and present Acts of Parliament respecting Insolvency. By RICHARD Hart.

Desultory Thoughts in London, with other Poems. By CHARLES LLOYD, author of "Nuga Canoræ," and translator of Alfieri.

Notes on Rio de Janeiro, and the Southern Parts of Brazil, taken during a Residence of Ten Years in that Country, from 1808 to 1818; with an Appendix, describing the Signals by which Vessels enter the Port of Rio Grande do Sul; together with numerous Tables of Commerce, and a Glossary of Tupi Words. By Joun LUCCOCK.

Preparing for Publication.

The Books of Genesis and Daniel (in connection with modern Astronomy), defended against Count Volney and Dr. Francis-Also the Sonship of Christ against John Gorton and the Rev. Mr. Evans, as supplementary matter to the Genealogy of Christ. By JOHN Overton.

A Sermon, demonstrating that the Christian Priesthood is a perfect Hierarchy, emanating immediately from God himself. By the Rev. JOHN OXLEE, Rector of Scawton, and Curate of Stonegrave.

The Privileges and Obligations of Christian Parents and their Children, adduced from a View of the Abrahamic Covenant.

A Narrative of the Persecution of the Protestants of the South of France, during the years 1814, 1815, and 1816. By MARK WILKS. Illustrated with a Chart of the Department of the Gard.

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- The Crucifix exchanged for the Cross; illustrated in the Memoirs of Miss Margaret Leader, of Dublin.

A Scriptural View of the True and False Religion. By the Rev. G. SCRAGGS.

The Private and Confidential Correspondence of Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, during the Reign of King William the Third, never before published; illustrated with Historical and Biographical Narratives, from the original Documents in the possession of the Duchess of Buccleuch, to whom the work is inscribed, by permission. By WILLIAM COXE, F.R.S. F.S.A. Archdeacon of Wilts.

A new Pocket Edition of Bagster's Walton and Cotton's "Complete Angler," under the care of the Gentleman who

edited the last Edition. Wales's Designs will be engraved on a reduced scale, as well as the Portraits of Walton and Cotton. Other fresh Prints from the real Scenery of both Parts of the Work will be introduced and, amongst them, an exterior View of the Palace of Theobalds in its perfect state, from an antient Painting. New Lives of Walton and Cotton will be given, and great improvements and additions to the notes throughout. The representations of the Fish, with numerous smaller embellishments, will be cut in wood.

Recollections of a Classical Tour made during the years of 1818 aud 1819, in different parts of Turkey, Greece, and Italy. By P. E. LAURENT, Esq. Illustrated with beautiful Engravings of the Costumes of cach country.

The Beauties of Mozart, Handel, Pleyel, Haydn, Beethoven, and other celebrated Composers, adapted to the words of favourite Psalms and Hymns, for one or two Voices; with an Accompaniment and occasional Symphonies for the PianoForte, Organ, or Harp. By an eminent Musical Professor.

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An Engraving of the Warwick Vase, in the Lithographic manner.-Also the First Number of a progressive Series of Ornamental Sketches. By W. G. ROGERS.

The Boys' School; or, Traits of Character in Early Life, a moral Tale. By Miss SANDHAM, author of the "School Fellows," "Twin Sisters," &c.

Volume III. of the Transactions of the Association of the Fellows and Licentiates of the King's and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland.

An Account of a New Method of making dried Anatomical Preparations; exhibiting the various structures of Animal Bodies, so as to present the same appearances as a fresh subject when first dissected. By Mr. JOSEPH SWAN, Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Augustus; or, the Ambitious Student. The Universe, a Poem. By the Rev. Mr. MATURIN, Author of " Bertram," &c.

"Scheming," a novel, will shortly appear from the pen of a person of high fashion.

Time's Telescope for 1821; or, a Complete Guide to the Almanacks. To which will be prefixed an Introduction, containing the Elements of British Ornithology.

MODERN GREEKS.

The Public Schools established at Smyrna and Chios have hitherto been attended with the happiest success. The great College of Chios is particularly distinguished, and students flock to it from all parts of Greece. Its three most celebrated Professors are Bardalochos, Seleri, and Bambas. Bardalochos has published a Compendium of Experimental Philosophy,

phy, and an Essay on Greek Pronunciation, in which the modern Greek etacism is treated with more than usual leniency. Professor Seleri has nearly ready for the press, a Manual of Mathematics, selected from his Lectures. Bambas, who for a long period studied Mathematics, Philosophy, and Natural History, in Paris, is now about to publish, in the modern Greek language, an elementary book on Chemistry from Thenard. His Compendium of Rhetoric has already had an extensive circulation. Some time ago, a new printing-office was established at Chios, the whole apparatus for which was brought from Paris. (See Part i. p. 253; Part . page 61.) A German, named Bayrhoffer, is at the head of this establishment.

Chios at present enjoys perfect tranquillity; for in consequeuce of an agree. ment entered into with the Turks, it is governed entirely by Greek Magistrates. In the meanwhile large sums are devoted to the maintenance of public Institutions -a Library is forming under the superintendence of the celebrated Greek Scholar, Coray of Paris; through the liberality of private individuals, about 30,000 volumes are already collected. The College of Chios at present contains about 700 students, and their numbers are constantly augmenting. Professor Kaumus is at the head of the College of Smyrna; he has published a System of Philosophy, in 4 vols. modelled after the system of Professor Krug, of Leipsick. The work is dedi cated to Coray.

These improvements among the Modern Greeks must naturally tend to render their language popular throughout Europe. Weigel, the bookseller of Leipsick, has published an excellent Dictionary and a Modern Greek Grammar by Professor Schneider; and in England there has lately appeared a very useful little Grammar of the Modern Greek language, by Dr. Robertson, who is a member of the Philomusæ Society of Athens, and of the Ionian Academy. The stereotyped editions of the Greek authors published by Tauchnitz of Leipsick, are extensively circulated throughout Greece on account of their cheapness. Weigel is also engaged in preparing a corrected edition of the principal Greek prose writers and poets, which is to be published under the general title of the "Bibliotheca Græca;" it will no doubt be eagerly sought after in Greece. Even the observations on Greek geography are gradually acquiring fresh accuracy. The learned Sir William Gell has lately written on this subject. His topographical works on Argolis, Ithaca, and Morea, may justly he styled classical. He has lately published an “Itinerary of Greece,” depart

ing from Corinth and traversing Attica in every direction, and describing the longitude and the situations of the places with the utmost accuracy. From Attica he proceeds to Boeotia, Phocis, Locris, and Thessaly; his plan also embraces the islands Ægina and Salamis. He is at present, in conjunction with Col. Leake, occupied in drawing up a map of the whole of Greece on the scale of a foot to every degree. The Athenian Society of the Philomusæ, which was instituted by the Vienna Congress in 1815, proposes sending four young Greeks to Italy and Germany to complete their education : the Society consists of 300 members, most of whom are foreigners. According to letters from Mr. Robert Pinkerton, that active agent of the British Bible Society, it appears that a Society for the Promul gation of the Gospel has been established at Athens. The Archbishop residing at Constantinople has been chosen President, and the British Consul, Logotheti, together with Mr. Tirnaviti, are Vice-Presidents.

The modern Greeks speak a language resembling that of the ancients in almost every respect. But time, conquest, slavery, the barbarism of ages, have introduced some new terms, and altered the rules of syntax, in certain points. The Greek inhabitants, however, understand pretty exactly all the antient Greek, when it is spoken in the pronunciation now in use, which seems to have been that of the time of Constantine. As the two languages accord in so many points of contact, the modern Greek may be considered as a mere idiom confined to the lower classes of society, and which it would be well to remove, as far as it may be practicable, by recalling the antient.

It is curious to observe the gradual disuse of Greek among the Greeks, produced by the chauge of their residence. In Greece the Turks speak only Greek; in Constantinople the Greeks speak both Greek and Turkish, but only the former to each other; in Asia Minor, along the coast, they can speak Greek when addressed in it, but talk Turkish to each other. And in the interior parts of Asia Minor, they know no other language than Turkish,

ASIATIC LANGUAGES.

The King of France has issued an ordinance authorising the Secretaries of the Académie Française and the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, to accept the legacy of 24,000 francs bequeathed to them by the late Count Chassebœuf de Volney, with the view of exciting the philosophic study of languages, and encouraging every undertaking that may tend to put in practice a method invented by

the

the testator for transcribing the Asiatic languages in European characters.

HERCULANEAN MANUSCRIPTS. The following is the method that has long been pursued, in the unrolling of these important records of antiquity:

Every manuscript looks exactly like a piece of charcoal cut into the shape of an antient volumen, and it requires the greatest care to prevent it from crumbling into mere coal-dust. For this purpose, the outer part is covered with very small pieces of skin applied to it with a light glue or liquid gum. The roll is suspended on two ribbous, fastened to an upper board, which, with two parallel supporters, forms a sort of frame, of the shape of a Greek pi (II). The roll is, moreover, tied with two small threads to two pegs, which, being gently turned, unfold it by very slow degrees. As far as the whole of what was seen outside has been covered with skin, and glued together, to prevent its falling to pieces. The pegs are of course fastened on the upper board also, and the beginning of the volume is drawn upwards by them, so as always to leave the unexplored part of it resting on the ribbons by means of its own weight. The side-boards have no other use than that of supporting the upper one. It is difficult to make this description quite clear to those who have not seen the thing itself; but the simplest machinery is often very difficult to be described.

It is impossible to avoid the loss of some part of the manuscripts, which the violent action of the heat, combined with other accidents, has either melted together, or so completely fastened, that they cannot be drawn asunder entire; but these blanks are not nearly so numerous as might be expected. The writing of the Grecian manuscripts is so uncommonly beautiful, that it makes the task of decyphering them, as fast as they are unrolled, comparatively easy; the Latin ones are much more difficult. The whole of the inside of the rolls is black; but a slight difference of shade renders the ink sufficiently perceptible. The invention does the highest honour to the man who first conceived the possibility of unrolling a piece of charcoal. Millions of wellinformed men would have thought it absurd to undertake it.

There are in all seventeen hundred manuscripts in the Studio, of which three hundred are already unrolled. The eyes of all the amateurs of classics are anxious

ly turned to the discoveries which may be made by these means, and they are justly impatient to see the result. Hitherto, the most valuable of the works which have been unrolled, are a treatise by Epicurus, and several others by his disciple Philodemus, on music, rhetoric, virtue and vice."

CLASSICAL MANUSCRIPTS.

The Abbé Amadeus Peyron, Professor of Oriental Languages in the University of Turin, has discovered some fragmen's of Cicero in a MS. from the Monastery of St. Colomban di Bobbio, a town on the Trebia, in the King of Sardinia's domi nions. This MS. contains important new readings of orations already known, and confirms the identity of several texts which have been cruelly tortured by indiscreet critics. It contains, besides, fragments of the orations, Pro Scauro, pro M. Tullio, in Clodium, orations which are unfortunately lost. Some of these fragments had been already published by M. Mai, after a MS. of the same library at St. Colomban, preserved in the Ambrosian Library at Milan; so that at the first sight those two MSS. would appear to have originally made but one. But the difference of the writing, that of the parchment, the circumstance that one of these MSS. is written in three columns and the other in two as well as that several deficiencies in the Ambrosian MS. are supplied by that of Turin, leave no room to doubt of their being copies essentially different.

The great Helenist and Orientalist, Ariston of Samos, fell a victim to the late conflagration at Constantinople, and all his precious MSS. (amongst others, that containing the entire history of his extensive travels over great part of Asia, Oceana, Africa, and Europe), were destroyed. It is said, his fellow-traveller, the Chevalier de Rienzi, will shortly supply this deficiency, with the addition of his own travels in America and England. From the specimens which this gentleman' has given the public of his productions both in French and Italian, his travels may be expected to be very interesting.

EGYPTIAN MUMMY.

The Hunterian Museum at Glasgow has been enriched by the acquisition of an Egyptian Mummy, the donation of Mr. Joshua Heywood, jun. of that city; which, from its high state of preservation,

may be considered as the most interesting addition, in the antiquarian department, made to that very valuable 'collection since it became the property of the University.

The body, shrouded in from fifty to

sixty folds of rather coarse pale brick-red coloured linen, is deposited in a strong wooden coffin, fashioned so as to bear a rude resemblance to the human shape. At the upper extremity is carved a face, the features of which (as is the case with all Egyptian sculpture) are very much of the Negro cast. The coffin, along the entire length of its outside, is richly ornamented with a profusion of hieroglyphical characters, of various colours, all in a state of the most perfect preservation.

The case immediately containing the body is again inclosed in a second, similarly shaped, but more sparingly orna mented, and exhibiting a greater appearance of antiquity.

This highly interesting relic was examined in the presence of several Pro. fessors. Upon opening the inner coffin, the freshness of the linen forming the investment, excited a desire of carrying the investigation the length of ascertaining the actual existence of an embalmed human body.

A longitudinal incision was made through the coverings immediately over the face, which were evidently continuous folds of the same web. Those in immediate contact with the skin were soaked in liquid asphaltum, a substance of highly antiseptic power, and said to have been employed by the Egyptians in embalming. The head was completely denuded of these coverings, shewing a face, apparently female, in an astonishing state of preservation.

Though the features were much colJapsed, the face was no where divested of skin. The skin itself was of a chesnutbrown colour. The brow was well shaped, though, if any way defective, narrow; and to some it may be interesting to learn, the organ of music was prominent. The nose, though slightly compressed, retained enough of its original shape to be recognised as Roman. The cheek bones were prominent. The mouth, most likely from the shrinking of the muscles attached to it, was wider than accorded with the general good proportion of the face. The space between the nose and the chin, especially between the nose and mouth, was also proportionally too distant. Independent, however, of these exceptions, the face was decidedly handsome. There appeared upon the chin not the slightest vestige of hair, but that upon the eyebrows was distinct and finely arched. Upon the scalp there was a profusion of silky golden hair, about two and a half inches in length. A small portion of the scalp accidently removed, shewed the skull with all the freshness of recent bone. Having separated the lips about the eighth part of an inch, the fore-teeth could be

seen, remarkably white, and regularly shaped.

One circumstance must have struck all who had an opportunity of seeing the above interesting examination; namely, the dissimilarity of the features to what we are taught to believe were those of the inhabitants of Egypt, at the remote period at which the custom of embalming existed in that country. A moment's reflection will suffice to convince us, that this circumstance can in no way throw discredit on the antiquity or genuine character of the Mummy. It is sufficiently well known that at all times the conqueror has adopted, in a greater or more partial degree, the customs of the conquered. We should therefore naturally expect that the Grecian settlers whom Alexander left in different parts of Egypt, after its conquest, would imitate the habits of the Egyptians in this and other respects; or we have, perhaps, a more direct solution of the difficulty (if so it can be considered), by supposing, what would in many instances take place, the intermarriage of an Egyptian with the daughter of a Greek.

Mr. Millar, portrait painter in Glasgow, is at present finishing a likeness in oil of the face and surrounding parts, as they appeared immediately after they were exposed; and was completely successful in the accuracy of the likeness before the exposure to the air had converted the face from a brown to a sable hue, which it did in the short period of three hours,

ANTIENT WELL NEAR MANCHESTER.

In cutting and carrying away a part of Castlefield, to make the ground level near a new warehouse, lately erected on the banks of the Canal, a very antient well was discovered about four yards below the level of the field, which has been cut down for the above purpose. The well was square, and was formed of four upright posts, driven at the four angles into the bed of clay, and closed in by other logs of wood, placed, one upon another, in the simplest manner, on the outside, so as to form a kind of chest, which was floored with the same rude materials. The logs were rudely hewn; they had evidently never been sawn, either on the sides or ends; they were about five or six inches square, and together formed a hollow cube of four feet. The upper logs were level with the top surface of a bed of clay, by which the well was surrounded, and into which the timber had been inserted. The wood when first discovered had little more consistency than paste, but on its exposure to the air, became much harder, and more wood like; it was perfectly black, and so much of a coallike appearance as to favour the theory of

such

At

such naturalists as suppose that pit-coal was originally a vegetable substance. the bottom of the well, a quantity of large stones, such as in this neighbourhood are called bowlers, were found; they were black and dirty, as though they had been taken from a sewer. The clay which adhered to the timber, had also changed its colour by its proximity, from the rusty iron tinge of the native clay, to the appearance of the inferior potters' clay found in Dorsetshire. Over the well, unbroken, were various strata of sand and gravel, which, as the bank was broken down, gave proof that, except for about a yard and a half below the surface of the field, it had never been exposed to day-light since the strata was laid by the disposal of a flood. The part which the section discovered to have been acted upon by human industry, was very visible to the depth of about a yard; and a few yards to the West of the part beneath which the well was discovered, the remains of a part of the foundation of the antient fortification built by the Romans, afforded evidence, by contrast of colours, that the materials immediately above the well were already there, and that the well was lost,-buried by the wreck of some great flood,-before the Romans began to dig the foundations which are to this day so great an object of curiosity to Antiquaries. In all human probability the well was the work of

ARTS

SIDEROGRAPHY.

the Antient Britons (before they knew how to cut stone), so as to serve for the purpose of a well, and before saws were in their possession; and as the spring from which that well had been supplied, turned out in another place, in the same bank, after the floods, the old well was soon forgotten. In all human probability, the work now discovered is upwards of 2000 years old, for it is 1741 years since the Romaus settled here; and the section of the foundation which intersects the line of strata above the well, is proof that they were not aware of its existence.

PERPETUAL FIRE.

In the Peninsula of Abeheron, in the province of Schirwan, formerly belonging to Persia, but now to Russia, there is found a perpetual, or as it is there called an eternal fire. It rises, or has risen, from time immemorial, from an irregular orifice of about twelve feet in depth, with a constant flame. The flame rises to the height of from six to eight feet, and is unattended with smoke, and yields no smell. The aperture, which is about 120 feet in width, consists of a mass of rock, ever retaining the same solidity and the same depth. The finest turf grows about the borders, and at the distance of two toises are two springs of water. The neighbouring inhabitants have a sort of veneration for this fire, and celebrate it with religious ceremonies.

A French Artist, M. Guillot, ex-director of assignats, has claimed for his countrymen the invention of Messrs. Perkins, Fairman, and Heath, evidently without having ascertained the nature of their pro

cess.

M. Guillot lays claim to the priority of the invention of engraving in relief on copper, by the pressure of a plate engraved by incision (en creux) on steel." The inventors of this valuable art do not

claim the discovery of engraving in relief on copper; it constitutes no part of their process of multiplying copper or steel engravings. The method adopted by the French artists to multiply engravings is not practicable, and is acknowledged by M. Guillot to have been abandoned long since. What practical man could suppose that copper, having been pressed into a steel engraving, although made harder by the operation, could indent, by its relief, another copper plate, without enlarging each, and thereby distorting and injuring the engraving? M. Guillot, after claiming for his countrymen this invention, says it is worth nothing, and points out the reason why. He says (and we perfectly agree with him), copper, when strongly

pressed, experiences in all its parts an extension proportioned to its degree of annealing, and to its thickness. The difference between two impressions in copper has been found to amount, in the eagle and in the figure of liberty, to two centimeters 25-100ths (a line): hence the identity is destroyed." M. Guillot has, we think, fairly proved, that although the French Artists long ago conceived the idea that engravings might be multiplied, yet they could not put their ideas into practice, and, after many experiments, it was given up.

PROTOGRAPHY.

M. Bruguer, antient Professor in the Academy of Nanci, has been lately reading Lectures at Genera and Lausanne, on Protography, or the Art of Primitive Writing. The inventor of this method professes to designate, by a single stroke, every sound of the voice, or each movement produced by one of the organs of speech. He has taken for the groundwork of the confirmation of his characters, the form of those organs, the character of which is intended to represent the sound. In these respects, his plan is described as being novel, ingenious, and just.

NEW