highlands. An illness obliged him to go to Bath in 1652, whence, after his recovery, he returned to Scotland as one of the commissioners for its union with the English commonwealth.

The Dutch war in the mean time broke out, and in 1653 Monk was transferred to the sea service, which at that period was not considered as a distinct branch requiring an education for the purpose. He was joined in command with Dean, under the orders of Blake. In the month of May, the two admirals, with a numerous feet, fell in with the famous Dutch admiral Tromp on the Flemish coast, and began a furious engagement. Dean was killed at the first broadside, and Monk continued the battle on that and the following day, when he was joined by Blake with a squadron of fresh ships. This reinforcement decided the contest, and the English were victoricus. Soon after, however, Tromp had fitted out another fleet, with which, on July 29, he engaged the English

fleet under the command of Monk. The Dutch admiral was killed in the action, and an undoubted victory accrued to the English, testified by the capture and destruction of about thirty of the enemy's ships. At an entertainment subsequent to the thanksgiving for this victory, Cromwell, now protector, with his own hand placed a gold chain round Monk's neck. The peace with Holland was followed by new disturbances in Scotland, where several persons of rank had declared for Charles II.; and Monk, in the spring of 1654, was sent thither as commander in chief. He proclaimed the protector in Edinburgh, and by prudent and vigorous measures soon put an end to the war in the Highlands. He then fixed his abode at the countess of Buccleugh's seat at Dalkeith, where he resided during five years, amusing himself by rural occupations, and conducting the absolute government with which he was entrusted, so as to conciliate the personal good will of the nation, however dis affected in their hearts to the rule to which they were forced to submit. His prior attachment to the royal cause excited some distrust of him on the part of Cromwell, as well as some hopes from him in the royalists; but with his characteristic discretion, he took care to give no ground of suspicion by his actions. He communicated to the protector all the machinations of the cavaliers that came to his knowledge, and even sent him a letter which he had privately received from the king; and he promoted addresses to Cromwell from the army in Scotland, which were very favourably received. Suspicions of him, however, seem to have dwelt on Cromwell's mind to the last; for in a letter to him, written not long before his death, there is this postscript, which, under a jocular appearance, had, doubtless, a serious meaning: "There be that tell me there is a certain cunning fellow in Scotland, called George Monk, who is said to lie in wait there to introduce Charles Stuart: I pray you use your diligence to apprehend him and send him up to me."

On the death of Oliver and the succession of. Richard to the protectorate, general Monk quietly acquiesced in the change, and seemed only desirous of securing his own command. . When that feeble sovereign was deposed by the parliament, Monk acknowledged their authority; and he protested against the violence of the army which afterwards expelled them. What were the secret designs which at this time he harboured in his breast can only be