this catalogue of evils, a ministry which derives its existence and support from these manifold abuses, trying to perpetuate, and to reconcile them with its public and private situation; a ministry paid by foreign powers to govern, but incapable of governing, and subserving the bad passions of others, in order to gratify its own.

In Brasil, how different is the state of affairs! Not to speak of the merits of a prince, whose actions speak aloud, and who needs not our praises, we there see power in the hands of men who are acquainted with other arts of governing than those of deceit and corruption, of men whose sincerity, uprightness and probity, entitle them to a place in the councils of a monarch, by whom that power could soon be resumed if they served any other interests than those of Brasil and of the constitutional throne which she has established. What an immense advance have they made within a few months! But recently, present instability and future dangers, obstacles in short of all kinds, were opposed to the regenerations of Brasil. Now, all difficulties vanish before her; every thing tends to strengthen the unanimous agreement of opinion on the important subject of the form of her government; every kind of resistance has disappeared, and partial discontents are now lost in the national unanimity. Pernambuco has afforded the Brasilians a salutary specimen of the effects of those presumptuous theories, which captivate inexperienced men. They see what these doctrines are worth, and after this experiment in licentiousness, they return with joy to the enjoyment of a well-regulated liberty, and shudder at the bare thought VOL. I. No. 2.

B B

of a revolution.

They possess a constitution, under

which no man can be oppressed with impunity; and lastly, they have a sovereign who leaves them nothing to desire. To the Emperor may be applied what was said of Henry IV. His Majesty protects royalty from oppression, his people from foreign aggression, justice from abuse;" so certainly must the success of his enterprise correspond with the excellence of his cause, that the ruin of his enemies is inevitable.

If we are asked by what proofs it may be known, that he is such as we describe him, we answer, by a constitution, no sooner promised than promulgated; by the order and rapidity of elections; by regulations which have no other tendency than to bring all branches of administration into harmony with the grand principle of representative government; by the severe economy which pervades every part of the public service; by the discipline of a purely national army; by the attention devoted to agriculture, commerce, manufacture, and the arts and sciences; by the state of public credit which is daily gaining strength; by the respect which all foreign powers, even those most hostile to the principle of American independence, to pay the new empire; by the powerful interest taken by England in all its concerns; by the formal recognition of its independence, (no longer a matter of uncertainty), on the part of the United States ;* and lastly, by the gradual

Letters received from Rio de Janeiro confirmed by others from New York, contain the intelligence that the president of the United States has formally acknowledged the independence of Brasil under the government of Don Pedro, the reigning monarch.

but perfect amalgamation of old with new interests, that is to say, of the natives with the Portuguese, who shew the strongest desire to unite, without distinction, under a government equally favourable to all.

Let not Portugal think to throw doubt upon this fact, by the mention of some obscure and partial discontents, which are now at an end; let her look at the mass of the people, and say whether they took any part in those disgraceful scenes.

The mass of the people is actively and perseveringly pressing on in that career of knowledge and intelligence first opened to them by the revolution-by them let Brasil be judged,

Such is the result of an attentive observation of the respective situations of Spain and her revolted colonies, of Portugal and Brasil. We hope, that by simply placing them in comparison, we have proved to demonstration that the pretensions of the two mother-countries to subjugate the vast nations which have fortunately escaped from their grasp, is perfect madness; that on their side are all the obstacles; on the side of the young states all the vigour and all the re

Sources.

WAR, AND MILITARY INTELLIGENCE.

F

"Faithful to the law we had prescribed to ourselves, to write nothing but as dictated by our conscience, and to render impartial and strict justice to every one, of whatever country or party, whose political conduct it may be our duty to delineate, we said, in our pre'ceding Number, "It is not only by proofs of the most unbounded devotion, that the royalist and independent generals are signalising their conduct in defence of the adverse interests which actuate them; in talent and in knowledge, they also vie with each other which shall most competely render fortune subservient to the combinations of his genius."Fortune has decided, and victory, which had so long remained uncertain, appears at length to have taken refuge in the ranks of 'the defenders of American liberty; but if the star of the royalist generals lost its lustre before the genius of the republic, it is neither to the courage nor to the talents of its adversaries that the Spanish monarchy can attribute the signal check it has just received in the plains of Peru. Discord, and not cowardice betrayed the camp of the Greeks to the Hector of the New World; which, for the happiness of mankind, has nothing to dread from the arms of Achilles. Heaven is not divided between the Americans and the Spaniards; the deities who preside over the destinies of men, have declared in favour of the New World.

The opponents, however, of Bolivar, divided by civil war, and pressed on all sides by the hero of Colombia, are still sustaining a desperate struggle, which claims for their unyielding bravery the admiration of the world, and secures to them the satisfaction of an honourable submission. When, indeed, we contemplate Valdes and Canterac obliged to make head at the same moment against the revolted troops of Olaneta, and the combined army of Peru and Colombia, defending every inch of ground, and neutralising the united efforts of their enemies, we cannot but feel deep regret that the Spanish warriors should be fighting in so bad

a cause,

In recalling our attention to the entire military situation of South America, from Cape Horn to the Gulf of Mexico, we find that, with some few exceptions, the theatre of war is such as we described it in our preceding Number, viz. that Peru is the only point in which hostilities are continued on ta vast scale, and with varied chances of success or of failure.

The government of Buenos Ayres is occupied in augmenting the army of observation stationed at Salta, for the protection of its frontiers, in the improbable event of the royalists obtaining a partial success in Peru; but this excess of precaution which, however, is an additional guarantee that the tranquillity of the provinces of the republic of Plata will not be interrupted, has given rise to no operation or movement worthy of fixing the attention of our readers; for we cannot consider as such the anticipated incursion of some Indian hordes, against which the government of Buenos Ayres