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The city has honour by its men, and adorning by its arms, and is very populous. So populous is it, that in a time of war, by command of King Stephen, it is calculated that there went out from it, equipped for battle, in full array, twenty thousand armed horsemen, and sixty thousand foot. The citizens of London are in all places held to be well behaved beyond all other citizens, and most considerable for their apparel and the fine provision of their table. Citizens are called inhabitants in other cities, but in London they are barons. To them an oath is the end of all controversy.

The matrons of the city are very Sabines.

In London, three principal churches have schools celebrated for their privilege and ancient dignity. But by far the most scholars are admitted by the personal favour of some one of the men known for their philosophy. On feastdays the masters hold meetings in the churches where the feasts are kept. There the scholars dispute, some demonstratively, some dialectically; some play with enthymemes,* some make better use of perfect syllogisms. Certain of them exercise themselves against each other in disputation, for display; some for the sake of truth, as of that which is the grace of perfection. The sophists who simulate best with a multitude and flood of words are judged happy; others paralogise.† A few orators there sometimes are who say something apposite in rhetorical orations, in order to persuade, careful to observe the precepts of art, and omit nothing that pertains to the subject. The boys of various

"Pastime of the People," &c., says,' "Also about this time" (A.D. 1214) "the citezyns of London made such sute to the Kynge that they optayned that the Kynge graunted them to chose of themselfe yerely a Mayre and ii Sheryffes, and the name of Bayliffes clerely to be voyded: whose names of the Mayre and Sheryffes were, the first Mayre, Henry Fitz Alwyn; the first Sheryffes, Peter Duke, Thomas Nele."

• An enthymeme has one premiss expressed, and the other is only understood. For example: "A free nation must be happy :-therefore, England is happy." The syllogism is perfect, having the minor premiss as well as the major. Thus: (Major) A free nation must be happy. (Minor) England is a free nation. (Conclusion) Therefore England is happy.

+ Reason falsely.

schools wrangle with each other in verse, and dispute concerning the principles of the grammatic art, or the rules of preterites and supines. Some others there are who, in epigrams, rhythms, and metres make use of that old, trivial dicacity; with Fescennine license freely lash their companions: names, however, being suppressed. They launch gibes and jests. They touch the vices of their schoolmates, or perhaps of elder persons, too, with Socratic wit; or, with a Theonine tooth, bite hard in daring dithyrambics. I The hearers

Multum ridere parati,

Ingeminant tremulos naso crispante cachinnos. §

CONCERNING THE LAYING OUT OF THE CITY.

They who follow particular trades, the sellers of particular articles, all choose situations for carrying on their work, and every morning betake themselves to their posts, as they have agreed among themselves, distinct in place and occupation. || Besides this, there is in London, on the river-side, as well as wines for sale in boats and winevaults, a public kitchen. There, every day, at a fixed time, you may find all sorts of meats, pies, baked, roast, fried, boiled, fish of all sort and size, coarse meat for the poor, and more delicate provision for the rich, game, and poultry of all kinds. If friends come unexpectedly to any citizen, fatigued after a journey, and he does not wish them to wait fasting, while fresh meat is bought and cooked, Dant famuli manibus lymphas, panesque canistris. ¶

"

• At Fescennia, a town of ancient Etruria, the "Fescennine verses were first invented. They were a sort of rustic dialogue, spoken extemporaneously. They were witty in their way, like those easy dashes commonly called puns, but satirical and obscene. They were proscribed by Augustus, as of immoral tendency.

+ From Theon, an infamous reviler, mentioned by Horace.

I Loose, Bacchanalian effusions.

Who come ready for laughter, shriek again, and roar disorderly.The quotation is altered from Persius, Sat. iii., 86, 87.

As there was no Lord Mayor nor police, so it seems there were no regulations analogous to those which now contribute to the peace and comfort of this metropolis.

The servants bring him water to wash, and then some bread, as we might say, to stay the stomach.

And while this goes on, they run to the river-side, where everything that can be desired is ready dressed. It matters not how many soldiers or strangers come into the city, at what hour of day or night, nor how many depart; neither need the comers wait hungry for a meal, nor the goers leave without their dinner. They may turn in there, if they please, and each refresh himself after his own manner. They who care for themselves delicately may have sturgeon, Guinea-bird, snipe, and that without the trouble of asking; for there are all such delicacies set out ready. This, indeed, is a public kitchen, and not only very convenient for the city, but also pertaining to civilisation. Hence it is that

you read in the Gorgias of Plato that the office of cooks comes next to medicine, which, with show and flattery, make up the four parts of civilisation.

Outside one of the gates of the city there is a piece of level ground that is both in reality and name, a field. Every Friday, unless there be a greater festivity to be observed by solemn precept, there is in this place a famous display of noble horses for sale. Thither come to see them, Earls, Barons, Knights, as many as are in the city, and very many citizens beside. It is worth coming to see the nags ambling easily over the smooth ground, lifting their feet just at the same instant, and dropping them together, as if in obedience to the grooms. Here are horses that rather suit the Knights, trotting heavily, yet at good speed, lifting and putting down their feet also in equal time, as if to keep pace with one another. Here fine young colts, not yet accustomed to the bridle,

Altius incedunt, et mollia crura reponunt.*

Here are ponies, with strong and well-made limbs. Here are precious troopers, of elegant form, proper height, ears erect, bold necks, fat haunches. When these are coming in to town, the buyers are on their look out, first for a more easy pace, then for quicker step, which is seen as they strike out the fore-feet together on the far side, and the hind-feet

• Frisk, and draw in their tender legs.

in like manner. When a horse-race is at hand, the riders of some of the stronger and more fleet will raise a shout, make the common horses get out of the way, and the boys who stride the wing-footed steeds, three of them abreast, or perhaps two for a wager, prepare for a trial. Being clever in governing horses, they manage the restive beasts with sharp curbs, and are especially careful that one horse does not interfere with the running of another. And the horses, no less clever in their own way, vie with each other to win the race; their limbs tremble, they are impatient of delay, they know not how to keep their places; and no sooner is the signal given, than they dart off, at the top of their speed, and are borne forward by their own swiftness. The riders also strive, through love of praise, and hope of victory, to urge the horses with their spurs, flog them with their whips, and encourage them with their cries. might fancy all things to be in motion, according to Heraclitus; and set down that saying of Zeno, that they do not really move, nor traverse the stadium, as demonstrably false.

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On the other side, wares of peasants, implements of agriculture, swine with their long sides, cows, with their distended udders, stand apart;

Corpora magna boum, lanigerumque pecus.*

There stand mares, fit for ploughs, drays, and carts; and some of them show big with foal, while others have their young running at their side. In this city the traders enjoy naval commerce with every nation under heaven.

Aurum mittit Arabs; species et thura Sabæus ;
Arma Scythes; oleum palmarum divite sylva
Pingue solum Babylon; Nilus lapides pretiosos;
Seres purpureas vestes; Galli sua vina;

Norwegi, Russi, varium, grysium, sabelinas.†

Huge kine, and flocks of sheep.

The Arab sends his gold, the Sabean drugs and frankincense; the Scythian, arms; Babylon, of fruitful soil, sends palm-oil from the rich wood; the Nile sends precious stones; the Seres, purple raiment; the Gauls, their wine; Norwegians, Russians, send over stuffs, various in colour, or coarse grey, and sable furs.

According to the faith of chronicles, London is much more ancient than Rome; for it was founded by the Trojan fathers themselves, before that took its beginning from Remus and Romulus; whence also they still use the same ancient laws and common institutions. This city, like that, is divided into wards; has Sheriffs for yearly Consuls; has a senatorial dignity, and inferior Magistrates; has drains and conduits in the streets; for various kinds of causes, for deliberation, for reports, and for judgments, there are proper places and proper courts; it has its assemblies holden on appointed days. I do not think that there is a city where there are more approved customs in visiting churches, honouring things ordained of God, keeping the feasts, giving alms, receiving strangers, fixing espousals, contracting marriages, making weddings, getting up entertainments, making guests merry, and even in managing funeral ceremonies and burials.

The only pests of London are the immoderate drinking of fools, and frequent fires. Therefore almost all the Bishops, Abbats, and great men of England are citizens and freemen of London, having handsome houses there, where they sometimes reside, and where they lay out much money, when called to the city by the Lord King, or by their Metropolitan, to attend in great assemblies, or when they come to transact their own business.

(To be continued.)

THE EAGLE AND THE SWAN.

As François spoke, he pointed down-stream to a great white bird that was seen moving out from the bank. It was a swan, and one of the very largest kind-a "trumpeter" (cygnus buccinator).

It had been feeding in a sedge of the wild rice (zizania uquatica), and no doubt the sight of the canoe or the plash of the guiding oar had disturbed, and given it the alarm. It shot out from the reeds with head erect and wings slightly raised, offering to the eyes of the voyageurs a spectacle of

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