was not an uncommon device upon grave-stones. Sometimes it doubtless meant that the heart alone was buried beneath it, as is proved by a very curious slab at Chichester cathedral, which bears a shield charged with a trefoil; the termination of the upper cusp is a heart between two hands, which form the terminations of the other cusps, and round the margin of the trefoil runs the inscription, ICI GIST LE COVER MAVD DE C .... Here lies the heart of Maud de C. Other examples of this exist at St. Mary the Virgin, Wiggenhall, Norfolk; Bredon, Worcestershire, &c.: this case is easily detected by the size of the slab. This practice of burying the heart separately is not unusual; every one will remember the romantic example of the heart of Robert Bruce, which, after being carried to the Holy Land, in performance of his vow, by his faithful soldier Sir James Douglas, was at last buried in its silver case in Melrose abbey, (see Introduction to Scott's "Abbot.") There is a popular opinion, founded perhaps upon the above romantic tale, that in some cases the heart upon a grave-stone alluded to some accomplished vow. There is however no proof of this; the true meaning is probably pointed out by the present example, which clearly means that she loved and trusted in her Saviour-held Him in her heart. It appears probable that the peculiar shape given to the angles of some of the floriated crosses was intended to represent the heart, as in 1. Bakewell, Plate x.; Chester, Plate XXIII.; Monkton Farley, Plate xxv.; in Marisk, Yorkshire, Plate v., this is very clearly represented.

It may be mentioned, that in some of the Jersey churchyards (St. Trinity for instance) there are comparatively modern small gravestones cut into the shape of a heart.

PLATE XXX. Lolworth, Cambridgeshire. See page 6.

Dullingham, Cambridgeshire. The ornamental border on this stone is unusual. The inscription at the base of the cross is illegible.

Llanlivery, Cornwall. Is an interesting late example. Inscr. 66 CORPUS QUALTERI KENDALL, QUI DECIMO TERTIO DIE JULII ANNO INFRA (1547) SCRIPTO MORBO PERIIT, SUB HOC SAXO PREMITUR.” Lichfield Cathedral. The monument of Bishop Hacket, A.D. 1670s.

s Mr. Paget's Tract upon Tombstones.

FIFTEENTH CENTURY.

PLATE XXXI. Cliffe, Kent. Inscription,

66 ELIENORE DE CLIVE GIST ICI

DEU DE SA ALME GIT MERCI

AMEN PAR CHARITE.

There is little to shew the date of this stone, it may perhaps be fourteenth century.

These semi-effigies are not uncommon on many kinds of monuments: several examples of them in relief combined with raised crosses are given in Plates LXVII., LXIX., LXX., LXXII. On sepulchral brasses they frequently occur, as at Lingfield, Surrey; Kemsing, Kent, &c. An interesting example of two small semi-effigies inserted in a niche in the wall occurs at Bakewell, Derbyshire.

Monkton Farleigh, Wilts. Inscription, "HIC JACET HUGO FITZ WARVN CUJUS ANIME PROPICIETUR DEUS." The upper part of this stone looks perhaps more like fourteenth century, but the cusped cross and the moulded base seem of later date; it is probably early fifteenth century.

Lympley Stoke, Wilts. Date may perhaps be fourteenth century.

Lympley Stoke, Wilts. Date may perhaps be fourteenth century. There are nineteen other stones of similar character in this chapel yard, they have probably been removed from the interior of the chapel. Compare the terminations of the arms with the points of star in the base of the raised cross slab from Bilborough on Plate LVIII., and with the example from Bridgenorth, Gloucestershire, given in the margin. The shape of the slab is curious and unusual.

PLATE LXVI. Christ Church, near Caerleon, Brecknockshire. (This is the proper place of this example in the series; it was found necessary to

place it in its present place in order to facilitate the arrangement of

Archæol. Journal, vol. iv. p. 206.

the cuts in Plates.) This stone is a curious compound of the cross slab, and the slab with incised figures. In the Archæologia, vol. iv., (from which the drawing is taken,) is an account of a superstitious custom which the people of the neighbourhood have of laying their sick children upon this stone, on the eve of Ascension Day, in order to cure them of their sicknesses.

PLATE XXXII. Considering how frequently the crucifix was introduced in other Gothic work, it is rather singular that we do not find it more frequently on English grave-stones. There is one curious example at Bredon, Worcestershire, Plate LXX., and another at Hales Owen. (Antiquarian and Topographical Cabinet, vol. x.) This splendid example is in memory of an Englishwoman, Philippa, daughter of Henrv IV., and wife of Eric Pomeranus, king of Denmark; it was placed in the monastery of Madstena, in Sweden, and is given from a drawing in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries, Copenhagen, engraved in the Archæologia Eliana, vol. ii. p. 169. It is uncertain whether the original is of stone or brass, but it appears to be a slab of the former material.

PLATE XXXII. The examples from Lympley Stoke, Plate XXXI., shew the union of the incised half-length effigy with the incised cross; that from Cliffe, Plate xxxI., exhibits the semi-effigy where the cross is omitted; that from Christ Church, Caerleon, shews a curious union of the incised cross and full-length effigy; the present fine and interesting example is given in order to shew the perfect incised effigy, and so complete the series; from its shape it is doubtless the lid of a stone coffin.

RAISED CROSS SLABS.

PLATE XXXIII. Repton, Derbyshire. This is one of a class of monuments which attracted considerable attention from the antiquaries of the last century; they supposed them to be of Danish origin, and fancifully imagined that they were intended to represent a boat turned keel upwards over the grave; certainly a very suitable monument for

L

an ancient Sea King. More probably, however, they are of Saxon workmanship; the spiral work round the base of this, and the last fragment from Bedale on the same plate, is of Saxon character r; similar ornamental work is to be found in the illuminations of Saxon MSS. The interlaced serpents, too, on the first of the Bedale fragments, and the knot-work on the second, are very characteristic of Saxon work. This kind of ornamentation is very usual on the upright crosses which are still so numerous in the north of England, and in Scotland, Wales, Ireland, &c.

The marks on the upper part of the stone appear to represent the tiled roof of a house; in the last of the Bedale cuts this is very clear; in fragments of a coped stone at Bakewell also the sides are cut to represent overlapping square tiles. This overthrows the idea that these monuments represent Danish boats. The exact similarity in design between the side of this stone and the side of the Bedale stone represented in the last cut is highly interesting. The engraving is taken from Lysons' Derbyshire.

Other examples of this class occur at Penrith, engraved in the Archæologia, vol. ii.; at Dewsbury, Yorkshire, engraved in Whittaker's Loidis; two fragments from Bedale engraved on this plate; one fragment from St. Dyonis, York, preserved in the museum in that city. In the present state of our knowledge of these antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon period, it is hazardous to attempt more than a very rough approximation to the date of this and similar stones : the plate has been headed eleventh century, as the latest date under which they can fall; but both the examples on this plate may be so early as the ninth. See p. 90, under Aycliffe, Durham.

Bedale, Yorkshire. The first three cuts represent the bases of two sides, and one gabled end of the fragment of a stone found in the choir of Bedale church; the slope of the sides is sculptured to represent a roof covered with diamond-shaped tiles, as in the fragment figured in the fourth cut.

The fourth cut represents one side of a fragment of a similar stone found in the same place; the gabled end of this fragment is plain. For remarks upon the sculpture, date, &c., see preceding note.

FRONTISPIECE. Heysham, Northumberland. This exceedingly in

teresting coffin-stone exists in the present church-yard of Heysham, but probably it was brought down there from the earlier church, whose ruins still remain on a point of rocky land above the present church, and overlooking Morecombe bay. Hessa is said to have taken possession of this point of land at a very early period in the Saxon era, and in addition to his place of strength to have erected a chapel there dedicated to St. Patrick. The ruins of a church which now exist present no features which enable us to fix its date with any certainty, but since the more modern church has some rather early Norman features, it is not unreasonable to conclude that these ruins are of Saxon date.

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On page 14 is given a plan of the churchyard with part of the foundation of the wall, and some curious stone coffins cut in the solid rock. In the more modern churchyard are some coffin-stones apparently of Norman workmanship, which may perhaps have covered these interesting coffins.

It is difficult to conjecture the meaning of the sculptures upon the stone here represented. On one side we have two men at each end with elevated arms, and between the groups a stag and several animals apparently hogs. On the other side we have one man in the centre with elevated arms and holding a cup in his right hand, standing beside a tree, and surrounded by animals. Similar figures of men, and beasts of the chase, &c., are found in very many of the early upright crosses, (see Sculptured Monuments of Angus,) their meaning is not yet satisfactorily explained. Date probably tenth century, or early eleventh.

PLATE XXXIV. Cambridge Castle. Preserved at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. See next note.

PLATE XXXV. Cambridge Castle. This and the preceding example, together with several other somewhat similar, and the headstones Plate LXXVIII.* and LXXIX., and stone coffins, bones and other relics, were found under part of the original ramparts, in Cambridge castle, when great part of it was destroyed in 1810. The site had undoubtedly been a Saxon burial-place. As the castle was built c. A.D. 1070, these stones must be earlier than that date, perhaps about the beginning of the eleventh century. An account of