Exercise 3.- Write sentences containing each of these verbs, used first as transitive and then as intransitive verbs:

LESSON 74.—COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE PREDICATE

The predicate part of a sentence consists of that which is said or predicated about the subject. All predicates are made by means of verbs.

Some verbs are complete predicates without the aid of any other word, as:

John rides.

The horse runs.

The child sleeps.

Some verbs, however, are incomplete predicates and require other words to complete the idea or the predication.

When a verb is transitive, as see, bring, catch, the predicate is completed by an object.

When the verb is intransitive, as be, seems, the predicate is completed by a word or words that describe the subject. These completing words are called the complement.

1. An adjective complement.

The grass is green.

The man seemed sad.

2.

A noun complement.

The child was an orphan.
Cotton is king.

NOTE. After such intransitive verbs as be, seem, look, appear, feel, taste, etc., the adjective complement describes the subject, and the noun complement is in the same case as the subject.

When two or more words are used in the predicate referring to one subject, they form a compound predicate.

Henry sings in the choir and plays the organ.
We went fishing and caught some trout.

The horse reared and kicked and plunged.

Exercise. In the following sentences name the predicates, and tell how each is completed:

1. James is my brother.

2. The cows give milk. 3. The child is ill.

4. The leaves are all dead. 5. You look so tired.

6. The boat seemed very old.

7. The Sahara is a desert.

8. The fishermen sailed away.
9. How white is the snow!

10. The weary women looked sad.
11. The ocean was stormy.
12. Bright was the day.

13. Sugar looks white and tastes sweet.

14. How beautiful she seems to-night!

15. James K. Polk was President of the United States.
16. We caught the rabbit and then cooked it.

17. Gold is a very precious metal.

18. Cold weather brings winter sports.
19. George Peabody was a poor boy.

20. We laughed and cried by turns.

Exercise 5.

7. Nashville is the
8. The earth is a
9. A desert is a

10. Ice is a

11. Dewey became

12. Andrew Jackson was

of Tennessee.

Make sentences, using the following nouns

and adjectives as complements :

LESSON 76. -VOICE OF VERBS

To verbs belong voice, mode, tense, person, and number. We shall study these in their order.

Voice is that form of the verb which shows whether the subject is acting or is acted upon.

There are two voices: active and passive.

The active voice is that form of the verb which shows that the subject is acting.

In these sentences the verbs are in the active voice:

Paul cuts the wood.

William studies geography.

Birds eat worms.

Cats catch mice.

The passive voice is that form of the verb which shows that the subject is acted upon.

It is expressed by some form of to be used with the verb. In these sentences the verbs are in the passive voice:

The wood is cut by Paul.
The lessons are studied.

The worms are eaten by the birds.

The mice were caught by the cat.

NOTE. Intransitive verbs do not have a passive voice.

Exercise 1. — In the following sentences name the verbs and their voices :

1. Rome was burned by Nero.

2. The French settled in Canada.

3. You will find your hat where it was left.

4. The soldiers fired a parting shot.

5. He reported that many had been hurt.

6. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney.

7. Columbus believed the world was round.

8. The French were defeated at Waterloo.

9. The storm raged all night and the ships were wrecked. 10. Carthage must be destroyed.

11. Charity covers a multitude of sins.

12. No one knows what an hour may bring forth.
13. All good books should be read slowly.

14. The soldiers sang as they marched into battle.
15. The birds sing sweetly as they build their nests.
16. Pompeii was buried under ashes from Vesuvius.

17. The bell rang as we passed the church.

18. Heaven is not reached at a single bound.

Exercise 2. Change the verbs in these sentences to the passive voice:

1. Cæsar fought many battles.

2. I have read all your books.

3. The volcano destroyed many towns.

4. The rain ruined the crops in our neighborhood.

5. Byron wrote "Childe Harold."

6. The barbarians destroyed Rome.

7. The home team defeated the visitors.

8. We killed ten birds to-day.

9. The fishermen caught a boat load of fish. 10. The waves tossed the ship.

11. The cats caught all the mice.

12. We raise vegetables in our garden.

13. The tailor made our clothes.

14. An earthquake shook the town.

Exercise 3. Write sentences, using these verbs first in the active voice and then in the passive voice:

see, cut, hurt, ring, read, shoot, bury, teach.

If Charles studies his lessons well, he will learn.
Charles, study your lesson.

Let us observe the above sentences. In the first sentence we find merely a statement of a fact, and in the second, a question. In the third sentence we find a condition expressed by the word if. In the fourth sentence a command is given. These are different ways of using a

verb, and illustrate what is called the mode of verbs. Mode means manner.

Mode is the manner in which the action or state of being is expressed by the verb.

There are three modes: the indicative, the subjunctive, and the imperative.

The indicative mode declares a thing to be a fact or asks a question.

I am going to town.
Where do you live?

He recites well.

Has he come home?