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object, that Homer freely uses nominatives without the for the masculine: Μητίετα Ζεύς, Ιππότα, &c. ; and that these very Greek nouns in as appear in the Latin prose writers of Cicero's age without an, viz., Aristagora, Archyta. But I go farther, and undertake to exhibit feminine nouns of this declension with an s in the nominative. It will be granted, I suppose, that copin and copía are but dialectic varieties of the same word. But this admitted, I claim the same admission for materia and materies, luxuria and luxuries, planitia and planities; and this the more, because I believe that Cicero declined the first of these nouns thus: N. materies, G. materiæ, D. materiæ, Acc. materiem, Ab. materia, thus blending completely together the so-called 1st and 5th declensions.

The case of the liquids turns upon this fact, that the letter s is strongly influenced by the neighbourhood of liquids. The Greek verbs σπείρω, στέλλω, φαίνω, νέμω, have for their radical syllables σπερ, στελ, φαν, νεμ, and should therefore have formed the first aorists έσπερσα, ἐστελσα, έφανσα, ένεμσα; but by assimilation they appear to have become έσπερρα, έστελλα, έφαννα, ένεμμα. Next, the first of the consonants being omitted, the vowel was lengthened by way of compensation. Hence ἔσπειρα, ἔστειλα, ěpnya, évequa. Another example is in the form of Greek adjectives ending in liquids. The words τυπτοντ, χαριεντ, Κιλικ, (I take them in their crude form shape,) made their feminines by the addition of oa, which by a slight corruption passed from TTTτοντσα, χαριέντσα, Κιλικσα, το τύπτουσα, χαρίεσσα, Κίλισσα. when this same feminine suffix was added to adjectives ending in p or, (I cannot call to mind any in λ or μ,) a modification took place. Thus, from paxap, μeλav, tepev, were formed, first probably, μακαρσα, 2 μελανσα, τέρενσα, then μακαρρα, μελαννα, τερεννα, then μάχαιρα, μέλαινα, τέρεινα.

But

A third case in point.-Although the old Greek infinitive ended in ɛv or ɛva, the Romans in their oldest form appear to have had ese according to the usual analogy between the languages, (compare Túrτou sv, scribimus ov-oças-inus, &c.) Here then we have a suffix with an s, whence from es, be," was formed an inf. esse, and from da, "give or put" an old inf. dase, (see dasi in Forcellini's Lexicon.) But this infinitival suffix ese becomes commonly ere, as in scribere, ferre; yet after the verb

Compare the middle form of pin and ägony.

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vol or vel, "wish," the usual assimilation takes place, and we have velle.

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A fourth case.-The Latin superlative should end in simo or sumo, but if the noun has an or l in the last syllable, assimilation again modifies the s, and we have deterrumo, nigerrumo, facillumo, &c. In short a consonant r or l is very apt in Latin to dispose in a summary manner of a subsequent s, and this no matter what the part of speech be. Thus for videbaris, we find videbare; for videreris, viderere, &c. Again, among the adverbs we might have expected tris, quatris, in agreement with our own twice, thrice, the Greek pis, noλλánç, &c., and the Latin bis duis. But in fact we find ter and quater. No wonder then if we also find, not linteris, puerus, paters, but linter, puer, pater. The Greek natip, to me seems to imply, by its long vowel, a previous form, aτeрр, from naτeps; and tépŋy, a form τερεν» from τερενς. But if the Greek nominative justifies such inferences, so also will the Latin pater, for that also is frequently long in the nominative. Precisely in the same way from the crude form pulvis, which already has an s independently of the nominative, (witness the diminutive pulvisculus contrasted with navicula, canicula, &c.,) was formed a nominative pulvis, for pulviss. See Virgil's line ending pulvis inscribitur hasta. Moreover, facilis, vigilis, strigilis, mugilis, have also the forms facul, vigil, strigil, mugil. No wonder, then, that consuls has become consul, originally perhaps consull. That rations should lose its s, is in accordance with satin, viden, for satisne, videsne. N and S cannot co-exist in Latin; the one or the other gives way, at least in pronunciation. The tendency of liquids to assimilate is well seen in the old Norse tongue, where the comparative generally ends in ra, but yet vaen "fair,” and sael "happy," make their comparatives vaenna, saella. Again, in the same language, the gen. plural commonly ends in na, yet dör "spear," makes its gen. pl. dörra. Compare also the Latin polliceor for pro-liceor, intellego for inter-lego, puella for puerula. P. 112.-" Dative in bi.-Is the author at liberty to infer

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from two or five words, &c." My arguments are founded upon a much wider base than tibi, sibi, ibi, ubi, alibi. First, I must include vobis, nobis, utrobi; secondly, all the datives plural of the third, fourth, and fifth declensions in bus; thirdly, such datives of the 1st and 2d decl. as equabus, duabus, duobus, ambobus; fourthly, the Sanscrit datives dual and plural in bhy-am, bhy-as, the two last letters denoting plurality according to my view. Next, I find a great tendency in the b of Latin words to disappear, particularly after a short vowel. Tibi, sibi, ibi, ubi, are again and again monosyllables in Plautus and Terence. The same words have come down to the Italians, French, &c., as monosyllables. For instance, in French, te, se, y, ou, or toi, soi. Again, the imperatives abi, jube, are monosyllabic in Plautus and Terence. In the next place, the perfect and supine jussi and jussum, have no trace of a labial. The word amentum, too, seems by its meaning to be a corruption of habimentum, "something to hold by." At any rate, it must come from a verb, as its ending tells us. Besides, let this verb habeo be traced to the Italian and French, and the b will be found to have for the most part disappeared: J'ai, tu as, il a, ils ont. Even the 1st and 2d persons plural, lose their v, (the ghost of the b,) when they enter into the formation of the French futures, which it is now admitted are formed by the addition of the present of avoir to the infinitive of a verb: finir-ai, finir-as, finir-a, finir-ons, finir-ez, finir-ont. Nay, the conditional also is formed from avais, but loses the av. Thus, finir-ais, &c. Again, the Latin imperfect tense with suffix eba, soon lost its b when it descended to the modern tongues; recipiebam, receveva, recevea, recevoie, recevois, in which last word the v represents the p, not the b of the original word. (See Raynouard's Grammar of the Languages descended from Latin.) I have forgotten to mention the Homeric datives in, as Bipt, oupavogi, otedespi. So much for the b, and its tendency to disappear. That the i belongs to every dative in its oldest form, I suppose I need not stop to prove. Putting all this together, I hold the base quite wide enough to support the argument; but the cognate

5 Tu te laves les mains." "Il se lave les mains."

6 So, also, from the German haben, to hare, has a pres. hat, and a perf.

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hatte. The Engl. also, has, had, without the b, or v.

7 So ab, sub, ob, lose their b in a, asportare; susum or sursum, sustollo, ostendo, omitto.

tongues of the Gothic family would furnish abundant aid if called upon.

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P. 113. May the same advantage not be extended to foris?" As I consider foras, in the phrase, foras ire, to be an acc. pl., so I think foris is a dative pl., the more so, as the plural is so common in the use of foris, as fores. The supposition of the existence of a noun fora, of the a declension, is in part justified by the Greek form dópa, whose may well be expected to take the form of an ƒ in Latin. The giving the name of an adverb to a particle, seems to me always like an admission that we cannot explain its form, for I believe that ALL adverbs were at first, either simple adjectives, or cases of a noun substantive, or verbs, or two words grown together.

P. 113.-"Nepos; an authority Mr. K. would reject." Certainly, (see the article Nepos in the Penny Cyclopædia). In a grammar it would be out of place to enter into a discussion of the kind. I fully accede to the doctrine put forward in the P. C., that some late writer, say Probus, may have abridged the work of the true Nepos into a book for the use of schools. That the book abounds in bad Latin, I have no doubt. Indeed, in other more fitting places than a grammar, I have before now expressed my opinion of the Pseudo-Nepos.

of

P. 114. The doctrine hitherto received is, that from or by a place, is expressed by the ablative." I much doubt whether I rightly understand what G. F. means by the words, by a place; if he means near a town, then I demur, for I know no way expressing that idea but by ad, or apud, or ante Romam, nearly always the first. Secondly, as regards the phrase, from a place, I do not admit that the ordinary construction is with the simple ablative. For, in nine cases out of ten, we find the preposition ab preceding, and not without reason. If G. F.'s views be right, we shall have the aukward result that Præneste may have at once four different meanings, at Pr., from Pr., to Pr., by Pr. As regards the use of ab or a in the sense of from a town, see Livy XXIV. 20., a Casilino; Ib. 29, ab Syracusis; Ib. 40, ab Orico; Ib. 41, ab Illiturgi; Ib. 46, ab Suessula; and XXI. 15, 16, 19, ab Karthagine, &c.

P. 113.-" Domi focique memineris."-This passage proves that domi may be used as a genitive, so far as one passage can prove it; but observe that this very passage also helps to prove my main point, for Donatus has a note thereupon, calling the

reader's attention to the fact, that domi and foci genitivi sunt. Surely he would not have troubled the reader with this information, if there had not been to him something strange in such a use of the word. He was no doubt thinking of the more frequent use of the word in the sense "at home," in which case his view was to consider the word not as a genitive, but as an adverb; see his note on Mileti in the Adelphi.

P. 114.-" Weakened dative."-G. F. seems here to have wholly misunderstood my meaning. What I contend for is, not that the weakened dative and that ablative, which originally possessed a d, are one; but the very reverse. I hold that the Latin in Cicero's age had two ablatives of a very different origin, and different power: the one degraded from the dative, and with the meaning of a dative, viz. at, in, with, &c.; the other descended from the old ablative in d, and with the sense of from. So far from repenting of having introduced the mention of the latter ablative in the syntax, I take blame to myself for not having given it its proper place in the etymological part.

P. 115.-" Transitive, intransitive," &c.-G. F. should add to the list the term active, which, as I use the words, is not identical with transitive. Take for example the verb run, which is active, but not transitive.

P. 115.—“We do not comprehend the principle on which jaceo, habeo, amo, are brought together."-Simply because they all denote a state of the mind or body. I am ready to admit that amare had probably at first the sense of embracing (being probably connected with the particle am, round,) and then its meaning would be active.

P. 116. Sido versus Sedeo in re Sedi.-The question may perhaps be settled by this consideration, that no example exists of any tense which must come from the compound consideo, although given in our Lexicons, but abundance of examples of tenses which must come from consido. I cannot help thinking, moreover, that the very meaning of sedeo precludes it from having a perfect; see also my Gr. ? 386, 387, 388.

P. 117.-" Verbs desiderative."—I was fully aware that the usual plan was to deduce these verbs from the participle in turo; but I doubted the truth of this, partly because of the quan

8 Our word him is an example of two cases taking the same form; as an acc., it is a corruption of hin, Germ. ihn; as

a dative, it has its true form, = Germ. ihm.

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