4. Above all else, I love thee best.

5. Young men are best for action, old men for counsel.

6. Under the trees and by the river we strolled.

7. Let there be no strife between you and me.

8. After breakfast, we rode about town.

9. We went over the hill and through the lane.

10. He stood bravely before the king.

11. We will cross over the river and rest under the shade of the trees.

Exercise 2. Use prepositions to illustrate these relations:

Exercise 3.-Write short compositions on the following outlines. Underscore all prepositions:

1. A dog, a mat, a boy, a stick, the dog, the street, the boy's father, a switch, upstairs, the closet.

2. A balloon, ropes, a man, the car, the air, the clouds, the winds, all night, the fields.

3. Two boys, a boat, a river, swift water, boat capsizes, swimming, the shore.

4. A hawk, the air, a fish, the water, a swoop, the hawk's nest. 5. A wolf, the woods, a sheep, the fold, a leap, the wolf's den.

6. A railroad train, a child, the track, the brave engineer, the mother.

7. A lion, a cage, a man, a whip, an angry beast, a roar, a leap, a pistol shot, man saved.

8. A building, a fire, a child, a window, a fireman, a ladder, water, the rescue, the parents.

Corn and beans make succotash.
I retired because I was sleepy.

You must work hard or you will fail.

In the first sentence what words does and connect? In the second sentence what parts of the sentence does the word because connect? In the third sentence what words does or connect? Words that are used to connect words, parts of sentences, or sentences are called conjunctions.

A conjunction is a word used to connect words, parts of sentences,

Exercise 1. — Name the conjunctions in these sentences

and tell what they connect:

1. We know the truth and yet we heed it not.

2. The rain fell, and the waters rose.

3. Men do wrong because they wish to.

4. He refused to go or to stay.

5. He has been sickly since he was a child.

6. Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish.

7. He plays the piano, although he is blind.

8. I do not know, hence I cannot say.

9. He exposed himself, consequently he was killed.

4. You cannot leave
5. The boys went hunting
6. Holiday came

you have not finished.
killed nothing.

school was dismissed.

7. He stood well in his class
8. Did he get a new book
9. We will come to-morrow
10. His father was ill

very young. an old one?

we have time. he staid at home.

Exercise 3. conjunctions to make better paragraphs:

Copy these sentences and connect them by

He was tired. He was hungry. He asked for food. We gave him He wanted a place to sleep.

1. A tramp came to the door. He was sick. He had no money. some bread. We gave him some meat. We showed him the barn. He crawled into the hay. He was soon asleep. We looked for him in the morning.

He was gone.

2. The rain descended. The floods came. The winds blew. They beat upon that house. It fell not. It was founded upon a rock.

LESSON 17.-INTERJECTIONS

In the sentence Alas! I am undone the word Alas! is used to express a sudden emotion or feeling. Such words are thrown into a sentence without any special connection with or relation to the rest of it. Hence they are called interjections. Interjection means throwing in or between.

An interjection is a word used to express a sudden emotion or deep feeling.

The following are some of the words used as interjections:

1. Pshaw!

You are foolish.
2. Oh, the weary day!
3. Halloo! Who is there?
4. Lo, the poor Indian !
5. Alas! Woe is me!
6. How long, O Catiline!

7. Avaunt! And quit my sight.
8. Good! Now for another!
9. Hush! Let silence reign.
10. Heavens! How it rains.
11. Away! You weary me.
12. O, wise young judge!

13. Hark! Did ye not hear it?
14. Hurrah! We have won the day.
15. Pshaw! You speak nonsense.
16. My! Do you hear that?

17. Farewell! A prosperous journey!
18. Ha! My rival! See, he comes.

LESSON 18. THE PARTS OF SPEECH

We have now seen that there are eight parts of speech; namely, noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.

These divisions are called parts of speech because all words as they are used in sentences can be classified under one of them.

NOTE. It was at one time the custom of grammarians to classify the words a, an, and the as articles, making of them a separate part of speech. The better practice now is to regard them as adjectives.

Definitions:

1. A noun is a word used as a name of any person, place, or thing. 2. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

3. An adjective is a word used to describe or limit the meaning of a noun or a pronoun.

4. A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being.

5. An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

6. A preposition is a word used to show the relation between a noun or a pronoun and some other word or words in a sentence.

7. A conjunction is a word used to connect words, parts of sentences, or sentences.

8. An interjection is a word used to express a sudden emotion, or deep feeling.

Words are to be classified as parts of speech according to their use in sentences.

Any word may be used as a name and become a noun. A is a letter. The good die young.

Enough is enough. Now is the time.

Any word

an adjective.

may describe a noun or a pronoun and become

I have a silver spoon. It is a girl baby.

What is the weather signal? Lend me a steel pen.

Any word may express action and become a verb.

If me no ifs.

His face was inked.

I shall paper the walls.

Black my shoes.

Any word may modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and become an adverb.

The moon is silver bright. The sun set red.
He spoke loud and long. Grass grows green.