A poem to study and memorize: (A language lesson only) "YOU ARE OLD, FATHER WILLIAM" "You are old, Father William," the young man cried; "In the days of my youth," Father William replied, And abused not my health and my vigor at first, "You are old, Father William," the young man cried; "In the days of my youth," Father William replied, 66 'I remembered that youth could not last; I thought of the future, whatever I did, That I never might grieve for the past.” ROBERT SOUTHEY. LESSON 107. — KINDS OF ADVERBS I am ready to go now. He hurried there with a large force. Hannibal was a very great soldier. In the above sentences name the adverbs. now refers to time, and tells when. The adverb The adverb there refers to place, and tells where. The adverb gently refers to manner, and tells how. The adverb very refers to degree, and tells how much. We see there are four kinds of adverbs according to their meaning. These four kinds are: adverbs of time, adverbs of place, adverbs of manner, and adverbs of degree. An adverb of time tells when. now, yesterday, to-day, then, when. An adverb of place tells where. here, there, yonder, everywhere, up, down. An adverb of manner tells how. sweetly, kindly, well, ill, sadly. An adverb of degree tells how much. enough, almost, very, much, too. Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to an adjective, as, happy, happily; sweet, sweetly; mad, madly; kind, kindly; Exercise 1. In the following sentences name the ad verbs, and tell their kinds and what they modify: 1. He behaved very badly. 2. He is the same yesterday, to-day, and forever. 6. Drive rapidly if you must. 7. How gently falls the foot of time! 8. I searched here, there, everywhere for you. 9. We drove up and down the hills. 10. She spoke so kindly and gently. 12. Drive slowly and carefully on steep roads. 13. It rained hard every now and then. 14. He spoke too loud, very harshly, and unnecessarily long. 15. We were hungry enough to faint. Exercise 2. Copy these sentences and place an appro priate adverb of manner at the end of each: 1. The sun set 2. The orator spoke 3. The doctor drove 4. The men fought 5. Lions eat 6. The army retreated 7. The cat cried 8. The hungry wolves howled 12. The earth trembled LESSON 108.-MORE ABOUT ADVERBS Some adverbs are used to ask questions. They are called interrogative adverbs. Where are you going? When will you leave? Why do you say that? How do you feel? Some adverbs are used to modify and also to connect clauses. They are called conjunctive adverbs. I know where the birds build nests. Where modifies the verb build in the dependent clause and at the same time connects the two clauses. NOTE. There is little distinction between the conjunctive adverb and the subordinate conjunction (page 221). Both connect a dependent clause to a principal clause and subordinate conjunctions (like conjunctive adverbs) have sometimes a slight adverbial force. Some authors classify all such words as subordinate conjunctions. The important conjunctive adverbs are : Some adverbs are used for emphasis, or to express certainty or doubt. They are called modal adverbs. Certainly it is true. Possibly you are wrong. Perhaps I will come. Surely it cannot be so. Yes, no, and not are modal adverbs. Some adverbs are used to fill up the sentence. They are called expletive adverbs. Well, are you coming? So, it is true then. Why, I never heard that. There is an expletive adverb, used to introduce a sentence. There were many lives lost. There was mounting in hot haste. Adverbs are compared regularly by adding the words more and most or less and least to the positive degree. A few adverbs are compared by adding r or er, st or est. Exercise 2.-In these sentences name the adverbs and their uses: 1. When shall we three meet again? 2. When will you travel to California? 3. When beggars die, there are no comets seen. 4. This is the place where the man was killed. 5. O, sleep, why dost thou leave me? 6. How can you be so cruel? 7. Just listen to the noise of the rain. 8. Whence come those shrieks, so wild and shrill? 10. Well, what have you to say now? 11. Perhaps some merchant hath invited him. 12. Where does the wind come from? 13. The fool hath said in his heart, there is no God. Exercise 3. Write two sentences, using an adverb interrogatively. Write two sentences, using an adverb conjunctively. Write two sentences, using an adverb for emphasis. Write two sentences, using an adverb as expletive. LESSON 109. WORDS USED AS ADVERBS 1. A noun or an adjective may be used as an adverb. He was stone dead. A lawyer should be quick witted. 2. Many adverbs are composed of two or more words (phrasal adverbs). 3. Phrases used as adverbs are called adverbial phrases. We live in this house. Sleep in peace. Deliberate with caution. Keep to the right. |