Dettingen Te Deum. Purcell did not long survive the production of this great work. He died at his house in Dean's Yard, Westminster, on 21st November 1695, leaving a widow and three children, the former of whom soon afterwards published a number of his works, including the now famous collection called Orpheus Britannicus.

Besides the operas we have already mentioned, he wrote Don Quixote, Bonduca, The Indian Queen, The Fairy Queen, and others, a vast quantity of sacred music, and numerous odes, cantatas, and other miscellaneous pieces. (W. S. R.)

of an earlier canon of the same council, by which it is con-
demned as heretical to say that after the reception of the
grace of justification the guilt of the penitent sinner is so
remitted, and the penalty of eternal punishment so annulled,
that no penalty of temporal punishment remains to be
paid either in this world or in the future in purgatory
before the kingdom of heaven can be opened. Thus the
having any sin upon them at the moment of death pass
essential point of the doctrine is that Christian souls
into a state of expiatory suffering, in which they can be
helped by the prayers and other good works of living be-
lievers. And this is all that modern Catholic theologians
regard as being de fide. It is hardly necessary to say that
the doctrine as popularly held and currently taught is
generally much more detailed and explicit. In view of
some of these developments, there is on all hands admitted
to exist abundant room for the admonition of the council
of Trent, when it proceeded to warn the clergy to exclude
from popular addresses all the more difficult and subtle
questions relating to the subject, and such as do not tend
to edification or make for piety. "They must not allow
uncertainties or things which have the appearance of falsity
to be given forth or handled, and they are to prohibit as
scandalous and offensive such things as minister to curiosity
see to it that the prayers of the living-to wit, the sacri-
or superstition or savour of filthy lucre. Let the bishops
fices, prayers, alms, and other works of piety which have
been wont to be rendered by believers for the departed-are
done piously and devoutly, according to the institutions of
the church, and that those which are due by the wills of
testators or otherwise be not rendered in a perfunctory
manner but diligently and punctually, by priests and other
ministers of the church who are bound to this service."

PURCHAS, SAMUEL (1577-1626), compiler of works on travel and discovery, was born at Thaxted, Essex, in 1577. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1600, and some time afterwards B.D., with which degree he was also admitted at Oxford in 1615. In 1604 he was presented by James I. to the vicarage of Eastwood, Essex, and in 1615 was collated to the rectory of St Martin's, Ludgate, London. He was also chaplain to Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury. Some years before his ecclesiastical duties called him to London Purchas had given over the care of his vicarage to his brother, and spent most of his time in the metropolis in the compilation of his geographical works. In 1613 he published Purchas, his Pilgrimage or Relations of the World, and the Religions observed in all Ages, which reached a fourth edition, much enlarged, in 1626; in 1619 Purchas, his Pilgrim or Microcosmus, or the Historie of Man; relating the wonders of his Generation, varieties in his Degeneration, and necessity of his Regeneration; and in 1625, in four volumes, Purchas, his Pilgrimes; or Relation of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travels, by Englishmen and others. This last work was intended as a continuation of Hakluyt's Voyages, and was partly founded on MSS. left him by Hakluyt. The fourth edition of the Pilgrimage is usually catalogued as vol. v. of the Pilgrimes, but the two works are quite distinct, and essentially different in character, as is indeed indicated in the names, the difference being thus explained by Purchas himself: in the Pilgrimage he makes use of his own matter though borrowed, while in the Pilgrimes the authors themselves act their own parts in their own words. He was also the author of the King's Tower and Triumphal Arch of London, a sermon on 2 Sam. xxii. 51, published in 1623. He died in September 1626, according to some in a debtor's prison, and although Anthony Wood affirms that he died in his own house there can be no doubt that the publication of his books had involved him in serious money difficulties.

PURGATORY (Purgatorium). The Roman Catholic Church has no more than two declarations of supreme authority on the subject of its distinctive doctrine of purgatory. The first is that of the council of FerraraFlorence, in which it was defined, as regards the truly penitent who have departed this life in the love of God before they have made satisfaction for their sins of commission and omission by fruits meet for repentance, that their souls are cleansed by purgatorial pains after death, and for their relief from these the suffrages of the living —the sacrifice of the mass, prayers, alms, and other offices of piety—are helpful. The second is that of the council of Trent, which runs as follows:-"Since the Catholic Church, instructed by the Holy Spirit from the sacred writings and the ancient tradition of the fathers, hath taught in holy councils, and lastly in this oecumenical council, that there is a purgatory, and that the souls detained there are assisted by the suffrages of the faithful, but especially by the most acceptable sacrifice of the mass, this holy council commands all bishops to have a diligent care that the sound doctrine of purgatory delivered to us by venerable fathers and sacred councils be believed, maintained, taught, and everywhere preached." This decree is to be read in the light

Among the details of the doctrine, which have been the subject of much speculation among Catholics, may be specified the questions relating to the locality of purgatory and the nature and duration of its sufferings. On none of these points has anything authoritative been delivered. It is of course conceived of as having some position in space, and as being distinct from heaven, the place of eternal blessedness, on the one hand, and from hell, the place of eternal woe, on the other. But any theory as to its exact latitude and longitude (such, for example, as underlies Dante's description) must be regarded as the effort merely of the individual imagination. As regards the nature of its pains, there has been a constant disposition to interpret with strict literality the expressions of Scripture as to the cleansing efficacy of fire, but the possibility of interpreting them metaphorically has never been wholly lost sight of. With respect to their duration, it must be inferred from the whole praxis of indulgences as at present authorized by the church that the pains of purgatory are measurable by years and days; but here also everything is left vague.

The thesis of all Protestants, as against the Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory, is that "the souls of believers are at their death made perfect in holiness and do immediately pass into glory." Scripture authority is claimed on both sides, but the argument, which is a somewhat complicated one and depends mainly on the view arrived at as to the Scriptural doctrine of sin and satisfaction, cannot be entered upon here. When the two doctrines are compared in the light of ecclesiastical tradition it will be found that neither fully coincides with the opinions somewhat vaguely held by the early fathers, whose view of the intermediate state between death and the resurrection was largely affected by the pre-Christian doctrine of Hades or Sheol. On the one hand, Irenæus (Hær., v. 31) regards as heretical the opinion that the souls of the departed do immediately pass into glory; he argues that, as Christ tarried for three days "in the lower

their

neighbourhood of the more swampy tracts. Among other | Here, in addition to the phenomena already mentioned as
rivers of the district is the Mahananda, which rises in the
mountains of Sikkim and flows through the east of Purniah
into Maldah. Wild animals are not so numerous as in the
neighbouring districts, but the tiger is found in all parts
of Purniah, particularly along the banks and among the
sandy islands of the Kusi, and also in the scrub jungle
that runs along the north of the district. The climate of
Purniah is of an intermediate character; the average rain-
fall is 67 inches, and the mean temperature is about 76°.8.
The staple product of Purniah is rice, but jute and tobacco are
also cultivated to a considerable extent. Its manufactures include
indigo, cottons, woollens, and silks, but the chief is that of
indigo, which is mostly carried on in the south of the district. In
1882-83 the gross revenue amounted to £179,750, nearly two-thirds
(£120,541) being derived from the land. By the census of 1881 the
population numbered 1,848,687 (937,080 males, 911,607 females).
The majority of the people are Hindus (1,076,539 in 1881);
of Mohammedans in the same year there were 771,130, and of
Christians only 327. PURNIAH, the capital, is the only town in
the district with a population exceeding 10,000.

This district was conquered by the Mohammedaus in the 13th century, but it was not until four centuries later that its value was realized. During the 17th century the frontier was considerably extended; the country, however, remained in a state of anarchy until 1770, when it was governed by an English official with the title of "superintendent. Of late years the district has made considerable progress, and under all departments of local administration there has been steady improvement.

PURNIAH, chief town and administrative headquarters of the above district, is situated on the east bank of the river Saura, in 25° 46′ N. lat. and 87° 30′ E. long. It contains a population, according to the census of 1881, of 15,016. The town is neat and well-built, but very unhealthy; it is distant 283 miles north-west of Calcutta.

PURPLE (Toppupa), the name given by the ancients to a dye derived from various species of Murex and Purpura. (See MOLLUSCA, vol. xvi. p. 648 sq.; DYEING, vol. vii. p. 571; and PHOENICIA, vol. xviii. p. 804.) For the modern sources of the various shades of this colour, see DYEING, vol. vii. p. 579.

affecting the skin, there is a tendency to the occurrence
of hæmorrhage from mucous surfaces, especially from the
nose, but also from the mouth, lungs, stomach, bowels,
kidneys, &c., sometimes in large and dangerous amount.
Great physical prostration is apt to attend this form of
the disease, and a fatal result sometimes follows the suc-
cessive hæmorrhages, or is suddenly precipitated by the
occurrence of an extravasation of blood into the brain.
The causes of purpura are not well understood. The
condition of the blood has been frequently investigated,
but no alteration in its composition detected. The view
most commonly held is that the disease depends on an
abnormal fragility of the minute blood-vessels owing to
their mal-nutrition. It would seem sometimes to arise in
persons enjoying perfect health; but in a large proportion
of instances it shows itself among those who have been
exposed to privation or insanitary conditions, or whose
health has become lowered. Young persons suffer more
frequently than adults, and repeated attacks may occur.
Purpura has some points of resemblance to scurvy,
clear distinction both as to causation and symptoms can
be established between the two diseases.

but a

The treatment will bear reference to any causes which may be discovered as associated with the onset of the disease, such as unfavourable hygienic conditions, and nutritive defects should be rectified by suitable diet. The various preparations of iron seem to be the best medicinal remedies in this ailment, while more direct astringents, such as gallic acid, ergot of rye, turpentine, or acetate of lead, will in addition be called for in severe cases and especially when hæmorrhage occurs.

PURPURA, a disease characterized by the occurrence of purple-coloured spots upon the surface of the body, due to extravasations of blood in the skin, accompanied occasionally with hemorrhages from mucous membranes. Difference of opinion has prevailed among physicians as to whether these symptoms are to be regarded as constituting a disease per se, since they are frequently seen in connexion with various morbid conditions. Thus in persons suffering from such diseases as rheumatism, phthisis, heart disease, cancer, Bright's disease, jaundice, as well as from certain of the infectious fevers, extravasations of the kind above-mentioned are not unfrequently present. But the term "purpura" is, strictly speaking, applicable only to those instances where the symptoms exist apart from any antecedent disease. In such cases the complaint is usually ushered in by lassitude and feverishness. This is soon followed by the appearance on the surface of the body of the characteristic spots in the form of small red points scattered over the skin of the limbs and trunk. They are not raised above the surface, and they do not disappear on pressure. Their colour soon becomes deep purple or nearly black; but after a few days they undergo the changes which are observed in the case of an ordinary bruise, passing to a green and yellow hue and finally disappearing. When of minute size they are termed "petechia" or "stigmata," when somewhat larger "vibices," and when in patches of considerable size "ecchymoses." They may come out in fresh crops over a lengthened period.

PURSLANE, the vernacular equivalent of the botanical genus Portulaca. The species are fleshy annuals of small dimensions, with prostrate stems and entire leaves; the flowers are small and inconspicuous, or in some species brilliantly coloured, regular, with two sepals, five petals, seven to twenty stamens, an inferior ovary, with a style divided into from three to eight branches and ripening into a pod which opens by a transverse chink. P. oleracea is a native of India, which has been introduced into Europe as a salad plant, and in some countries has spread to such an extent as to become a noxious weed. This is the case in certain parts of the United States, where the evil qualities of "pussly" have become proverbial. Like many other succulent plants, its juice is cooling and is used in tropical countries as a refrigerant in fever, while the bruised leaves are employed as an application in cases of local inflammation. Some of the species, such as P. grandiflora and its varieties, are grown in gardens on rock-work owing to the great beauty and deep colouring of their flowers, the short duration of individual blossoms being compensated for by the abundance with which they are produced.

The form of the disease above described is that known as purpura simplex." A more serious form of the malady is that to which the term "purpura hæmorrhagica" is applied.

PUSEY, EDWARD BOUVERIE (1800-1882), originally
Edward Bouverie, was born near Oxford in 1800. His
family, which was of Huguenot origin, became through a
marriage connexion lords of the manor of Pusey, a small
Berkshire village near Oxford, and from it took their name
a few years after Edward Bouverie's birth. In 1818 he
became a commoner of Christ Church, Oxford, and after
gaining high university distinctions was elected in 1824 to
a fellowship at Oriel College. He thus became a member
of a society which already contained some of the ablest
of his contemporaries,-among them J. H. Newman and
John Keble.
John Keble. But for several years his intercourse with
them seems to have been slight. He divided his time
between his country home and Germany, and occupied
himself with the study of Oriental languages and of German
theology. His first work, published in 1828, was a vindi-
cation of the latter from a strong attack which had been

Gera

Of his

made upon it by one of the leaders of the nascent High- | in 1853, first formulated the doctrine round which almost Church party, H. J. Rose. His work, which is entitled An Historical Enquiry into the probable Causes of the Rational Character lately predominant in the Theology of Germany, is an impartial and clear summary of the history of German theology since the Reformation. In the same year (1828) the duke of Wellington appointed him to the regius professorship of Hebrew with the attached canonry of Christ Church, which he held for the rest of his life. Mr Rose's somewhat intemperate reply to him led to the publication in 1830 of a second part of his Historical Enquiry, which is not less liberal in its tone than the previous part. But in the years which immediately followed the current of his thoughts began to set in another direction. The revolt against individualism had begun, and he was attracted to its standard. By the end of 1833 "he showed a disposition to make common cause" with those who had already begun to issue the Tracts for the Times. "He was not, however, fully associated in the movement till 1835 and 1836, when he published his tract on baptism and started the Library of the Fathers" (Cardinal Newman's Apologia, p. 136). The real work of his life then began. He became a close student of the fathers and of that school of Anglican divines who had continued, or revived, in the 17th century the main traditions of pre-Reformation teaching. In ten years after his first adhesion to the movement he had become, with his almost boundless capacity for accumulating information, saturated with patristic and "Anglo-Catholic" divinity; and a sermon which he preached before the university in 1843, The Holy Eucharist a Comfort to the Penitent, so startled the authorities by the re-statement of doctrines which, though well known to ecclesiastical antiquaries, had faded from the common view, that by the exercise of an authority which, however legitimate, was almost obsolete he was suspended for three years from the function of preaching. The immediate effect of his suspension was the sale of 18,000 copies of the condemned sermon; its permanent effect was to make Pusey for the next quarter of a century the most influential person in the Church of England. The movement, in the origination of which he had had no share, came to bear his name: it was popularly known as Puseyism and its adherents as Puseyites. His activity, both public and private, as leader of the movement was enormous. He was not only on the stage but also behind the scenes of every important controversy, whether theological or academical. In the Gorham controversy of 1850, in the question of Oxford reform in 1854, in the prosecution of some of the writers of Essays and Reviews, especially of Professor Jowett, in 1863, in the question as to the reform of the marriage laws from 1849 to the end of his life, in the revived controversy as to the meaning of everlasting punishment in 1877, he was always busy with articles, letters, treatises, and sermons. The occasions on which, in his turn, he preached before his university were all memorable; and some of the sermons were manifestoes which mark distinct stages in the history of the party of which he was the leader. The practice of confession in the Church of England practically dates from his two sermons on The Entire Absolution of the Penitent, in 1846, in which the revival of high sacramental doctrine is complemented by the advocacy of a revival of the penitential system which medieval theologians had appended to it. The sermon on The Rule of Faith as maintained by the Fathers and by the Church of England, in 1851, stemmed the current of secessions to Rome after the Gorham judgment, which had seemed to show that on an important point of dogmatic theology the Church of England had no definite doctrine. The sermon on The Presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist,

all the subsequent theology of his followers has revolved, and which has revolutionized the current practices of Anglican worship. And the last university sermon which he composed, and which he was too ill to deliver himself, Unscience, not Science, adverse to Faith, in 1878, rendered not only to his party but to religion in general the signal service of abandoning the old quarrel between theology and science, as to the manner in which the world was created, by admitting the possibility of evolution. larger works the most important are his two books on the Eucharist The Doctrine of the Real Presence (consisting of notes on his university sermon of 1853), published in 1855, and The Real Presence . . . the Doctrine of the English Church, published in 1857; Daniel the Prophet, in which he endeavours with great skill to maintain the traditional date of that book; The Minor Prophets, with Commentary, which forms his chief contribution to the study of which he was the professor; and the Eirenicon, in which he endeavoured to find, for those who accepted his premises, a basis of union between the Church of England and the Church of Rome. In 1836 he joined Newman, Keble, and Marriott in editing a series of translations from the fathers entitled A Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church anterior to the Division of East and West, and contributed to it a revised translation of St Augustine's Confessions and several valuable prefaces; the series was accompanied by a translation of the Catena Aurea of Thomas Aquinas, and was followed by an edition of some of the texts which had been translated. He also edited, with suitable omissions, several books of devotion by Roman Catholic writers, such as Avrillon and Scupoli. In private life his habits were simple almost to austerity. He had few personal friends, and rarely mingled in general society; though bitter to opponents, he was gentle to those who knew him, and his munificent charities gave him a warm place in the hearts of many to whom he was personally unknown. In his domestic life he had some severe trials: his wife died, after eleven years of married life, in 1839; his only son, who was a scholar like-minded with himself, who had shared many of his literary labours, and who had edited an excellent edition of St Cyril's commentary on the minor prophets, died in 1880, after many years of great bodily affliction. From that time Pusey was seen by only a few persons. His own bodily infirmities increased, and on 16th September 1882, after a short illness, he died a painless death. He was buried at Oxford in the cathedral of which he had been for fiftyfour years a canon. His friends devised for him after his death a singular memorial: they purchased his library, and bought for it a house in Oxford which they endowed with sufficient funds to maintain three librarians, who were charged with the duty of endeavouring to perpetuate in the university the memory of the principles which he taught.

great religious movement which, whatever may be its ultimate issue, His name will be chiefly remembered as the representative of a has carried with it no small part of the religious life of England in the latter half of the 19th century. His chief characteristic was an almost unbounded capacity for taking pains. His chief influence reproduce the substance of patristic homilies in the massive style was that of a preacher and a spiritual adviser. His Parish Sermons of the Caroline divines. His correspondence as a spiritual adviser was enormous; his deserved reputation for piety and for solidity of character made him the chosen confessor to whom large numbers of men and women uuburdened their doubts and their sins. But if he be estimated apart from his position as the head of a great party, it must be considered that he was more a theological antiquary than a theologian. He exhumed many forgotten theories and supbut the heterogeneous masses of information which he accumulated ported them by a large number of quotations from ancient writers; require a sifting which often leaves but a scanty residuum, and, however valuable to advanced scholars, cannot safely be commended

the education of watermen's sons; and the royal hospital
for incurables. To the south-west of the town is Putney
Heath, 400 acres in extent, formerly a great resort of
highwaymen and duellists. Putney is included within the
metropolitan area. The population of the registration
sub-district (area, 2235 acres) in 1871 was 9439, and in
1881 it was 13,235.

Putney occurs in Domesday as "Putelei," and subsequently
appears as "Puttenheth" and "Pottenheth," gradually contracted
into Putney." The ferry was in early times of considerable
importance. During the Parliamentary wars the heath was fre-
quently occupied by troops, the headquarters of the generals being
in the village. Putney was the birthplace of Thomas Cromwell,
earl of Essex, and of Gibbon the historian.
PUTREFACTION. See FERMENTATION, vol. ix. pp.

97,

PUTTY is a kind of cement composed of fine powdered chalk intimately mixed with linseed oil, either boiled or raw, to the consistency of a tough dough. It is principally used by glaziers for bedding and fixing sheets of glass in windows and other frames, by joiners and painters for filling up nail-holes and other inequalities in the surface of wood-work, and by masons for bedding ashlar-work. The oxidation of the oil gradually hardens putty into a very dense adherent mass. When putty is required to dry quickly, boiled oil and sometimes litharge and other driers are used. "Putty powder" or "polisher's putty" is oxide of tin in a state of fine division used for the polishing of glass, hard metals, granite, and similar substances.

PUTNEY, a suburb of London in the county of Surrey, is situated on the right bank of the Thames, about 8 miles above London Bridge by the river and 4 miles west of Hyde Park Corner by road. The picturesque old timber bridge connecting it with Fulham on the left bank of the river, and erected in 1729, is superseded by a structure of iron and granite. Putney is the headquarters of London rowing and the starting-point for most important boat-races. It consists chiefly of the old-fashioned High Street leading to Putney Common, and various streets of villas and houses inhabited by the middle classes. The church of St Mary near the bridge was rebuilt in 1836, with the exception of the picturesque old tower. Among the benevolent institutions are the almshouses of the Holy Trinity, founded by Sir Abraham Dawes in the reign of Charles II.; the waterman's school, founded in 1684, for

centur