Aachen, Protestants in, 11; 420
Aalborg, capture of Danish horse at, 102
Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury,
appeal of Commons to, 260
Åbo, 162; taken by Charles (IX), 172; school

of, founded by Gustavus Adolphus, 187
Acadia, Anglo-French struggle for, 747
Achin, King of, English East India Com-
pany and, 731

Acuña, Diego Sarmiento de, see Gondomar
Adami, Adam, Bishop suffragan of Hildes-

heim, historian of the Congress, 401
Adams, William, and Japanese trade, 740
Adolphus John, Swedish Prince, Charles X
and, 587; 590

Adwalton Moor, Fairfaxes defeated at, 313
Aerssens, Francis, lord of Sommelsdijk,
Councillor of Frederick Henry, 690;
appeals to Richelieu for help, 691;
negotiations of, in England, 701
Africa, West, the West Indies and, 759
African Company, the Swedish (1647), 759;
the first English (1618), 759; the second
English (1631), 759; the French (West)
(1626), 759

Agra, William Hawkins at, 741; English
factory at, 742

"Agreement, the, of the People," 345; 353
Ahmadabad, English factory at, 742
Air and Angels (poem by Donne), 762
Aix, Parlement of, 610 sq.

Alais, Louis de Valois, Comte de, see Angou-
lême

Albert, Archduke, sovereign of the Spanish
Netherlands; and the Imperial throne, 1;
11; 13; death of, 77; Henry IV and, 624
Albuquerque, Affonso de, Portuguese Gov-
ernor of the Indies, ideals of, 728

Matthias de, 707

Aldobrandini, Pietro, Cardinal, and Clement
VIII, 667; friendly towards France, 668
Silvestro, 666

Aldringer, Johann, Austrian Field Marshal,
72; Mantua taken by, 115; at Erfurt,
205; Tilly reinforced by, 208; 210; at
Leipzig, 219; 231; Feria and, 234; pro-
tection of Bavaria and, 238; Emperor
and, 239 sqq.; at Ratisbon, 244
Alexander VI, Pope, Bull of, 728; 744

VII, Pope, papal nuncio [when Fabio

Chigi] at Münster, 402, 688; Charles X
and, 582

Alexander, Blasius, 38; leader among the

Grisons Prädikanten, 52; capture of, 55
Alexis Romanoff, Tsar, the Cossacks and,
580; 581; in the Baltic Provinces, 582
sq.; 584; Charles X and, 586-8; feud
between Poland and, 591

Algiers, Blake at, 483

Aliaga, Father, and Uceda, 629; bribed,
632

Allaci, Leone, papal commissary, 82
Allerheim, French victory at, 390
All Saints' Bay, see Bahia

Alsen, island of, taken by Charles X, 432
Altmark, truce of, 115; signed Sept. 26,
1629, 187, 193; 578

Alton, victory of Waller at, 315
Amazon, district at the mouth of the, 709
Amboina, "massacre'' at, 87, 713, 738 sqq.,

755; taken by the Dutch (1605), 733, 735;
agreement of June 1619 and, 737; 742
Ambras, Castle of, Cardinal Klesl at, 22
America, partition of, 747; North, English
Colonies in, 747 sq.; Dutch and, 749;
French, English Colonies in, 747; South,
English schemes of colonisation in, 754 sq.
Amsterdam, interests of, 466 sq.; threatened
by De Berg, 693; difficulties of Frederick
Henry with, 694, 699; Chamber of, 709;
Academy founded at, 717; 718 sqq.;
Spinoza born at, 722; antagonism of,
towards Frederick Henry, 724; William
II and, 725 sq.; 727; 789

Amurath III, Sultan, mission of William
Harborne to the Court of, 729

Andalusia, the Duke of Medina Sidonia and,
652 sq.

Andrewes, Lancelot, Bishop of Winchester,
and religious controversy, 268
Angermannus, Abraham, Archbishop of
Upsala, 170 sq.

Angers, gift to Mary de' Medici of, 126
Angola, taken by the Dutch, 752
Angoulême, negotiations between Louis
XIII and Queen-Mother at, 126

Charles de Valois, Duke of, heads an
embassy to Saxony (1620), 34

Louis de Valois, Comte d'Alais, Duke
of, 611; 614; Mercoeur and, 618

Anholt, Count von, Tilly's lieutenant, 79,
85; 162

Aniello, Tommaso (Masaniello), heads in-
surrection in Naples, 657 sq.; death of,
ibid.

Anjou, Duke of, see Orleans

Anna, Infanta of Spain, see Anne of
Austria

Anne, Empress, consort of Matthias, 1;
death of, 25

of Austria, Queen-consort of Louis
XIII, marriage of, 119; Richelieu Grand
Almoner to, 123; relations of Château-
neuf with, 142; former adherents of, 596;
Mazarin and, 597, 608 sq., 702; Anne di
Gonzaga and, 610; affronted by Condé,
612; 614 sq.; the marriage of Louis XIV
and, 625, 629 sq.; 660; Regency of, 593,
659

of Denmark, Queen of England, es-
tranged from the Protestant faith, 89
Anniversary, the, Donne's poem of, 764 sq.
Ansbach, Joachim Ernest, Margrave of, 1;
advises Frederick V to accept the Bohe-
mian throne, 29; 67; agrees to abandon
Frederick, 69; in touch with him, 80
Anstruther, Sir Robert, 89

Antrim, Randal MacDonnell, second Earl
and first Marquis of, taken prisoner in
Ulster, 316; promises to attack Argyll,
520; army and, 522; transports Irish
troops into Scotland, 527

Aragon, Parliament of, 643; Los Velez in,
648; Philip IV and, 650, 652 sq., 654, 658
Arboga, Articles of, 161-9; Estates meet
at, 172

Arcos, D. Rodrigo Ponz de Léon, Duke of,

Viceroy of Naples, 656; flight of, 657
Argyll, Archibald Campbell, eighth Earl,
later Marquis of, Presbyterianism and,
339; 347; at the General Assembly at
Glasgow, 500; "Plotters" and, 505;
Cromwell and, 350, 508; crowns Charles
II at Scone, 510; 520
Arminius, Jacobus, 717

Arnauld, Antoine, Pascal and, 795
Arnim, Hans Georg von, 101; in Pome-
rania, 104, 106; besieges Stralsund, 107
sq.; 109; 187; sent to the Polish frontier,
192; in Saxony, 204; 206; in Bohemia,
209; 211; 213; 215 sq.; 219; commands
Saxon forces in Silesia, 221; commands
Brandenburg troops, 225; Wallenstein

and, 231 sqq.; 240 sq.; Silesian scheme
of, 236; march of, towards the Oder,
237; 243; victory of, at Liegnitz, 244;
247; negotiations at Pirna and, 252
Arras, Condé defeated before, 619
Artois, loss of greater part of, to Spain, 620,
660 sqq.
Arundel, Thomas Howard, second Earl of
Arundel and Surrey, confinement and
release of, 264 sq.; at Vienna, 276
Aschaffenburg, taken by the Swedes, 208
Assada Association, the, 731; 746
Asti, Peace of, 129

Astley, Sir Jacob, Baron Astley, 304; at
Naseby, 330; at Stow-on-the-Wold, 335
Aston, Sir Arthur, in Drogheda, 533
Augsburg, the Catholic League at, 12, 77;
Confession of, 68, 111, 200, 412; saved
by Werth, 391; Treaty of Ulm and, ibid.;
393; Swedish army in, 214; Religious
Peace of (1555), 3, 109, 410, 676; and the
Peace of Westphalia, 413; commercial
state of, 420

Austria, religious parties in, 11; and the
Valtelline, Chap. II passim; right of, to
Elsass, 405 sq.; supplanted by France in
Elsass, 416; Thirty Years' War and, 417;
alliance between Poland, Brandenburg
and, 429 sq.; Lower, Protestant majority
in, 21; revolts, 26, 64; harried by Beth-
len Gabor, 75; 76; 87; Upper, Protestant
majority in, 21; revolts, 26; Maximilian
and, 64; 69, 75, 84; insurrection in, 76;
83; 97; 111

House of, see Habsburg
Avaux, Claude de Mesmes, Count de, agent
of Richelieu at Stuhmsdorf, 365; French
plenipotentiary in Germany, 373; negotia-
tions at Hamburg between Salvius and,
377; 397; proposal of, in 1641, 398;
at Münster, 402 sq.; at the Hague, 602
Axim, taken by the Dutch (1642), 759
Ayamonte, Marquis of, 652; death of,
653

Ayscue, Sir George, Admiral, West Indian
Islands subdued by, 466; 468; 470; in
the Downs, 471; defeated by Ruyter off
Plymouth, 472; 477