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demic prize medal, upon the question, "Would our literature have been more beautiful if it had been illustrated by the northern rather than the Grecian mythology?" This was his hobby-horse, and he mounted it accordingly. He says, with great simplicity, "I should have won the prize, if my essay had been the only one presented; but there were two others, of which one was in favor of the Grecian mythology, and the old professor gave that the preference."

It was of little consequence now whether it were Apollo and the muses that drew him from his studies; the war broke out with England, and Mars or Thor coming to the aid of Freia, the old heroic thirst for glory awoke in him, as in the whole nation. He joined, with others of the young students, the volunteer corps to defend Copenhagen against the fleet of Lord Nelson. After a year of interruption, he turned again to the study of law. At this time his studies in Danish and natural law were finished, but of the Roman law he knew nothing.

Since the death of his mother, he had lived with the Ersteds, under the care, as he says, of their nurse, a kind and indulgent matron, who held the place of a mother to these young men, who were merely boarders in her family. His manner of life was more satisfactory to himself than conducive to the study of the Roman law. It was his delight to assemble a multitude of students and young citizens around him, and, sitting on a low stool in the midst, to read, or rather to act, Holberg's Comedies, changing his voice and assuming each character in turn, to the universal delight and laughter of the company.

About this time, that is, in 1801 or '2, he was greatly surprised and delighted to hear of the betrothment of his dearest friend, Anders Ersted, to his only sister, the little puppet formerly left by the stork, now grown to marriageable age. They had preserved their secret, he says, from him, to revenge his own cunning and abrupt betrothment to the counsellor's daughter. The marriage followed immediately, as his friend had been appointed' assessor to the court, and city justice. This happy connection added greatly to the joy of their social and domestic life.

Some divisions had arisen in their club in consequence of the new school of German literature, the so-called romantic school. Ehlenschlager soon became a convert to the new school; but he withdrew somewhat from the club to a more domestic life. He gives a pleasant description of the circle in which he spent his evenings, consisting of the Ersteds, and Rahbek, the poet, who had married the sister of his Christiana. He was the writer of the "Danish Observer," a periodical much esteemed at this time.

He says, "Our relation to Rahbek was peculiar. He had been the instructor of us all in taste and belles-lettres, and stood now at the head of the old

* The goddess of love of the northern mythology.

classical school of literature; but he was as tolerant as he was obstinate. He would never dispute, but contrived to withdraw himself from our discussions by an anecdote or a witty conceit; if we persisted, he was silent, or looked at the prospect from his window; if we became warm and excited, he went to his study and his canary birds. When a glass of wine had restored our good humor, he would again join us, and relate some of his characteristic anecdotes of former times, of which he had treasured a wonderful store, recollecting not only names and dates, but baptismal names, and imitating all the humorous peculiarities of the persons. In literary attainments, he stood at the head of all his contemporaries, Baggeson only excepted, and he was the most fair and equitable of all.

"His wife, although many years younger, hung with full soul upon him, and, notwithstanding her own remarkable talents, had accustomed herself to implicit faith in his opinions. We young men found this so beautiful, that we did not seek to shake her faith in his infallibility. Fortunately her character was just adapted to her position. She rarely spoke of poetry. She possessed a noble heart, quick perceptions, extraordinary wit, and the greatest faculty in overcoming all mechanical difficulties. Wit and humor played always in her conversations; imagination alone was wanting. If she was serious, she was almost melancholy. She understood all the modern languages, together with Latin and Greek; but, as she read books principally on account of the languages, her mind was not enriched with their literature, and it was not very agreeable to hear her speak long in the respective tongues. Her appreciation of the beautiful was more apparent in her paintings and in the art of gardening. Her beautiful garden was formed by herself. She sat much in her summer-house, surrounded by her splendid fruits and flowers, while her wit and humor bloomed still more luxuriantly. She listened 'roguishly' to our disputes and controversies; but, if we left a weak point of our argument exposed, or there was a link broken in the chain of our reasoning, Murat never came down quicker with his cavalry, than she with her winged wit fell upon us with such slaughter that we could only come off with loud laughter and broken limbs.

"My sister was different, and yet in many things like the Rahbek. She was as lively, witty, and spirituelle, but she had not the talent for languages, nor the mechanical skill, of her friend. She was very susceptible; the joy of grief was well known to her, and sometimes almost led to melancholy. She made all her own clothes, and dressed herself with great taste. She walked much and well, while her friend Rahbek, on the contrary, sat always at home, or made short journeys to Hamburg. Neither of them loved an extensive society, but they collected daily a small circle of accomplished friends. My sister kept but one servant, and arranged her

rooms herself, although, from her soft, white hands, no one would have suspected it. I had my corner in their houses, and read, almost every evening, something aloud to them. The works that they enjoyed the most, and over which we afterwards laughed and disputed, were Voss's Homer, Tieck's Don Quixote, Schlegel's Spanish Theatre, Tieck's and Novali's writings, Goethe, Schiller, and Shakspeare!

"O beloved friends of my youth, with whom I lived so many precious years, you are now both in eternity, and my earthly eyes will behold you no more! Pardon, if with too faint colors I have endeavored to draw, from memory, the resemblance of your characters. I would that the world should know something of your virtues!"

Ehlenschlager continued to write and publish his poems, and "about this time," that is, about 1804, he published the "Oriental Drama," and poem of "Aladdin or the Wonderful Lamp." This was written con amore, having a close resemblance, he thinks, to his own life. In his poetical talent, he affirms, he had possession of a wonderful lamp, that opened to him all the treasures of the earth, while, in his vivid imagination, he possessed the power of the charmed ring. Like Aladdin also, (which seems to us less miraculous,) he was in love. This publication obtained so much success that he easily persuaded himself nature intended him for a poet, and for nothing else; that it was in vain to strive against an intention of nature, so distinctly pronounced. His bride was of the same opinion, and he resolved to leave the Roman law, and all other law, although both knew that, in turning off from the great highway and beaten path of life to cross flowery meadows and untracked swamps, he left the secure road to future sustenance. But he seems always to have

trusted Providence, and gone on his own way rejoicing.

He resolved, at first, to rely wholly upon his favorite studies, the old Sagas, and applied to the Academy of Art to allow him to give lectures upon the northern mythology. The painter Abildgaard, the director of the Academy, and instructor of Thorwaldsen, made the old objections to all northern idolatry; but Ehlenschlager maintained his own views with so much eloquence, that the scornful smile of the old man was changed into one of serious admiration. "Ach Gott," he said, "I am not the man to oppose anything that is new and spiritual."

He changed his plan, however, having heard that the Countess Schimmelman had read his last poems with great satisfaction, and wished to see the author. He hastened therefore to her beautiful country-house on the sea-shore. He says, "I waited long in the empty apartments, when at last a simply-dressed, friendly woman entered, and greeted me with diffidence, saying, 'my husband will immediately be here.'" It was the countess herself. She soon made herself known, and from this time to her death, she remained his liberal patroness. Through the influence of the count, her husband, he obtained from the crown prince a travelling pension, derived from the fund for the public service, and Count Schimmelman became the trustee for the regular payment of the pension.

It seems to have been in Ehlenschlager's usual good fortune (and one would believe that an uncommonly benevolent and intelligent stork must have watched his birth), that if he could only succeed through a patron, he should find a modest, gentle, and unassuming woman to hold that place, who seems to have demanded nothing in return.

CHAPTER II.

SINGING BIRDS.

LE MÉLANGE.

"HEARKE, hearke, the excellent notes of singing birds! what variety of voices! how are they fitted to every passion! The little chirping birds (the wren and the robin) they sing a mean; the goldfinch, the nightingale, they join in the treble; the blackbird, the thrush, they bear the tenor; while the fourfooted beasts, with their bleating and bellowing, they sing a base. How other birds sing in their order, I refer you to the skilful musicians: some of them keep their due times; others have their continued notes, that all might please with variety; while the woods, the groves, and the rocks, with the hollowness of their sound like a musical instrument, send forth an echo, and seem to unite their song."GOODMAN'S Fall of Man, p. 78.

MUSIC IN SPEECH.

"SITTING in some company, and having been but a little before musical, I chanced to take notice that in ordinary discourse words were spoken in perfect notes; and that some of the company used eighths, some fifths, some thirds: and that those were most pleasing, whose words, as to their tone, consisted most of concords; and where of discords, of such as constituted harmony; and the same person was the most affable, pleasant, and the best-natured in the company. And this suggests a reason why many discourses which one hears with much pleasure, when they come to be read scarcely seem the same things.

"From this difference of music in speech, we may also conjecture that of tempers. We know the Doric mood sounds gravity and sobriety; the Lydian,

freedom; the Æolic, sweet stillness and composure; the Phrygian, jollity and youthful levity; the Ionic soothes the storms and disturbances arising from passion. And why may we not reasonably suppose that those whose speech naturally runs into the notes peculiar to any of these moods, are likewise in disposition?

"So also from the cliff: as he that speaks in gamut, to be manly; C Fa Ut may show one to be of an ordinary capacity, though good disposition; G Sol Re Ut, to be peevish and effeminate, and of a weak and timorous spirit; sharps, an effeminate sadness; flats, a manly or melancholic sadness. He who has a voice in some measure agreeing with all cliffs, seems to be of good parts and fit for variety of employments, yet somewhat of an inconstant Likewise from the times: so semibriefs may bespeak a temper dull and phlegmatic; minims, grave and serious; crotchets, a prompt wit; quavers, vehemency of passion, and used by scolds. Semibrief-rest may denote one either stupid, or fuller of thoughts than he can utter; minim-rest, one that deliberates; crotchet-rest, one in a passion. So that from the natural use of mood, note, and time, we may collect dispositions.”—Philosophical Transactions, vol. ii., p. 441.

nature.

itself; I call the sick patient to witness, who hath the trial and experience of both! As for example, long fastings and abstinence; a whole pint of bitter potion; pills that cannot be swallowed; noisome, distasteful, and unsavory vomits; the cutting of veins; the lancing of sores; the seering up of members; the pulling out of teeth; here are strange cures to teach a man cruelty! The surgeon shall never be of my jury."-GOODMAN'S Fall of Man, p. 98.

HAPPINESS OF THE POOR IN ESCAPING THE PHYSICIAN.

"HAPPY are poor men!

If sick with the excess of heat or cold,
Caused by necessitous labor, not loose surfeits,
They, when spare diet, or kind nature, fail
To perfect their recovery, soon arrive at
Their rest in death; but, on the contrary,
The great and noble are exposed as preys
To the rapine of physicians; and they
In lingering out what is remediless,
Aim at their profit, not the patient's health."
MASSINGER, Emperor of the East, vol. iii., p. 316.

POWER OF MUSIC TO INSPIRE DEVOTION.

"THAT there is a tendency in music," says SIR JOHN HAWKINS, "to excite grave and even devout as well as lively and mirthful affections, no one can doubt who is not an absolute stranger to its efficacy; and though it may perhaps be said that the effects of music are mechanical, and that there can be nothing pleasing to God in that devotion which follows the involuntary operation of sound on the human mind; this is more than can be proved, and the Scripture seems to indicate the contrary."History of Music, vol. iv., p. 42.

PHYSIC.

"FROM the physician, let us come to the apothecaries. When I see their shops so well stored and furnished with their painted boxes and pots, instead of commending the owner, or taking delight and pleasure in the shop, I begin to pity poor miserable and wretched man that should be subject to so many diseases, and should want so many helps to his cure. I could wish that his pots were only for ornament, or naked and empty; or that they did but only serve for his credit, for he is a happy man that can live without them. But here I can do no less than take some notice of their physic. Most commonly the medicines are more fearful than the disease

PUBLIC EXERCISING GROUNDS NECESSARY TO THE 1 HEALTH OF LARGE CITIES.

"In all large and well-regulated cities, there ought to be play-grounds or places for public exercise, where laborers, and people who work at particular trades, might assemble at certain hours for recreation, and amuse themselves with walking or other healthful exercises, in order to prevent those diseases which may arise from the usual posture required in their business, if continued without remission, or any relaxation or change.

"The general decay of those manly and spirited exercises which formerly were practised in the metropolis and its vicinity, has not arisen from any want of inclination in the people, but from the want of places for that purpose. Such as in times past had been allotted to them, are now covered with buildings or shut up by enclosures: so that, if it were not for skittles, and the like pastimes, they would have no amusements connected with the exercise of the body; and such amusements are only to be met with in places belonging to common drinking-houses; for which reason their play is seldom productive of much benefit, but more frequently becomes the prelude to drunkenness and debauchery. Honest Stowe, in his Survey of London, laments the retrenchments of the grounds appropriated for martial pastimes, which had begun to take place even in his day."-SIR JOHN SINCLAIR'S Code of Health and Longevity, p. 292.

LEAVES FROM MY JOURNAL.

GENOA.

FEW cities can go back into antiquity so far as Genoa, if, as an inscription in the ancient part of the cathedral states, it was founded by Janus, the grandson of Noah; it is certain, however, that it is one of the oldest cities in Europe, and was enjoying a high degree of prosperity and civilization at a time when England was but little removed from barbarism. When Richard Coeur de Lion was on his way to the Holy Land, he found Genoa far in advance of any part of his own kingdom, and was treated so hospitably, and received so much substantial assistance from the Genoese, that, as a partial return, he adopted their patron St. George, and took him to England, where he has since remained the patron saint. Few saints in the calendar had so strange a career while living, or were more doubtfully promoted. A native of Cappadocia by birth, of low descent, and vicious life, the course of events made him the rival and successor of the virtuous Athanasius, in the Bishopric of Alexandria in Egypt. There, by a long course of plunder, injustice, and oppression, he so disgusted his subjects that he and his assistants were first imprisoned and finally murdered by the mob; and his remains were thrown into the sea. A few centuries later, he is found in the calendar of saints, and now enjoys the honor of presiding over the kingdom of Great Britain, and the noble Order of the Garter.

The view of Genoa, as approached from the sea, is very grand and beautiful. An amphitheatre of hills covered with villas, and high in their rear crowned by forts, which have acquired undying names from Massena's glorious defence, serves as a background for the city, which, thickly built upon a succession of hills, presents a most picturesque appearance.

The port, which is altogether artificial, is very large and formed by two enormous moles which project into the sea. It is one of the best in the Mediterranean, and is generally filled with shipping from all parts of the world. The American flag is rarely seen in consequence of the reciprocity treaties, which have enabled Sardinian vessels to carry what our own vessels used to; and, as they can sail their ships much more cheaply than we can, they have now nearly monopolized the commerce between the two countries, to the serious injury of our shipping interests. Another cause is the rising greatness of Marseilles, which is overshadowing all the neighboring ports, and where our vessels stop with their cargoes.

The streets of Genoa, with few exceptions, are

very narrow, and most of them resemble our narrowest alleys. They run up and down hill in the most extravagant manner. The use of wheeled carriages is of course very limited in Genoa, and the old sedan chair still flourishes here, though principally at night. The wide streets are the Balbi, Nuovissima, and Nuova; they are continuations of each other, and are literally streets of palaces, as scarcely any other description of building is to be found upon them. They are wide by comparison, and carriages can easily pass each other. There are no sidewalks, however, and the pedestrian is often annoyed and oftener muddied by the aristocratic equipages which show themselves in these, their only streets. Many of these palaces contain fine pictures, especially portraits by Vandyke. The Carlo-Alberto and Carlo-Felice streets are wider than the streets of Palaces, having been more recently opened, and they alone have sidewalks. They also communicate with each other and with the three first named, so that a very respectable drive, in a small way, may be had in the heart of the city; you are confined, however, to one drive, and for all purposes of business or sight seeing, you must go afoot. The Opera House is upon the Carlo-Felice, and is a beautiful building, both inside and out. A good company is generally to be found here.

There are several Doric palaces in Genoa; but the most interesting house, associated with the name of the great warrior and statesman, is in the Piazza San Matteo, which was presented to him by his fellowcitizens, and still bears this inscription:

"S. C. ANDREA DE AURIA, PATRIE LIBERATORI, MUNUS PUBLICUM.”

The house has since fallen from its high estate, and is now used for shops and residences, of the poorer sort. In this same Piazza, is the Church of San Matteo, where the great Andrea Doria is magnificently entombed.

The Ducal Palace, formerly the Palace of the Doges, has externally the appearance of an old fortress with high battlemented walls, and with a high square tower rising from the centre. This tower contains the grert bell which was presented to the Republic by the Dutch, and which (they say) can

We have no word in English which corresponds with the Italian Piazza or the French Place. It is applied to any open space in the city, whether square or otherwise. The open space in front (east) of the Exchange (in Philadelphia), or that where the Battle Monument stands, ir Baltimore, is precisely the Italian Piazza.

be heard for twenty miles at sea. A large part of the interior of the building was destroyed by fire in 1777, and the finest rooms are modern. The Doge's chapel and the council chamber still remain, however, as relics of the olden times. The Doge was required to be fifty years of age, and was elected for two years, during which time he could never leave the palace, and was in fact a gilded prisoner of state. His only walk was upon a terrace, upon which opened the grated windows of the state prisoners, whose lamentations or curses he could enjoy as he took his daily walks. This palace is now the government house, and contains the several public offices. In one of them are preserved three letters of Columbus, of whom the Genoese are now very proud, and to whom they are erecting a monument on the Acqua Verde, which will be very grand and colossal when finished. It is generally conceded now that Columbus was not born in Genoa, but at Cogoleto, a small village some miles to the westward. All this par parenthèse. The letters are preserved in a marble monument with a brass door, which has but one keyhole, but requires three keys to open it. The letters are in Spanish and in good preservation; the signature is rather curious, and is as follows:

"El Almirante Mayor del Mar Oceano, y Vi. Rey y Gobernador General de las Islas, y de la Terra Firma de Asia, y de las Indias, del Rey, y de la Reina, mis Señores, y del suo Capitan General del Mar, y del su Consilio.

А A∙S.
M.Y.
X50 FERENS:

The exchange is a large hall built in 1570. It is supported by sixteen columns, and was formerly open at the sides. They are now, however, glazed, and the building has the appearance of an immense green-house.

The Duomo or Cathedral of St. Lawrence is a very singular-looking edifice, decidedly Saracenic in its style: it is faced with alternate layers of black and white marble, with a tall square tower at one angle. The pillars of the doorways are of various patterns; all of them twisted, some with rough knobs upon them, and all presenting a very barbaric effect. Over the centre door is a rude marble bas-relief, representing St. Lawrence on his gridiron, with two men blowing up the fire with bellows-a proof of the

* EXPLANATION.-Supplex. Servus Altissimi Salvatoris, Christi, Mariæ, Josephi, Christo. Ferens.

antiquity of that valuable article of domestic comfort. The nave of the church consists of a double row of (two storied) columns of granite and porphyry, which are said to be the remains of an ancient Teutonic temple. The other parts of the church are (comparatively) modern; having been built in the beginning of the fourteenth century.

The Chapel of St. John the Baptist is one of the richest portions of the cathedral. It is a small church in itself, richly decorated with numerous statues of considerable merit. Here are kept (on dit) the ashes of St. John, and a very curious old marble chest, in which they were first brought from the Holy Land by the Crusaders. No woman is allowed to enter this chapel, in consequence of its having been one of that sex which caused his beheading. In the cathedral is also preserved the Emerald (or green glass) dish which the Crusaders brought from Cæsarea. This dish is said to have been presented to Solomon by the Queen of Sheba; to have been the charger in which the Baptist's head was received; also, to have been the dish from which our Saviour ate the Last Supper; also, the dish in which Joseph of Arimathea received the blood of Christ; the Sangreal in search of which King Arthur and his knights made their famous quest. Every one is free to choose the character he prefers for the relic, and to honor it accordingly. One thing is, however, certain, that the Emerald is nothing but green glass; and the priests who acknowledge it say that it used to be Emerald, but that Napoleon changed it when it was in Paris.

Some of the other churches of Genoa are very rich, and deserving a visit. Among these the "Annunziata" stands pre-eminent. It is one of the oldest churches in the city, having been built early in the thirteenth century. It was enlarged in the sixteenth century to its present size; and was splendidly embellished at various times by the Lomelini family. Large subscriptions and bequests have contributed to keep it up, and at the present time a magnificent facade of white marble, with a row of beautiful marble pillars, which are just completed, shows what its splendor will be when the whole is similarly renovated. The frescoes and gilding in the interior are particularly rich.

The Church of St. Cyr is very ancient, its antiquity having been traced back to the year 250. It was the Cathedral of Genoa until 985, when that title was transferred to the Church of St. Lawrence, where it still remains. Many other churches are celebrated for their paintings, frescoes, and statuary That of St. Maria di Carignans is one of the most conspicuous buildings in the place, standing upon a high hill at one extremity of the amphitheatre.

The Goldsmith's Street has a curiosity hanging against the wall of a house in a glass case. It is a very fine painting of St. Eloi, the patron of all smiths. It was painted by Pellegrino Piola, a young artist who was assassinated when only twenty-two

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