certainly not written till the last ten years of his life, and they do not go further than the year 1655. They are addressed in the form of narrative to a lady who is not known, though guesses have been made at her identity. In the beginning there are some gaps. They display, in a rather irregular style and with some oddities of dialect and phrase, extraordinary narrative skill and a high degree of ability in that special art of the 17th century-the drawing of verbal portraits or characters. Few things of the kind are superior to the sketch of the early barricade of the Fronde in which the writer had so great a share, the hesitations of the court, the bold adventure of the coadjutor himself into the palace, and the final triumph of the insurgents. Dumas, who has drawn from this passage one of his very best scenes in Vingt Ans après, has done little but throw Retz into dialogue and amplify his language and incidents. Besides these memoirs and the very striking youthful essay of the Conjuration de l'iesque, Retz has left diplomatic papers, sermons, Mazarinades, and correspondence in some considerable quantity. The Memoirs of the Cardinal de Retz were first published in a very imperfect condition in 1717 at Nancy. The first satisfactory edition was that which appeared in the twenty-fourth volume of the collection of Michaud and Poujoulat (Paris, 1836). They were then re-edited from the autograph manuscript by Géruzez (Paris, 1844), and by Chainpollion-Figeac with the Mazarinades, &c. (Paris, 1859). In 1870 a complete edition of the works of Retz was begun by M. Feillet in the collection of Grands Ecrivains. The editor dying, this passed into the hands of M. Gourdault and then into those of M. Chantelauze, who had already published studies on the connexion of St Vincent de Paul with the Gondi family, &c. The edition is still incomplete, and the critical biography of Retz which it may be expected to contain is much wanted. (G. SA.) REUBEN (1387, 'Povßýv, 'Povßíλ), eldest son of Jacob and of Leah (Gen. xxix. 32). Reuben plays no great part in the patriarchal legend; in the Elohistic version of the story of Joseph he appears in a somewhat favourable light, but in Gen. xxxv. 22 he is charged with a grave offence, which in Gen. xlix. 4 is given as a reason why the tribe which called him father did not take in Hebrew history the place proper to its seniority. The Reubenites settled east of the Jordan on the Moabite border. In Judges v. they are described as a pastoral tribe which took no share in the patriotic movement under Barak and Deborah. The Moabites soon proved too strong for them (comp. MOAB, vol. xvi. p. 534) and overspread their country (comp. Isa. chap. xv. sq. with Josh. xiii. 16 sq.); in Deut. xxxiii. 6 the tribe appears as threatened with extinction. Dathan and Abiram (Num. xvi., Deut. xi. 6), whom the earth swallowed up for rebellion against Moses, were Reubenites. After this time only the book of Chronicles has any thing considerable to relate of the tribe (1 Chron. v. 1 sq., 18 87.). REUCHLIN, JOHN (1455-1522), the first great German humanist and the restorer of Hebrew and in large measure also of Greek letters among his countrymen, was born February 22, 1455, at Pforzheim in the Black Forest, where his father was intendant of the Dominican monastery. In the pedantic taste of his time the name was Græcized by his Italian friends into Capnion, a form which Reuchlin himself uses as a sort of transparent mask when he introduces himself as an interlocutor in the De Verbo Mirifico. For his native place Reuchlin always retained an affection; he constantly writes himself Phorcensis, and in the De Verbo, when he tells how he had sojourned at Paris and almost all the great schools of France and Germany, as well as at several Italian seats of learning and finally at Rome, the "caput studiorum," he does not forget to ascribe to Pforzheim his first disposition to letters. Here he began his Latin studies in the monastery school, and, though in 1470 he was a short time in Freiburg, that university seems to have taught him little. Reuchlin's career as a scholar appears to have turned almost on an accident; his fine voice gained him a place in the household of the margrave of Baden, and by and by, having already some reputation as a Latinist, he was chosen to accompany to the university of Paris the third son of the prince, a lad some years his junior, who was destined for an ecclesiastical career. This new connexion lasted but a year or so, but it determined the course of Reuchlin's life. He now began to learn Greek, which had been taught in the French capital since 1470, and he also attached himself to the leader of the Paris realists, John à Lapide, a really worthy and learned man, whom he presently followed to the vigorous young university of Basel (1474). At Basel Reuchlin took his master's degree (1477), and began to lecture with success, teaching a more classical Latin than was then common in German schools, and also explaining Aristotle in Greek. His studies in this language had been continued at Basel under Andronicus Contoblacas, and here too he formed the acquaintance of the bookseller Amorbach, for whom he prepared a Latin lexicon (Vocabularius Breviloquus, 1st ed. 1475-76), which did good service in its time and ran through many editions. This first publication and Reuchlin's account of his teaching at Basel in a letter to Cardinal Hadrian, February 1518, show that he had already found the work which in a larger sphere occupied his whole life. He was no original genius, but a born teacher. He had neither brilliant literary power like Erasmus nor epoch-making ideas like Luther, but he was the great master of all Germany, guiding his countrymen to sound learning, first in Latin and then in Greek and in Hebrew. But this work of teaching was not to be done mainly from the professor's chair. Reuchlin soon left Basel to seek further Greek training with George Hieronymus at Paris, and learn to write a fair Greek hand that he might support himself by copying MSS. And now he felt that he must choose a profession. His choice fell on law, and he was thus led to the great school of Orleans (1478), and finally to Poitiers, where he became licentiate in July 1481, and so could look forward to honourable office in his native country, where he could pursue his scholarly tastes in an independent position. From Poitiers Reuchlin came in December 1481 to Tübingen. There he found friends to recommend him to Count Eberhard of Würtemberg, who was about to journey to Italy and required an interpreter. Reuchlin was selected, and in February 1482 left Stuttgart for Florence and Rome. The journey lasted but a few months, but it brought the German scholar into contact with several learned Italians, and his connexion with the count became permanent. On his return to Stuttgart he was named Geheimrath, and soon after he became doctor of laws and assessor in the high court. About this time he appears to have married, but little is known of his married life. He left no children; but in later years his sister's grandson Melanchthon was almost as a son to him till the Reformation estranged them. Reuchlin's life at Stuttgart was often broken by important missions, and in 1490 he was again in Italy. Here he saw Pico, to whose Cabbalistic doctrines he afterwards became heir, and also made the friendship of the pope's privy secretary, Questemberg, which was of service to him in his later troubles. Again in 1492 he was employed on an embassy to the emperor at Linz, and here he began to read Hebrew with the kaiser's Jewish physician Loans. He knew something of this language before, but Loans's instruction laid the basis of that thorough knowledge which he afterwards improved on his third visit to Rome in 1498 by the instruction of Obadiah Sforno of Cesena. In 1496 Count Eberhard died, and enemies of Reuchlin | good Catholic, and even took the habit of an Augustinian had the ear of the new prince. He was glad therefore hastily to follow the invitation of John of Dalburg the scholarly bishop of Wornis, and flee to Heidelberg, which was then the seat of the "Rhenish Society," a lively and active circle of humanists under Dalburg's presidency, equally zealous in the service of Apollo and Bacchus. In this court of letters Reuchlin's appointed function was to make translations from the Greek authors, in which his reading was already extremely wide. Many of these versions were never printed, but a considerable number of pieces were given to the press at intervals down to the year 1519, and formed an important element in his efforts to spread a knowledge of Greek. For, though Reuchlin had no public office as teacher, and even at Heidelberg was prevented from lecturing openly, he was during a great part of his life the real centre of all Greek teaching as well as of all Hebrew teaching in Germany. No young man of promise who came to him for help was rejected; he taught many and found teachers for others, or gave direction and solution of difficulties to more advanced scholars. Thus he was a sort of unofficial general director of the studies of Germany, and to carry out this work he found it necessary to provide a series of helps for beginners and others. He never published a Greek grammar, though he had one in MS. for use with his pupils, but he put out several little elementary Greek books; and these with the series of translations were in fact the text books of the German youth. Reuchlin, it may be noted, pronounced Greek as his native teachers had taught him to do, i.e., in the modern Greek fashion. This pronunciation, which he defends in Dialogus de Recta Lat. Græcique Serm. Pron., 1519, came to be known, in contrast to that used by Erasmus, as the Reuchlinian. At Heidelberg Reuchlin had many private pupils, among whom Franz von Sickingen is the best known name; and all his relations, except with the monks who stopped his attempt to lecture on Hebrew, were very pleasant. With the monks he had never been well; at Stuttgart also his great enemy was the Augustinian Holzinger. On this man he took a scholar's revenge in his first Latin comedy Sergius, a satire on worthless monks and false relics which his young Heidelberg friends were eager to act. But, Dalburg thinking this unsafe, he wrote for them a new piece, Scenica Progymnasmata or Henno, based on the old French play of Maître Pathelin, which is not without humour and sparkle of language, and much better constructed than the French piece. Through Dalburg, Reuchlin came into contact with Philip of the Pfalz, who employed him to direct his son's studies, and in 1498 gave him the mission to Rome which has been already noticed as fruitful for Reuchlin's progress in Hebrew. He came back laden with Hebrew books, and found when he reached Heidelberg that a change of Government had opened the way for his return to Stuttgart. His wife had remained there all along; so that we may assume that he never looked on his exile as more than temporary. His friends were the party of order and good government, who could not long remain powerless. They had now again the upper hand, and knew Reuchlin's value. In 1500, or perhaps in 1502, he was named "triumvir of Swabia," a very high judicial office in the Swabian League, which he held till 1512, when he retired to a small estate near Stuttgart. By this time the long conflict which gives Reuchlin's life its chief interest had already begun. For many years Reuchlin had been increasingly absorbed in Hebrew studies, which had for him more than a mere philological interest. Though he was always a monk when he felt that his death was near, he was too Unhappily many of his contemporaries held other views, C a name only second to that of his younger contemporary Erasmus. The authorities for Reuchlin's life are enumerated in L. Geiger, Johann Reuchlin, 1871, which is the standard biography. The controversy about the books of the Jews is well sketched by Strauss, Ulrich von Hulten. Some interesting details about Reuchlin are given in the autobiography of PELLICANUS (q.v.), which was not published when Geiger's book appeared. (W. R. S.) RÉUNION, formerly BOURBON, an island in the Indian Ocean, belonging to France and considered one of her more important colonies. St Denis, the capital, stands on the north side in 20° 51′ S. lat. and 53° 9′ E. long. Physically it may be described as the southmost subaerial summit of the great submarine ridge which, running north-east by Mauritius, Albatross Island, &c., and curving round by the Seychelles, connects with the platform of Madagascar at its north-eastern extremity. The great submarine valley which is thus enclosed between Madagascar and the Mascarene-Seychelles ridge has a depth of from 2000 to 2400 fathoms. In a straight line Réunion lies 115 miles from the east coast of Madagascar; and Mauritius, with which it communicates by optic signalling since 1882, is 115 miles to the north-east. The island has an area of 721,314 acres or 1127 square miles. It is usual to regard it as divided into a windward and a leeward district by a line, practically the watershed, running in the direction of the greater axis. The whole island is the result of a Pedes Galets Pointe des Galets! (New Port) St Paul Cla Houssays SYDENIS Ste Suzanne few and viewed as worthless by most Jews themselves, while the others are either works necessary to the Jewish worship, which was licensed by papal as well as imperial law, or contain matter of value and scholarly interest which ought not to be sacrificed because they are connected with another faith than that of the Christians. Instead of destroying a whole literature, which was what Pfefferkorn proposed, he proposed that the emperor should decree that for ten years there be two Hebrew chairs at every German university for which the Jews should furnish books. The other experts and all the universities consulted, except Heidelberg, proposed that all books except Bibles should be taken from the Jews to be investigated by a commission; and, as the emperor still hesitated, the bigots threw on Reuchlin the whole blame of their ill success. Pfefferkorn circulated at the Frankfort fair of 1511 a gross libel (the Handspiegel) declaring that Reuchlin had been bribed; and Reuchlin, burning with the indigation of a man of unsullied integrity, retorted as warmly in the Augenspiegel (1511). His adversary's next move was to declare the Augenspiegel a dangerous book; the Cologne faculty, with their dean the grand inquisitor Hochstraten, took up this cry, and, encouraged perhaps by some signs of timidity in letters from Reuchlin to two of the Cologne theologians, they called on him to recant not a few dangerous utterances and misapplications of Scripture. Reuchlin was timid, but he was honesty itself. He was willing to receive corrections in theology, which was not his subject, but he could not unsay what he had said; and as his enemies tried to press him into a corner he at length turned and met them with open defiance in a Defensio contra Calumniatores, 1513. The universities were now appealed to for opinions, and were all against Reuchlin. Even Paris (August 1514) condemned the Augenspiegel, and called on Reuchlin to recant. Meantime a formal process had begun at Mainz before the grand inquisitor, but Reuchlin by an appeal succeeded in transferring the question to Rome. It is needless to follow the long windings of ecclesiastical process; judgment was not finally given till July 1516; and then, though the decision was really for Reuchlin, the trial was simply quashed. The result had cost Reuchlin years of trouble and no small part of his modest fortune, but it was worth the sacrifice. For far above the direct importance of the issue was the great stirring of public opinion which had gone forward. All who loved learning and progress were banded together as they had never been before against the bigots and the stupid universities; and all humanists felt that the victory was theirs. And if the obscurantists escaped easily at Rome, with only a half condemnation, they received a crushing blow in Germany. No party double volcanic action. First there arose from the sca could survive the ridicule that was poured on them in the a mountain whose summit is approximately represented Epistola Obscurorum Virorum. Reuchlin did not long enjoy by Piton des Neiges (10,069 feet), and at a later date his victory in peace. In 1519 Stuttgart was visited by another crater opened towards the cast, which, piling up famine, civil war, and pestilence. From November of this the mountain mass of Le Volcan, turned what was till then year to the spring of 1521 the veteran statesman, whom the a circle into an ellipse 44 miles by 31. In the older universal respect felt for his scholarship could not secure upheaval the most striking features are now three areas of against the dangers involved in his political relations, subsidence-the cirques of Salazie, Rivière des Galets, and sought refuge in Ingolstadt and taught there for a year Cilaos-which lie north-west and south of the Piton des as professor of Greek and Hebrew. It was forty-one Neiges and form the gathering grounds respectively of the years since at Poitiers he had last spoken from a public Rivière du Mât, the Rivière des Galets, and the Rivière de chair; but the old man of sixty-five had not lost his gift St Étienne. The first, which may be taken as typical, is of teaching, and hundreds of scholars crowded round him. surrounded by high almost perpendicular walls of basaltic This gleam of autumn sunshine was again broken by the lava, and its surface is rendered irregular by hills and plague; but now he was called to Tübingen and again hillocks of debris fallen from the heights. Towards the south spent the winter of 1521-22 teaching in his own system-lies the vast stratum of rocks (150 to 200 feet deep) which, atic solid way. But he was now in shaken health; in the on the 26th November 1875, suddenly sweeping down from spring he found it necessary to visit the baths of Liebenzell, the Piton des Neiges and the Gros Morne, buried the little and here he was seized with jaundice, of which he died village of Grand Sable and nearly a hundred of its in30th June 1522, leaving in the history of the new learning habitants. A considerable piece of ground, with its trees, St Lou Podes Avirons 5: Lour English Miles о 10 das Gr. Rois la Pointe L Rdes Ramparts Island of Réunion. crops, and houses practically intact, along with the proprietor, who was seated at his own door, was carried a distance of nearly 1 miles.. Along the whole eastern side of the cirque between the village of Salazie and Hellbourg is a series of waterfalls issuing at a great height from above a vast bank of lava. They are probably the overflow of a subterranean basin connected, it may be, with the sources, on the other side of the wall, of the Rivière du Bras de Caverne. At the source of the Rivière du Mât, which escapes from the cirque by a narrow and precipitous gorge, is a magnificent sheaf of basaltic columns boldly curving out over the bed of the torrent. Having climbed up the eastern side of the cirque, the traveller reaches the well-wooded plain of the Salazes; farther east, and separated from it by ridges of rock is the Plaine des Caffres at a height of 5250 feet above the sea, and by a descent of 1500 feet this dips north-eastward into the Plaine des Palmistes. The eastern summit or Piton de Fournaise is cut off from the rest of the island by two curious enclosures, each about 500 or 600 feet deep. The traveller approaching the present craters from the west has consequently to descend upwards of 1000 feet by two abrupt stages before he begins the ascent of the cones. The outer "enclosure runs across the island in a north and south direction; but the inner forms a rude kind of parabola with its arms (Rempart du Tremblet on the south and Rempart du Bois Blanc on the north) stretching eastwards to the sea and embracing not only the volcano proper but also the great eastward slope known as the Grand Brûlé. There are two principal craters, each on an elevated cone,- the more westerly, now extinct, known as the Bory Crater after Bory de St Vincent, the eminent geologist, and the more easterly, simply called the Burning Crater or Fournaise. The latter is partially surrounded by an enclosure on a small scale with precipices 200 feet high. Eruptions, though not infrequent (thirty were registered between 1735 and 1860) are seldom serious; the more noteworthy are those of 1745, 1778, 1791, 1812, 1860, 1870, 1881. Basaltic or vitreous lavas rich in chrysolite are the usual products, and it is hardly possible to conceive of a discharge sufficient in volume to overflow the "ramparts" and carry destruction to the rest of the island.1 Besides the Piton des Neiges (10,069 feet high), the Bory Peak (8612 feet), and the Burning Peak (8294), the principal summits in Réunion are the Grand Bénard (9490), Morne L'Angevin (7845), and Cimandef (7300). The streams which radiate out in all directions from the central highlands are for the most part comparatively small except during the rainy season, when they become impetuous and destructive torrents. Hot mineral springs are found in various parts of the island: the Source de Salazie (discovered in 1831) lies 2860 feet above sealevel, has a temperature of 90°, and discharges 200 to 220 gallons per hour of water impregnated with bicarbonate of soda, and carbonates of magnesium and lime, iron, &c.; that of Cilaos (discovered in 1826) is 3650 feet above the sea with a temperature of 100°; and that of Mafate 2238 feet and 87°. At the first there are a military hospital and a group of dwelling houses and villas. The Vertically Réunion may be divided into five zones. first or maritime zone contains all the towns and most of the villages, built on the limited areas of level alluvium occurring at intervals round the coast (128 miles). In the second, which lies between 2600 and 4000 feet, the sugar planta 1 The geology and volcanoes of Réunion were the object of elaborate study by Bory de St Vincent in 1801 and 1802 (Voyages dans les quatre principales iles des Mers d'Afrique, Paris, 1804), and have recently been examined by Drasche (see Bericht K.-K. Geol. Reichsanstalt, Vienna, 1875-76) and Velain (thesis presented to the Faculté des Sciences, Paris, 1878). tions make a green belt round the island and country houses abound. The third zone is that of the forests; the fourth that of the plateaus, where European vegetables can be cultivated; and above this extends the region of the mountains, which occupies more space than any of the others. larly to the lower zones. The following statements in regard to climate refer more particu- Climate. The year divides into two seasons-that of heat and rain from November to April, that of dry and more bracing weather from May to October. According to observations taken at St Denis between 1863 and 1870, and reduced to sea-level, the mean monthly temperature varies as follows:-January, 80° 36; February, 80°36; March, 80°-12; April, 78° 62; May, 75°30; June, 72°53; July, 71°22; August, 70°-59; September, 71°6; October, 73°43; November, 76°-62; December, 78°-92; and the rainfall was distributed thus:January, 8.2 inches; February, 109; March, 5-17; April, 478; May 29; June, 61; July, 027; August, 17; September, 0.80; October, 167; November, 309; December, 5.25; making an annual average of 45 57 inches, falling in 797 days. The prevailing winds are from the south-east, sometimes veering round to the not so steady (three hundred and seven days of east to fifty-eight of south, and more frequently to the north-east; the west winds are west in the course of the year). It is seldoni calm during the day, but there is usually a period of complete repose before the land wind begins in the evening. Several years sometimes pass without a cyclone visiting the island; at other times they occur more than once in a single "winter." From April till October there is little fear of them. That of March 1879 was particularly destructive. The raz de marée occasionally does great damage. On the leeward side of the island the temperature is higher than at St Denis. The rain. Mist hangs almost all day on the tops of the mountains, winds are generally from the west and south-west, and bring little but usually clears off at night. The mean annual temperature at Salazie is 66° and at the Plaine des Palmistes 61°7. The fauna of Réunion is not very rich in variety of species; it Animals. lies midway between the Indian and the African type. The manmals are a brown maki (Lemur mongoz, Linn.) from Madagascar, Pteropus edwardsii now nearly extinct, several bats, a wild cat, the tang or tamec (Centetes setosus, Denn.), several rats, the hare, and the goat. Among the more familiar birds are the "oiseau de la vierge" (Muscipeta borbonica), the tec-tec (Pratincola_sybilla), Certhia borbonica, the cardinal (Foudia madagascariensis), various swallows, ducks, &c. The visitants from Madagascar, Mauritius, and even India, are very numerous. Lizards and frogs of more than one species are common, but there is only one snake known in the island. Various species of Gobius, a native species of mullet, Nestis cyprinoides, Osphronamus olfax, and Doules rupestris are among the freshwater fishes. In the forest region of the island there is a belt, 4500-5000 feet Vegetaabove the sea, characterized by the prevalence of Bambusa alpina ; tion. and above that is a similar belt of Acacia heterophylla. Besides mauritiana, Imbricaria petiolaris, Elæodendron orientale, Calothis last the best timber-trees are Casuarina laterifolia, Fatida phyllum spurium (red tacamahac), Terminalia borbonica, Parkia speciosa. The gardens of the coast districts display a marvellous wealth of flowers and shrubs, partly indigenous and largely gathered from all parts of the world. Fruits grown in the island are-the banana, the cocoa-nut, bread-fruit, and jack-fruit, the bilimbi, the carambola, the guava, the litchi, the Japanese medlar, the mangosteen, the tamarind, the Abelmoschus esculentus, the chirimoya, the papaya, &c. Sugar, introduced in 1711 by Pierre Parat, is now the staple crop Inthan to all other objects of cultivation. The methods employed in Réunion, a greater proportion of the soil being devoted to it dustries. in growing and manufacturing are not up to the Mauritius standard, and since 1878 the ravages of the phylloxera have ruined many of the plantations. In the 18th century the first place belonged to coffee (introduced from Arabia in 1715) and to the clove tree, brought from the Dutch Indies by Poivre at the risk of his life. Both are now cultivated on a very limited scale. Vanilla, introduced in 1818, though it occupies only about 1500 acres, sometimes produces a crop worth from £40,000 to £65,000. The 35,493 tons of sugar with 777,710 gallons of syrup and treacle; average produce of the sugar crop in the five years 1873-77 was from 1878 to 1883 the averages were 35,580 tons (40,176 in 1883) and 816,455 gallons. Rum is largely distilled, and is the favourite drink of all classes. While potatoes, beans, manioc, sweet potatoes, and yams of Imports. local growth furnish a considerable amount of food, the far more important article rice has to be imported from India and Madagascar. India also sends castor-oil, wheat, and lard; Australia, flour and wheat; England, coals; the Cape and Muscat, salt fish ; Buenos Ayres and Montevideo, mules and horses; the United States petroleum (largely used throughout the island), lard, pork, and pitch-pine. The complete absence of natural harbours has all along been a great hindrance to the commercial development of Réunion. Whenever a storm is observed to be brewing an alarm gun is fired, and the vessels in the roadsteads make off from the dangerous Harbour. coast. Since 1848 an artificial harbour capable of containing forty vessels has been constructed at Pointe des Galets at the northRailway, west corner of the island. The port is connected by rail with La Possession on the one hand and with the Rivière des Galets on the other, and thus communicates with the railway which was completed in 1881 round the coast from St Pierre, by St Paul, St Denis, &c., to St Benoît, a distance of 83 miles. This line is carried through a tunnel nearly 6 miles long between La Possession and St Denis. Com munes. Population. The windward arrondissement or division of Réunion comprises the eight communes of St Denis, Ste Marie, Ste Suzanne, St André, St Benoît, Salazie, Ste Rose, and Plaine des Palmistes; and the leeward division the six communes of St Paul, St Leu, St Louis, St Pierre, St Joseph, and St Philippe. St Denis, the capital of the island, lies on the north coast. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre and presents a most attractive appearance from the sea. Covering as a commune an area of 37,065 acres, it has a population of 30,835 according to the census of 1881, an increase of 18,000 since 1837. It has an abundant supply of pure water. Though the harbour is only an open roadstead, it has hitherto been the most frequented in the island. St Pierre, the chief town of the leeward arrondissement, has a communal area of 98,190 acres and a population of 27,748. Its artificial harbour, commenced in 1854 but afterwards interrupted, and resuined in 1881, has room for five or six vessels besides coasting craft. Arrabal, which occupies the site of the old wall, some vestiges of which still remain: the old town centres in the Plaza del Mercado, from which narrow and tortuous lanes radiate in various directions; the new dates from about the middle of the 18th century, and its streets are wide and straight. The public buildings have no special architectural or historical interest, but the view from the tower of the church of San Pedro is exceptionally fine. Réus, next to Barcelona itself, is the most flourishing manufac turing centre in Catalonia, the staples being silk and cotton; imitations of French wines are also extensively made, and the miscellaneous industries include tanning, distilling, and the like. The cotton factories exceed eighty in number, and one of them employs upwards of six hundred hands. Most of the traffic of Réus passes through the comparatively sheltered port of Salou, four miles distant. The population of Réus in 1877 was 27,595. The earliest records of Réus date from about the middle of the 13th century. Its modern prosperity is traced to about the year 1750, when a colony of English settled there and established a trade in woollens, leather, wine, and spirits. The principal incidents in its political history arose out of the occurrences of 1843, in connexion with which the villa " became a "ciudad" and Generals Zurbano and Prim cach received the title of count of Réus. The population was 185,179 in 1872, 183,529 in 1878, and 170,784 in 1882. The males are largely in excess of the females REUSS is the name of two small sovereign principali(97,961 to 72,773 in 1882), owing to the number of agricultural ties of the German empire, with a joint area of 440 square labourers introduced from abroad for a term of years. Among the miles, forming part of the complex of Thuringian states, whites born on the island an infusion of alien blood is so common that in Mauritius the phrase Bourbon white is applied to and consisting, roughly speaking, of two principal masses linen of doubtful cleanness; the original settlers frequently married of territory, separated by the Neustadt district of the Malagasy wives. The name Petits Blancs is in Reunion given to duchy of Saxe-Weimar. The more southerly and much a class of small farmers who lead an independent kind of life in the the larger of the two portions belongs to the bleak mounupper districts, supporting themselves by their garden-plots and hunting. By the beginning of the 18th century the number of tainous region of the Frankenwald and the Voigtland, Negro slaves in the island was 64,000, four times that of their while the northern portion is hilly but fertile. The chief masters; they were all (to the number of 20,000) emancipated in rivers are the Elster and Saale. About 37 per cent. of 1848, and have gradually acquired a large measure of social equality the total surface is occupied by forests, while 40 with the creoles. Various elements have been added to the popucent. per lation since the middle of the century-coolies from India in large Since 1616 the lands of Reuss have been divided between is under tillage and 19 per cent. in meadow and pasture. numbers, Africans from the east coast, Chinese and Ananites, Malays, &c. The immigration of the Indian coolies is controlled an elder and a younger line (Reuss älterer Linie and Reuss by a convention between the British and French Governments of jüngerer Linie) of the ancient princely house. The male date July 1, 1881. Réunion is usually said to have been first discovered in April members of both branches of the family all bear the name 1513 by Mascarenhas, whose name is still applied to the archipelago of Henry (Heinrich), the individuals being distinguished of which it forms a part; but it seems probable that it must be by numerals. In the older line the enumeration begins identified with the island of Santa Apollonia discovered by Diego again when the number one hundred is reached, while in Fernandes Pereira on February 9, 1507. When in 1638 the island was taken possession of by Captain Gaubert or Gobert of Dieppe, it the younger house it opens and closes with the century. was still uninhabited; a more formal annexation in the name of Thus the reigning prince of Reuss jüngerer Linie, born in Louis XIII. was effected in 1643 by Pronis, agent of the "Compagnie 1832, is styled Henry XIV., and he succeeded his father des Indes" in Madagascar; and in 1649 Flacourt, Pronis's more emi- Henry LXVII., born in 1789. The princes of Reuss are nent successor, repeated the ceremony at La Possession, and changed the name from Mascarenhas to Bourbon. By decree of the Convery wealthy, and their private domains comprise great vention in 1793, Bourbon in turn gave place to Réunion, and, part of the territory over which they rule. In the event though during the empire this was discarded in favour of fle of the extinction of either line, its possessions fall to the Bonaparte, and at the Restoration people naturally went back to other. The troops of Reuss furnish a few companies to Bourbon, it has remained the official designation since 1848. the seventh regiment of Thuringian infantry. Between July 8, 1810, and April 6, 1815, the island was in the possession of England. It is now practically almost a department of France, sends a representative to the chamber of deputies, is governed by means of laws and not of decrees, and possesses a council-general and municipal councils elected by universal suffrage. In the general budget for 1881 the expenditure amounted to 6,866,272 francs, including 1,916,143 contributed by the home Government; in 1883 the total was 7,468,426, upwards of 3,420,000 being for communal expenses. See, besides the works already mentioned, Demanet, Nouv. hist. de Afrique française, 1767: Thomas, Essai de statistique de l'tle Bourbon, 1828; Dejean de la Batle, Notice sur l'i'e Bourbon, 1847; J. Mauran, Impressions dans un voy, de Paris à Bourbon, 1850; Maillard, Notes sur l'ile de la Réunion, 1862; Azéma, Hist. de l'ile Bourbon, 1862; Roussin, Album de rile de la Réunion, 1867-69, and 1879; an elaborate article in Encyclopédie des Sciences Médicales; Bionne, "La Réunion," in Exploration, 1879. Most maps are based on Maillard's; one by Paul Lepervanche in four sheets was published in 1885 by Dufrenoy. (H. A. W.) RÉUS, a town of Spain, in the province of Tarragona, is situated at the foot of a chain of hills in a fertile plain about four miles from the sea. It is connected by rail with Tarragona, 9 miles to the cast, and with Lerida, 54 miles to the north-west. It consists of two parts, the old and the new, separated by the boulevard-like Calle REUSS-GREIZ, or REUSS ÄLTERER LINIE, with an area of 122 square miles, belongs to the larger of the two main divisions above mentioned, within which it consists of three large and several smaller parcels of land, bordering on Saxony, Reuss jüngerer Linie, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and the Prussian exclave of Ranis. The soil is on the whole little favourable for agriculture, but cattle-rearing is carried on with some success. No less than 63 per cent. of the inhabitants are supported by industrial pursuits, the chief products of which are the woollen fabrics of Greiz, the capital, and the stockings of Zeulenroda, both largely exported. The population of the principality in 1880 was 50,782, of whom only 450 were Roman Catholics and 60 Jews. The constitution of Reuss-Greiz dates from 1867, and provides for a representative chamber of twelve members, of whom three are appointed by the prince, while two are elected by the nobles, three by the towns, and four by the rural districts. |