being suggested after muros by the immediately following arcem, and we render the division perfectly correct and complete; the one pars being employed altogether at the centre about the citadel; and the other altogether towards the circumference, in choosing, and enclosing with a trench, the site for the houses: and this division is the more complete, because the two works are distinct, not only in their situation but in their nature; the one being the erection of a fortress, the other the laying out of a site for peaceful dwellings, and enclosing it, or marking its bounds with a furrow. For proof that citadels, no less than cities, had muri, see Livy, XXIV. 3; xxv. 11; xxv. 25. V. 431.—Adultos ;—having undergone their transformations, and assumed the perfect or adult insect-form, that of imago. Gentis ;-because "solæ communes gnatos-habent." Georg. IV. 153. V. 444. Caput acris equi.-See a representation on an ancient Roman lamp in the Passerian Collection, of a war-horse's head transfixed with a spear; set down by Passerius (Lucernæ Fictiles, Tom. II. Tab. 27,) as an emblem of the conquest of Carthage. V. 448. Nixæque ære trabes.—Virgil's principal commentators, while they agree in adopting the vulgar reading of this passage, nexæque ære trabes, differ toto cælo in its interpretation. Heyne (who is followed by Wagner) having justly rejected the usually received meaning ("ære nexæ vulgo sic accipi videas, ut postium, h. e. trabium, ex ligno, v. c. abiegnarum, vincula et clavi seu unci sint ex ære") as utterly unworthy of the dignity of the description, gives his own interpretation in these words: "nexæque liminibus (adjunctæ et imposita limini) trabes (postes) surgebant (erant ex) ære." Wunderlich, on the other hand, objecting with equal justice to Heyne's gloss, that are cannot be separated from nexa, and that there is a manifest incorrectness in the double construction, area surgebant and surgebant ære, understands nexæ ære, to be equivalent to æreus. But if equivalent to æreus, nexæ ære had better been omitted, as embarrassing the construction without conveying any meaning not already conveyed by area, the action of which is as full and perfect on trabes as on limina. Besides these separate, there is one general, objection to all the explanations which have been, or, as far as I can see, can be offered of this reading; viz., that they all so limit Virgil's description as to make it the descrip tion, not of a temple, or the façade or portal of a temple, but of a mere door; the sum total of the sense contained in the two lines being, that there were steps up to the door; the sill, posts, and valves of which were of brass. I therefore unite with Catrou in rejecting the common reading, as incapable of affording any good sense, and in adopting the more unusual one, nixæque, the authorities for which are enumerated in Heyne's Variæ Lectiones. This reading being adopted, the passage becomes disembarrassed of all difficulty, the construction clear, and the meaning harmonious to the context, and worthy of Virgil. Limina is not merely the threshold, but the whole solum or ground in front of, and adjoining, the door, including the steps themselves. Trabes are the beams or architraves supporting the roof. "Trabes supra columnas et paratatas et antas ponuntur," Vitruv. b. IV. c. 2. And again, b. IV. c. 7. "Eæque trabes compactiles ponantur ut tantam habeant crassitudinem quantæ summæ columnæ erit hypotrachelium." That these trabes were sometimes of brass, or overlaid with brass, appears from Claudian, 33, 342; "Trabibus solidatur ahenis Culmen." Erea surgebant is the common predicate of limina and trabes: nixæ are the special predicate of trabes, which are represented as leaning on brass, (viz. brazen columns,) the precise position of the trabes, (the modern architrave,) as described by Vitruvius. The picture presented is therefore that of the whole façade of the temple, consisting of the brazen limina, the brazen architrave, supported on brazen columns, and the brazen folding or valved doors, all elevated on a flight of steps. The palace of Alcinous, (Odyss. VII.) the Roman Pantheon, and the doors of the court of Solomon's temple, afford well-known exemplifications of the ancient practice of plating various parts of buildings with brass, for the sake of ornament. In further confirmation of the reading nixa, I may observe, that the omission of columns. in the description of so great and magnificent a temple, would have been very singular and remarkable.1 1 Wagner having adopted (viz. in his Virg. Br. En., published since the above comment was written,) the reading nixa, thus observes, "Trabes, postes intellige; eæ surgunt ære nixæ; i. e. ære sustenta; sustineri autem, sive erectæ stare, ære dicuntur, quia ipsæ sunt æreæ." As, however, he has advanced no argument in support of that interpretation, I prefer to adhere to the view I have taken above; the more especially as I find, from Statius's ma 470. Primo somno.-I understand these words to mean, not "Quem Rhesus prima nocte postquam ad Trojam venit, capiebat," (Wagner, Virg. br. en.) but in the first part, beginning of sleep; or, as, using the self-same form of expression, we say in English, in the first sleep; 1st, because this latter is the meaning of the phrase, as established by the use of other authors; ex. gr. Phædr. III. 10. Sopita primo quæ nil somno senserat. 2dly, Because, so understood, the sense is not only stronger, but more fully explanatory of the subsequent “Priusquam Pabula gustassent," &c. viz. in the early part of the night before they had time to taste, &c. 3dly, Because the fact that the slaughter of Rhesus had taken place on the first night after his arrival at Troy, was so well known as not to require express specification. V. 471. Multâ vastabat cæde cruentus.-The construction is, cruentus multâ cæde; not, vastabat multâ cæde. See Comm. vers. 293* and 637. V. 474. Amissis Troilus armis.-Compare Hippolytus dragged by his runaway horses and chariot: Eurip. Hippol. 1236; also the fabricated story which the messenger tells Clytemnestra of the death of Orestes. Sophocl. Electra, 748. V. 478. Versa hasta.-Not inverted, but simply turned, viz. backwards; the meaning being that the spear held by the usual part, was trailed behind, the point being furthest from Troilus, and in the dust; versus, simply turned; inversus, (our topsy-turvey,) turned so that that part of the object which has been below or above, or at one side, becomes above or below or at the opposite side, (see Vomere terras invertisse, Georg. 111. 526 ;) Conversus turned toward another object. (See "In me convertite ferrum," En. Ix. 427. Conversâ cuspide; En. 1. 81, and Comment.) V. 483. Raptaverat Hectora... exanimumque corpus vendebat.-Had rapt round the walls Hector while yet alive, (see Comment. on Tumentes, En. II. 273); and having so deprived him of life, was now selling his dead body. V. 486. Currus.-The chariot not, as hitherto understood, of Achilles, but, as required by the context, and as no doubt nifest imitation, that it is the very view which was taken of it by that close follower in the footsteps of Virgil: Ferrea compago laterum (viz. templi Martis), ferro arcta teruntur Limina; ferratis incumbunt tecta columnis.-Theb. v11. 43.-I. H. authorized by the non-Homeric narrative here followed by Virgil, (see En. 11. 273,) the chariot of Hector himself. V. 494. Dardanio Æneæ.-Observe the delicate propriety with which the term Dardan is applied to Eneas, at the moment when, by the sudden presentation to him, in a strange land, of his own and his country's history, his mind is filled with, and overwhelmed by, Dardan recollections. V. 496. Regina ad templum, &c.-Our author, according to his wont, (see Comment. En. II. 18 and 51,) especially on occasions when he wishes to be more than usually impressive, presents us, first, with the single principal idea, and afterwards adds those which are necessary for explanation or embellishment. The queen comes to the temple; she is of exquisite beauty, and her name is Dido. Regina contains the principal idea, because it is the queen, as queen, whom Eneas is expecting and recognizes; it is, therefore, placed first: pulcherrima follows next, because the queen's beauty was almost of necessity the immediately succeeding idea in Eneas's mind; and the name, Dido, is placed last, as of least importance, and serving only to identify, and connect with the narrative of Venus. V. 496.* Regina ad templum, &c.-Parallel, but (as usual in Shakespeare, and to his great honour) without imitation. Of lords and ladies, having brought the queen To a prepared place in the choir, fell off A distance from her; while her grace sat down Henry VIII. Act 4. V. 502. Latona tacitum pertentant gaudia pectus. These growing thoughts my mother soon perceiving V. 506. Solioque alte subnixa.-Subniti; to take or derive support out of something placed underneath; to lean upon (without, however, including the idea of reclination, or deviation from the perpendicular); to rest upon (without including the idea of repose). From this, the primitive meaning of subniti, (not sufficiently understood by any of the commentators or translators,) directly flows its derived meaning of relying upon. Subnixa operates, not (as gratuitously and most unpoetically supposed by Heyne) on scabello understood, but on solio expressed; and the ordo is, sapta armis subnixaque alte solio, resedit foribus divæ, &c. V. 548. Non metus, &c.—“ Non metuendum est ne te pœniteat beneficiis nos provocasse."-Heyne. But, 1st, non metuendum, &c. is weak and impotent as the sole conclusion from a premiss which Virgil has taken care to render as impressive as possible, by repeating it three times in different words. 2dly, This conclusion might have been expressed more shortly, simply, and clearly, by a single negative joined to pœniteat (or pœnitebit,) than by the double negative, non metus ne. 3dly, Non metus, so understood, conveys the very uncomplimentary imputation, that Dido did fear that she might receive no recompense for kindness shown to the Trojans. 4thly, This interpretation makes it necessary to substitute a new reading, ne, for the received one, nec. For all these reasons, I understand Ilioneus as drawing two distinct conclusions from his premises; the first, non metus, referring solely to the Trojans; the second, officio nec te, &c. referring to Dido; an interpretation which is strongly confirmed by the words sin absumta salus, &c. v. 555, (referring plainly, as I think, to the preceding non metus); but if, Eneas having perished, our safety is gone, and we have therefore every thing to fear, &c. V. 602. Magnum quæ sparsa per orbem.-Besides the settlements which the Trojans made in Italy under Antenor and Eneas, they are also said to have made one in Denmark. Quant jadis fut destruite Troie, Plusors qui escaper se porent, Par granz labors par granz perilz Ki en Danemarche assenerent. The alleged origin of the race of Northmans or Normans, who, under Bier and Hasting, invaded and conquered the north |